两种典型生活垃圾焚烧炉烟气中二噁(口英)相态分布特征

采集了机械炉捧焚烧炉和循环流化床焚烧炉两种典型生活垃圾焚烧炉排放烟气样品,应用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)同位素内标稀释法分别测定了烟气不同相样品中17种2,3,7,8-位氯取代的PCDDs/PCDFs同类物的含量.结果表明,两种炉型中PCDDs/PCDFs同类物及毒性当量贡献率在冷凝水相中所占的比例均在85％以上,远远高于在滤筒相和XAD-2树脂相中所占的比例,机械炉排炉焚烧排放烟气中∑PCDFs与∑PCDDs的比值为0.77;而循环流化床焚烧排放烟气∑PCDFs与∑PCDDs的比值为5.28.机械炉排炉焚烧烟气三相中OCDD为优势分布,尤其是滤简相中OCDD的百分比含量高达51.1％.流化床焚烧炉焚烧烟气滤筒、树脂、冷凝水相中没有出现某个单体对总浓度具有绝对优势的贡献.机械炉排焚烧炉和循环流化床焚烧炉排放的烟气中PCDFs的毒性当量贡献最大,尤其是单体2,3,4,7,8-peCDF对总毒性当量的贡献均在30％以上.     

生活废弃物焚烧处置烟气中二(口恶)英排放特性研究

研究了某市10座生活垃圾焚烧炉烟气中二噁英的排放特性,对比了焚烧炉炉型、焚烧处理量、烟气净化系统对二噁英排放特性的影响.结果表明:10座生活垃圾焚烧炉二噁英的排放浓度为0.016~0.104 ng·Nm~(-3)(以I-TEQ计),9座垃圾焚烧炉二噁英排放满足国家相应的排放标准(0.1 ng·Nm~(-3)(以I-TEQ计)).根据二噁英排放浓度排序对应的烟气净化系统分别为SNCR(Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction)+半干法+活性炭喷射+布袋湿法+活性炭喷射+布袋半干法+活性炭喷射+布袋,表明安装SNCR装置有利于二噁英的减排.另外,不同垃圾焚烧炉排放的二噁英指纹特性不仅与烟气净化系统和炉型有关,还与垃圾来源有一定关联.     

我国城市生活垃圾焚烧厂建设模式的探讨

本文论述了焚烧处理在我国城市生活垃圾处置方式中的重要地位。回顾了国外垃圾焚烧的历史与现状,详细介绍了我国现阶段已经建设运行的垃圾焚烧厂的几种炉型模式,针对不同的建设规模对新建焚烧厂的选用模式进行了探讨和分析。     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的污染特性

对我国两种占主导地位的焚烧炉炉型-炉排炉和流化床产生的焚烧飞灰进行分析,包括16个采用炉排炉的主要生活垃圾焚烧厂和部分使用流化床的生活垃圾焚烧厂,对焚烧飞灰从重金属含量,氯、硫、碱含量,二英含量方面对我国生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的性质做比较全面的归纳和总结。统计结果表明炉排炉焚烧飞灰重金属含量要高于流化床焚烧飞灰,Zn的最高含量在10倍以上,均值也在7倍左右,Cu的最高值为7倍,均值为3倍,Cd,Pb,Cr,Ni的均值为7倍,4倍,4倍和1.5倍。Hg的差别最小,高出30%;炉排炉焚烧飞灰的氯、硫、碱含量全面高于流化床焚烧飞灰,炉排炉焚烧飞灰和流化床焚烧飞灰的平均氯含量分别为15.41%,1.71%,SO3的平均含量分别为10.67%,2.875%,焚烧飞灰的K2O和Na2O含量接近,炉排炉焚烧飞灰的平均含量为6.06%,5.325%,流化床焚烧飞灰的平均含量为2.43%,2.63%,两种类型的焚烧飞灰在碱含量上差别没有氯、硫大;焚烧飞灰的二英含量差别巨大,炉排炉和流化床焚烧飞灰二英含量低值比较接近,而高值炉排炉焚烧飞灰要高出流化床焚烧飞灰很多。     

3个城市生活垃圾焚烧炉飞灰中二噁英类分析

对3个城市生活垃圾焚烧炉飞灰中二英类浓度分布的实验研究表明,飞灰中二英类异构体的浓度分布具有相类似的特征,高氯代二英类的含量明显高于低氯代二英类.飞灰中二英类的毒性贡献主要来自多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs).布袋除尘器前添加活性炭粉末时,飞灰的二英类浓度比没有添加活性炭时高1.8倍,而尾气中二英类浓度相应降低.     

