Photodegradation of α-naphthaleneacetic acid in aqueous solution

Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎα ｎａｐｈｔｈａｌｅｎｅａｃｅｔｉｃａｃｉｄ (ＮＡＡ)ｉｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｐｌａｎｔｇｒｏｗｔｈｒｅｇｕｌａｔｏｒｕｓｅｄｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｔｏｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｔｈｅｐｒｅｈａｒｖｅｓｔｄｒｏｐｏｆａｐｐｌｅｓｂｕｔａｌｓｏａｓａｆｒｕｉｔｔｈｉｎｎｉｎｇａｇｅｎｔ (Ｗｏｒｔｈｉｎｇ ,1991) .ＭｕｃｈｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｗｏｒｋａｂｏｕｔｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＮＡＡｏｎｐｌａｎｔｔｉｓｓｕｅｓ(Ｓｐｅｅｒ,1993;Ｈｉｄｅｙｏｓｈｉ,1993;Ｐｒａｓｄ ,1994 ) ,ｐｌａｎｔｇｒｏｗｔｈａ…     

Photochemistry of insecticide imidacloprid: direct and sensitized photolysis in aqueous medium

The direct and sensitized photodegradations of imidacloprid, 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridinylmethyl)-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine, were investigated in aqueous solution and with and without various photo-sensitizers. Results of the study revealed that the intensity of lamp-house and irradiation wavelength had significant effects on the photolysis of imidacloprid. Complete degradation of 20 mg/L imidacloprid in aqueous phase was observed in 40 min under ultraviolet(UV) irradiation system, suggesting the ultraviolet ray played significant role in direct photolysis of imidacloprid. The additions of various photo-sensitizers lead to improve the degradation efficiency of imidacloprid under the irradiation of black light fluorescent lamp. TiO2 was the most efficient in the photo-catalytic degradation of imidacloprid among other photo-sensitizers in used this study. However, addition of acetone inhibited the photolysis of imidacloprid under the irradiation of UV, indicating the occurrence of competition between acetone and imidacloprid for photos. Mineralization of the imidacloprid was examined to clarify the final photochemical degradation products of the insecticide which were CO2, CI^- and NO3^-. Complete photo-oxidation of nitrogen to NO3^- occurred very slowlyvia the intermediate formation of NH4^ and NO2^- .     

光激发下硝酸纤维素膜降解对乙酰氨基酚的光解影响

硝酸纤维素膜(NCM)作为一种新型环保材料,在光激发下可产生强氧化性的羟基自由基,促进污染物降解. 为研究NCM对对乙酰氨基酚(APAP)的光解效果及影响因素,采用模拟太阳光源,考察了3种反应体系、光谱区间、APAP浓度、光照强度、温度、溶液pH以及水体成分等因素对光解效果的影响. 结果表明:APAP在纯水中几乎不发生光解,而在NCM体系中其光解速率常数为2.85×10?3 min?1;模拟太阳光源的UVA、UVB和可见光(Vis)波段均能促进APAP的光解,其中UVA波段对APAP光解的贡献最大. APAP的光解速率与其浓度呈负相关,低浓度APAP的光解效果更好. 在一定范围内,APAP光解速率与光照强度呈正相关,且随反应温度的增加而增大. 弱碱性环境更有利于APAP的光解,当pH=8.0时,APAP降解率为73.72%,降解效果最佳. 水体中NO₃?、Cl?、SO₄2?、CO₃2?、Mg2+、Ca2+和可溶性有机质(DOM)浓度的增加可以促进NCM对APAP的光解. 研究显示,光激发下利用NCM降解APAP反应迅速且效果显著,可为APAP的去除提供一种新方法.      

Photolysis of mono- through deca-chlorinated biphenyls by ultraviolet irradiation in n-hexane and quantitative structure-property relationship analysis

The photolysis of 16 polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） （including mono- through deca-chlorinated） in n-hexane was investigated under ultraviolet irradiation using a 500-W high-pressure mercury lamp. Photolysis of PCBs follows pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics, with photolysis rate constants ranging between 0.0011 s^-1 for PCB-52 and 0.0574 s^-1 for PCB-118. The degradation rates of PCBs by high-pressure mercury lamp irradiation were remarkably independent with respect to the degree of chlorination. Furthermore, partial least squares （PLS） models were developed to provide insight into which aspect of the molecular structure influenced PCB photolysis rate constants. It was found that the photolysis rates of PCBs increased with an increase in the net charge on the carbon atom （qc）, （ELUMO-EHOMO）^2, and the Y-axis dipole moment （μy） values, or the decrease in the energy of the second highest occupied molecular orbital （EHOMO-1）, energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital （ELUMO）, ELUMO ＋ EHOMO, ELUMO - EHOMO, most positive atomic charge （q^＋）, and the twist angle of the chlorine atom （TA） values.     