生活垃圾焚烧炉湿法洗涤后烟气二噁英的排放特征

现场采样分析了4个生活垃圾焚烧炉烟气通过湿法洗涤后二噁英的排放浓度。结果表明:4个焚烧炉烟气和底灰中二噁英毒性当量浓度分别为1. 15～24. 88 ng I-TEQ/m~3和25. 69～231. 43 ng I-TEQ/kg,烟气中二噁英排放浓度远高于国家排放标准(0. 1 ng I-TEQ/m~3)(GB 18485—2014《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》)。烟气同系物分析表明,湿法洗涤后4个采样点烟气中4～8氯代PCDFs分布呈现较大的差异,但是4～8氯代PCDDs基本随氯取代数的增加而增加;底灰中4个采样点4～8氯代PCDFs和PCDDs分布相似,除了O_8CDF外,其余同系物基本随氯取代数的增加而增加。从毒性当量浓度来看,烟气和底灰中Pe_5CDF浓度占比最大,占总浓度的35. 65%～47. 02%。湿法洗涤对4～8氯代PCDFs和PCDDs的效率基本随氯取代数的增加而降低,主要原因可能是高温烟气使洗涤系统内二噁英发生了解析作用。     

重庆市垃圾焚烧厂汞的分布特征与大气汞排放因子研究

垃圾焚烧是大气汞的重要排放源之一.为了解重庆市垃圾焚烧行业大气汞污染水平,研究选取了重庆市典型生活垃圾焚烧厂和医疗垃圾焚烧厂,采用美国环保署的30B标准方法对烟气汞排放进行了现场测试,同时采集垃圾焚烧后的飞灰和炉渣样品进行分析.结果表明,测试得到生活垃圾焚烧厂和医疗垃圾焚烧厂排放的烟气中汞质量浓度分别为(26.4±22.7)μg·m-3和(3.1±0.8)μg·m-3;生活垃圾和医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰中汞含量分别为(5 279.2±798.0)μg·kg-1和(11 709.5±460.5)μg·kg-1.生活垃圾焚烧过程中仅0.7%汞残留在炉渣中,65.3%在飞灰中,烟气排放占34.0%,脱汞效率为66.0%;医疗垃圾焚烧过程中0.2%汞残留在炉渣中,67.5%存在飞灰中,烟气排放占32.3%,脱汞效率为67.7%.实测得到重庆市生活垃圾焚烧和医疗垃圾焚烧厂大气汞排放因子分别为(126.7±109.0)μg·kg-1和(46.5±12.0)μg·kg-1.与国内珠三角地区生活垃圾焚烧厂相比,重庆市生活垃圾焚烧厂的大气汞排放因子较低.     

珠三角地区生活垃圾焚烧厂汞的排放特征

利用OH法对珠三角8家垃圾焚烧厂(6家采用炉排炉工艺,2家采用流化床工艺)进行烟气采样,同时采集飞灰、底渣、煤炭样品进行分析.研究结果表明,珠三角炉排炉焚烧烟气平均总汞(THg)排放浓度为(51.4±28.3) μg·Nm^-3,流化床为(19.5±13.6) μg·Nm^-3.炉排炉飞灰THg含量为6674 μg·kg^-1,流化床飞灰THg含量为2135 μg·kg^-1,底渣中炉排炉THg含量为70 μg·kg^-1,流化床为30 μg·kg^-1.飞灰中的汞含量要远远高于底渣.垃圾焚烧过程中炉排炉70.8%的汞由烟气排放,26.3%存在飞灰中,底渣中的汞仅占2.9%.流化床工艺烟气汞排放占总汞排放的33.2%.利用质量平衡法计算珠三角垃圾中汞含量平均值为0.293 mg·kg^-1,流化床工艺因添加燃煤所产生的汞排放占到垃圾焚烧总汞排放的31.6%.     