Photolysis kinetics and influencing factors of bisphenol S in aqueous solutions

The photodegradation of bisphenol S (BPS) in aqueous solutions was studied under different conditions. Photolysis and kinetics were investigated, as were the photolysis mechanism and the influences of initial pH value, light source, and environmental substances in water. The results showed that the photolysis of BPS occurred under UV light, and the rate increased with light source intensity. The photolysis of 5.0-50.0 mg/L BPS in water followed first-order kinetics: the rate was γ= 0.0161C_BPS under a 40-W UV-lamp, and the degradation half-life was 43.1 min. Due to its absorption of light, direct photolysis of BPS was a predominant pathway for BPS but was not obviously affected by reactive oxygen species. The results confirmed that the photolysis rates of BPS in alkaline water solution were faster than those in acidic and neutral water solution because of the ionization of BPS. The photodegradation rate of BPS increased in the presence of chloride and ferric ions, while the rate was inhibited by nitrate and phosphate in aqueous solution.     

硝酸纤维素膜光降解水中对硝基苯酚的机制

为研究硝酸纤维素膜(NCM)作为新型污染物降解材料在水处理领域的应用潜力,本文以对硝基苯酚为目标污染物,NCM为活性氧物种来源,考察了溶液p H、光照条件、水体成分等因素对光解的影响及其作用机制.结果表明,NCM光致·OH量子产率为1. 30×10~(-4),是传统光催化材料TiO_2的1. 86倍.纯水中对硝基苯酚的直接光解速率仅为9. 52×10-4min-1,而在NCM存在情况下光解速率达到0. 005 5 min-1.这种促进作用主要是由NCM表面光致·OH引起的,其中UVA对光解起重要作用.水体酸性条件有利于NCM光解对硝基苯酚,在p H=2. 0时,降解率达到90%以上,相应的光解速率为0. 016 5min-1.对硝基苯酚的光解速率随光照强度、膜面积的增大而提高.水体成分对光解影响呈显著差异,NO-3可通过光致·OH的生成促进光解;而可溶性有机质主要通过滤光作用抑制对硝基苯酚的光解.气相色谱-质谱分析中间产物主要有苯酚、对苯二酚、丙二酸和草酸等,由此给出了可能的光解途径.     

异丙草胺在水溶液中的光解动力学

常温条件下,用400W高压汞灯和太阳光分别照射处理异丙草胺水溶液,考察光照和初始浓度对异丙草胺在水溶液中光降解的影响研究表明,太阳光照射下,异丙草胺的光解反应符合一级动力学规律,降解速率相对很小,在石英试管中1h的光解率只有5.5%;汞灯照射条件下异丙草胺的光解过程可用双室降解模式来描述,1h时的光解率可达80.9%;异丙草胺的初始浓度越大,其光解率越小,降解产物的生成影响异丙草胺本身的光解进程.运用GC-MS技术鉴定出异丙草胺的主要光解产物有6种,光解过程中苯环保持完好,并推测了异丙草胺的光解反应机理.     

Abiotic degradation of four phthalic acid esters in aqueous phase under natural sunlight irradiation

Abiotic degradability of four phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in the aquatic phase was evaluated over a wide pH range 5–9. The PAE solutions in glass test tubes were placed either in the dark and under the natural sunlight irradiation for evaluating the degradation rate via hydrolysis or photolysis plus hydrolysis, respectively, at ambient temperature for 140 d from autumn to winter in Osaka, Japan. The e ciency of abiotic degradation of the PAEs with relatively short alkyl chains, such as butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) and di-nbutyl phthalate (DBP), at neutral pH was significantly lower than that in the acidic or alkaline condition. Photolysis was considered to contribute mainly to the total abiotic degradation at all pH. Neither hydrolysis nor photolysis of di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) proceeded significantly at any pH, especially hydrolysis at neutral pH was negligible. On the other hand, the degradation rate of diisononyl phthalate (DINP) catalyzed mainly by photolysis was much higher than those of the other PAEs, and was almost completely removed during the experimental period at pH 5 and 9. As a whole, according to the half-life (t1=2) obtained in the experiments, the abiotic degradability of the PAEs was in the sequence: DINP (32–140 d) > DBP (50–360 d), BBP (58–480 d) > DEHP (390–1600 d) under sunlight irradiation (via photolysis plus hydrolysis). Although the abiotic degradation rates for BBP, DBP, and DEHP are much lower than the biodegradation rates reported, the photolysis rate for DINP is comparable to its biodegradation rate in the acidic or alkaline condition.     

全氟辛烷磺酸的紫外光降解及降解机理

为优化全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)的紫外光降解条件及探明其降解机理,研究了PFOS在暗反应(Dark)、暗反应/碘化钾体系(Dark/KI)、紫外(UV)、紫外/碘化钾体系(UV/KI)、真空紫外(VUV)及真空紫外/碘化钾体系(VUV/KI)6种反应条件下的降解效果;在VUV/KI体系下,以单因素分析法研究了PFOS初始浓度、pH、KI添加量对PFOS降解效果的影响;通过中间产物分析提出PFOS在紫外光下的降解机理与路径. 结果表明:①在Dark、Dark/KI体系下,PFOS均不会降解;在UV、UV/KI、VUV体系下,PFOS降解率均低于30%;在VUV/KI体系下,初始浓度为200 μg/L、KI添加量为2 mmol/L,PFOS的8 h降解率可达70%. ②降低PFOS的初始浓度、提高pH、增加KI添加量均有助于PFOS的降解. ③轨道阱液质联用仪共鉴定出全氟辛酸(PFOA)、全氟丁酸(PFBA)、五氟乙烷磺酸(PFEtS)、五氟丙酸甲酯(MPFA)、三氟乙酸甲酯(MTFA)和三氟乙酸(TFA)等6种中间产物,PFOS的降解过程包括脱磺酸基团以及脱碳碳键反应. 研究显示,水合电子是PFOS紫外光降解过程中的主要活性因子,VUV/KI反应体系可有效去除PFOS,降解路径及降解机理的分析可为其他全氟化合物的紫外光降解提供参考.      

水处理光电催化反应器内部结构优化布设机理探讨

光电催化(PEC)反应器内部结构的优化布设对水中污染物的降解效率至关重要.本文采用氧化还原法制备了一种蓝色TiO_2纳米管阵列电极板,探究了PEC反应器内各布设因素对亚甲基蓝(MB)降解效果的影响.结果表明,阳极板与光源中心距离的减小、阳极板旋转角度的减小及阳极板数量的增加均会导致MB降解速率的加快.进一步分析表明,各布设因素对MB的降解影响均可归因为紫外(UV)辐照强度.MB的PEC降解速率与阳极板表面UV辐照强度呈线性正相关,其线性拟合公式的斜率(0.00219)和截距(0.0049)分别反映了UV光子应用于阳极催化氧化和直接光降解MB的相对效果,揭示了各反应对MB降解速率的贡献.此外,不同内径(64、72和80 mm)的PEC反应器对比结果表明,反应器内径越小,MB降解速率越快,但内径为80 mm的反应器降解MB的单位电能消耗(E_(EO))最低(17.24 kWh·m~(-3)·order~(-1)).最后,量化分析了不同内径反应器中阳极催化氧化和直接光降解对MB降解速率的贡献,为PEC反应器的优化设计提供了重要参考.     

自然光和UV辐照下二级出水DOM及毒性的变化

为了探明自然光和紫外光(UV)对二级处理出水中溶解性有机物(DOM)及其毒性效应的削减特性,研究了在自然光和UV两种不同光源的辐照条件下,二级处理出水中DOM的光谱特性、遗传毒性和植物毒性变化,阐明了毒性效应变化的成因.结果表明:相比于自然光照,UV辐照可以明显降低二级处理出水的UV254,并达到21％矿化.自然光和U...     