生活垃圾焚烧烟气Hg浓度空间分布及健康风险评估

生活垃圾焚烧的大气Hg排放所带来的人体健康风险一直倍受社会关注。依据上海市DB 31/768—2013《生活垃圾焚烧大气污染物排放标准》中Hg的排放速率限值,采用AERMOD对上海市某生活垃圾焚烧厂排入大气的Hg浓度分布进行计算并借助VOXLER实现三维化空间分布模拟,进而利用健康风险评估模型计算当地居民面临的健康风险,并借助不确定性分析方法—Monte Carlo评估各个参数的敏感性。结果表明:宏观上,大气中Hg的浓度以排放源为中心向周边衰减,空间浓度最大值1.86×10-4mg/m3位于(-500 m,0 m,80 m)处;最大浓度点位的成人和儿童风险区间非致癌危害商值分别为0.200~0.480和0.280~0.620,不会对当地居民造成健康危害,空气吸入量和体重分别是成人和儿童Hg风险计算的主要不确定性因素。     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰矿物学特性及重金属分布

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的矿物学特性是飞灰中重金属赋存环境的直观反映,与重金属在处置环境中的释放和迁移行为密切相关.为掌握重金属在生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中的分布规律,结合X射线衍射、扫描电镜等常规矿物学研究工具及矿物解离分析系统对飞灰的矿物学宏观属性和微观属性进行全面测试.结果表明,飞灰是由矿物相和非矿物相组成,两者之间紧密连生,主要矿物相包括氯盐和方解石、氢氧钙石等多种含钙矿物.重金属元素在飞灰中主要以3种形式存在:均匀分布在无定形的非矿物组分中,以同晶置换赋存在方解石等矿物中以及吸附在特殊矿物如石英、赤铁矿等表面.难挥发性重金属Cu和Cr绝大部分分布在非矿物相中;半挥发性重金属Zn和Cd各有43.92%和60.61%的含量分布在矿物相中,其中,方解石对Cd、赤铁矿对Cr及硅酸盐对Zn存在较强的富集作用.     

Development and prospects of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration in China

With the lack of space for new landfills, municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration is playing an increasingly important role in municipal solid waste management in China. The literatures on certain aspects of incineration plants in China are reviewed in this paper, including the development and status of the application of MSW incineration technologies, the treatment of leachate from stored MSW, air pollution control technologies, and the status of the fly-ash control method. Energy policy and its promotion of MSW-to-energy conversion are also elucidated.     

Experimental study on combustion characteristics of municipal solid waste

As incineration provides a relatively safe means of disposal, significant reduclaon ot welglat anti volume, ana energy recovery from the waste, it was adopted by many countries. For the experimental investigation on the combustion characteristics of municipal solid waste( MSW),a lab scale fluldized bed facility was constructed. Many kinds of combustion runs were conducted in this fluidized bed combustion facility. The examined parameters were bed temperature(773 to 1143K), form of fuels ( scrap or whole), moisture of fuels and so on. Concentration of CO2,CO,SO2, O2 and NOx in the flue gas were monitored and recorded every 5 seconds. The temperatttres along the reactor are recorded every 10 seconds. Experimental. results were given and analyzed.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰物理化学性质的实验研究

应用激光粒度粒形分析仪、灰熔融性测定仪、原子吸收光谱仪和XRD等仪器手段对国内2种垃圾焚烧飞灰的密度、颗粒特性、熔点、成分和晶相结构等物理化学性质进行了详细的研究。研究发现，2种灰样颗粒直径的数量积分分布非常接近，其中基本没有超过40／μm的颗粒。由于垃圾焚烧飞灰在化学成分上存在的差异导致了其熔点有很大的不同。此外，XRD结果显示不同来源的飞灰其晶相结构存在较大的差别，这可能与垃圾的来源和焚烧工艺以及烟气处理方法有关。实验结果为飞灰无害化低温烧结工艺的选择和运行参数的制定提供了依据。     

Volatilization of heavy metals during incineration of municipal solid wastes

Incineration experiments with MSW, which had been impregnated with heavy metals, were presented to obtain information on the volatilization behavior of the elements cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) under different conditions. Experiments were carried out in a bubbling fluid bed system connected to a customized inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy(ICP-OES) for analyzing metals in the flue gas. The results indicated that the combustion temperature, the gas atmosphere, and the chlorine content in the flue gas could affect the volatilization behavior of heavy metals. In the fluidized bed combustion, a large surface area was provided by the bed sand particles, and they may act as absorbents for the gaseous ash-forming compound. Comparer with the metals Cd and Pb, the vaporization of Zn was low. The formation of stable compounds such as ZnO.Al2O3 could greatly decrease the metals volatilization. The presence of chlorine would enhance the volatilization of heavy metals by increasing the formation of metal chlorides. However, when the oxygen content was high, the chlorinating reaction was kinetically hindered, which heavy metals release would be delayed.     

生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤中PCDD/Fs及重金属含量

为了解城市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂周边表层土壤中二噁英、重金属来源及分布特征,选取成都地区3座典型生活垃圾焚烧厂作为研究对象,开展了周边土壤中17种多氯二苯并对二噁英/呋喃（PCDD/Fs）及11种重金属含量监测.结果显示,土壤样品中的PCDD/Fs和重金属的浓度范围分别为0.25~7.5ng I-TEQ/kg和0.23～580.57mg/kg;3座垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤中多氯二苯并呋喃（PCDFs）的毒性当量浓度贡献率要高于多氯二苯并二噁英（PCDDs）,PCDFs毒性当量浓度平均贡献率达到55%;土壤样品中Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn之间具有良好的相关性,Hg、Pb、Zn与部分PCDFs具有良好的相关性,相关系数r分别为0.792、0.760、0.788,所对应的p值分别为0.034、0.047、0.035,并被归类为同一聚类,可将这部分重金属元素作为重金属示踪剂来表征PCDFs的来源.     

Leaching characteristics of heavy metals during cement stabilization of fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators

The leaching characteristics of heavy metals in products of cement stabilization of fly ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator were investigated in this paper. The stabilization of heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in fly ash from such incinerators was examined through the national standard method in China based on the following factors: additive quantity of cement and Na₂S, curing time, and pH of leaching liquor. The results showed that as more additives were used, less heavy metals were leached except for Pb, which is sensitive to pH of the leachate, and the worse effect was observed for Cd. The mass ratio of cement to fly ash = 10% is the most appropriate parameter according to the national standard method. When the hydration of cement was basically finished, stabilization of heavy metals did not vary after curing for 1 d. The mixtures of cement and fly ash had excellent adaptability to environmental pH. The pH of leachate was maintained at 7 when pH of leaching liquor varied from 3 to 11. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(12): 2564–2569 [译自: 环境科学]     

PCDD/Fs in soil around a hospital waste incinerator: comparison after three years of operation

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) can be formed during the cooling of flue gases in waste incinerator. These pollutants are either in the gas phase or attached to the fine particles, escaping dust collection. After stack emission, they are slowly oxidized photochemically (gas phase), or eventually are deposited (dry and wet deposition of particulate) in earth surface. In 2007 and 2010, 11 soil samples were collected in the vicinity of a hospital waste incinerator (HWI), prior and after its startup. In order to find out any variation of PCDD/Fs in soil, in brief dioxins, their concentrations were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Compared to the baseline survey (2007), PCDD/Fs in soil significantly increased, by average, +81.6% in total PCDD/Fs and +132.7% in international toxic equivalency (I-TEQ) unit. By principal component analysis (PCA), both the PCDD/Fs homologue and the HxCDF isomer profile in soil were found to become more similar with fly ash. Generally, this incinerator influences the soil only in a limited area. More comprehensive supervision, stricter management and more advanced technology should be implemented in this plant to reduce pollutants emission, even though the level of PCDD/Fs in soil is quite low at present.