水中普萘洛尔的紫外光降解机制及其产物毒性

以高压汞灯为光源,研究了紫外光照条件下水中普萘洛尔(PRO)的光解行为、机制及安全性.PRO光解机制通过活性氧物种(ROS)猝灭实验来确定,光解产物安全性通过发光菌毒性实验来评价.结果表明,PRO的光解速率常数(k)随初始浓度的增加而下降,两者呈显著负相关关系(r2>0.95).随着溶液初始pH的升高,PRO的光解加快,pH 5~9的PRO溶液的k值为0.0953~0.267 min-1.ROS猝灭实验表明,PRO的紫外光解过程包括了激发三重态PRO(3PRO*)参与的直接光解,以及羟基自由基(·OH)和单线态氧(1O2)参与的自敏化光解,直接光解速率常数大于自敏化光解速率常数.采用FFA探针方法测定了不同实验条件下1O2的浓度,其总体变化规律与猝灭实验所得结论一致.发光菌毒性实验表明,PRO光解生成了比母体化合物毒性更强的中间产物.     

气溶胶中溶解性有机质(DOM)液相氧化

许多实验研究都关注大气凝聚相中单一有机化合物的液相光化学,对于实际大气液相环境中溶解性有机质（DOM）的液相光化学氧化的研究还很少.为此,本文报道了模拟太阳光和紫外光辐照下,大气气溶胶水相萃取的DOM直接或·OH氧化的实验结果.不同光解阶段的产物的吸光、氧化特性采用UV-vis和黑炭气溶胶质谱仪（SP-AMS）分析.结果表明,紫外光体系中DOM得到不断降解,相应的产物f44值远低于太阳光体系;液相光解时会生成多种羧酸,草酸的生成量最高.太阳光照反应条件下吸光度和HULIS浓度变化不大;而UV和UV+·OH条件下,HULIS浓度随反应时间不断增加,UV+·OH中反应23 h时HULIS浓度约为初始的4倍,说明含羧基、羟基和芳香基等官能团的棕色碳的形成.综合研究结果表明,太阳光作用下实际DOM液相氧化时吸光性和棕色碳的形成速率不是很快,而紫外光作用下大部分DOM不断分解为HULIS或小分子物质,剩余的有机物的吸光性可能比较强,导致最终产物的单位质量吸收效率（MAE）比较高.本文首次探讨了实际膜液相氧化过程,结果对厘清大气复合污染的形成机制提供重要依据.     

波长254 nm和365 nm紫外辐照下活性艳红X-3B的光催化降解动力学研究

以活性艳红X-3B为对象,研究其在不同波段紫外光照射条件下的光催化降解动力学.结果表明,在长波紫外条件下,活性艳红X-3B的降解动力学符合表观一级动力学方程,其反应表观速率常数与光强之间呈对数关系;在短波紫外条件下,活性艳红X-3B的降解动力学可以用二级动力学方程拟合,速率常数与光强之间成正比.通过对比X-3B在2种光源下的降解半衰期发现,在同比条件下,365 nm光源对活性艳红X-3B的降解半衰期为37.263 min,而254 nm光源则下降为0.855 min.短波紫外比长波紫外具有更高的光量子效率,其对X-3B的降解效率也更高.     

TiO2/GO复合材料紫外光催化降解水中腐植酸

采用溶胶凝胶法在最优煅烧温度（350℃）下,制备不同石墨烯（GO）负载比例的TiO₂/GO复合光催化材料,通过SEM、XRD、Raman、FT-IR、TGA、BET等技术表征并分析材料的表面形貌、晶相结构、官能团与化学键合等特征,进而探究该复合材料在紫外光下对水中腐植酸（HA）的降解性能和机理。结果表明:随着石墨烯（GO）负载比例的增大,TiO₂/GO复合催化剂粒径变小,比表面积增大,有层次的形貌空隙有效减小了团聚,提升了光生载流子迁移效率;Raman光谱中1350 cm-1和1600 cm-1的2处特征峰验证GO成功负载,且晶型仍以锐钛矿相为主;3%GO负载量的TiO₂/GO光催化性能最优。当TiO₂/3%GO投加量为0.5 g/L,水中HA初始浓度为10 mg/L时,在紫外光下催化反应1 h后降解率达到84.7%,其降解速率常数为0.0313 min-1。     

Photolysis of a mixture of anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene at ultra-trace levels in natural water with disinfection purposes

The photodegradation of anthracene(AN) and benzo[a]pyrene(BaP),two priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs),was examined at ultra-trace levels in surface water to elucidate their behaviour under several irradiance values and types of radiation.The emitting flux and the spectrum of the lamps were found to develop a crucial role in AN and BaP degradation since removal efficiencies of the target contaminants higher than 99%were found after 15 min of irradiation under an ultraviolet C(UVC) irradiance of 0.63 mW/cm~2,corresponding to a fluence of 560.25 mJ/cm~2.On the other hand,although ultraviolet A(UVA) lamps exhibited a higher irradiance compared to that of UVC lamps,they were not efficient for degrading the target PAHs.The removal kinetic studies corroborated these findings,being the AN elimination rate in surface water higher than that in deionized water at optimal operating conditions.Disinfection potential was also measured.A rapid microbial load inactivation,in terms of total coliforms naturally contained in the water matrix studied,was evidenced within 15 min of treatment for the fluence referred.However,after 24 hr in the dark,a regrowth was observed.Additionally,photolysis products more toxic than the parent compounds were found,which were not removed even by extending the treatment time.In this regard,it can be concluded that the individual action of UVC light for removing AN and BaP with disinfection purposes is not an efficient treatment;therefore,the use of radiation in combination with other kinds of treatments is required.     

不同波长紫外光催化降解活性艳蓝KN-R动力学研究

以蒽醌类染料活性艳蓝KN-R(以下简称KN-R)为对象,以TiO2为光催化剂,实验了不同波段紫外光条件下KN-R的降解过程。结果表明:365 nm和254 nm两种波段对于KN-R的光催化降解过程均符合假一级动力学方程,但是通过对比各初始浓度下活性艳红KN-R的反应速率常数(Kapp)可以发现,在相同紫外灯功率下,短波辐射下的Kapp平均为长波辐射下Kapp的3倍,说明短波紫外更有利于活性艳蓝KN-R的降解。     

基于TUV模式的对流层光解速率影响因子的研究

应用TUV辐射传输模式进行了一系列的敏感性试验,以期确定影响对流层O₃和NO₂光解速率的关键性因子.结果表明,气溶胶的光学性质对光解速率的影响存在明显差异.在气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）一定的情况下,散射性越强,近地面光解速率越大;当AOD从0.5增加至2.5,J[O¹D]和J[NO₂]极大值分别下降30.3%和13.1%.光解速率对较小的云光学厚度的变化比较敏感.云对J[NO₂]的影响存在明显的时间差异,在早晨和傍晚,J[NO₂]的衰减可以达到12%,而午时,J[NO₂]的衰减不足4%;在垂直方向上,云层的存在能够减小通过云层的光化辐射通量,有效降低云下光解速率,而云滴的后向散射特性能增大云上的光解速率.臭氧能够吸收300nm左右的紫外辐射,因而臭氧柱浓度变化对J[O¹D]有显著的影响,臭氧柱浓度从200DU增加至400DU,J[O¹D]极大值下降了53.1%,J[NO₂]极大值仅降低了1.0%.同时发现,气溶胶和云相对位置的改变对光解速率的垂直分布有较大的影响,气溶胶在云上时,高层的光解速率明显增大,且气溶胶的散射性越强,光解速率的增幅越大;当吸收性气溶胶位于云上时,使得高层光化辐射通量大量衰减,此时云层对于光解速率的影响比较微弱.     

酚类污染物解离态与非解离态光解特性及其速率常数的预测

以氙灯为光源模拟太阳光,通过研究不同pH条件下3种酚类污染物直接光解的过程,探讨了酚类污染物的解离对其光解规律的影响,并建立了解离态与非解离态酚类污染物光解速率常数的计算方法及预测模式.结果表明,随着pH从4.0增加到9.0,五氯酚的光解速率常数随之从25.30×10-4min-1增加到82.90×10-4min-1,而对硝基酚的光解速率常数相应从11.90×10-4min-1降低到了3.18×10-4min-1.苯酚的光解趋势与对硝基酚相似,当pH从4.0增加到11.0时,其光解速率常数依次从32.50×10-4min-1降低至13.40×10-4min-1.3种酚类化合物的光解总速率常数与解离度之间均满足幂函数变化规律.任意解离度条件下的解离态和非解离态光解速率常数,可根据幂函数的切线方程来确定.解离对酚类物质降解规律的影响主要是通过氧负离子的形成,改变苯环以及其他取代基团的活性而造成的.该研究结果为进一步了解天然水环境中酚类污染物的环境行为提供了理论参考.