春季广州城区空气中VOCs来源解析

2013年4月在广州市区对大气中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)进行了观测,对其变化特征和来源进行了分析。结果表明,观测期间测得的VOC总平均混合比为41.35×10~(-9),表现为烷烃芳香烃烯烃炔烃;利用PMF解析出观测时段内影响广州市区的9个VOCs主要来源,各源占比情况依次为:LPG排放老化VOC汽油挥发石化、未知源汽油车排放油漆溶剂柴油车排放天然源;与机动车相关和工业相关的来源分别占到了大气VOCs的46.8%和21.0%。     

京津冀地区臭氧污染特征与来源分析

2013—2014年京津冀地区13个城市O_3日最大8 h平均值第90百分位数平均为155~162μg/m3,京津冀地区已成为全国O_3污染最严重的地区之一,京津冀地区O_3污染程度有所加重。京津冀地区夏季O_3浓度高,冬季浓度低,O_3质量浓度较高的月份集中在5—9月,12月—次年1月浓度最低。在O_3污染较重的夏季,每日6:00~7:00,O_3质量浓度最低,15:00~16:00 O_3浓度最高。在空间分布上郊区点位的O_3质量浓度往往高于主城区点位。京津冀区域夏季O_3小时浓度和NO2浓度呈高度负相关关系,和其他污染物无明显的相关性。O_3质量浓度和气温呈显著的正相关关系,和大气相对湿度呈显著的负相关关系。京津冀区域O_3的主要来源为NOX和VOC等一次污染物在日光照射下发生光化学反应而产生,控制O_3前体物的源排放,尤其是控制好VOC的排放是控制O_3污染的有效途径。     

大巴山自然保护区亢河沿岸植被调查

亢河流域是大巴山自然保护区的重要组成部分,亢河沿岸植被因城巫公路建设和居民伐薪等而受到强烈的干扰。为更有效地保护亢河流域植被及其生态系统的稳定性,通过样方和线路勘察的方法对亢河沿岸的植被现状进行调查,调查结果表明：该地区常见植物有23科32属53种,并有国家I级和2级保护植物;地带性植被类型为针阔叶混交林,共有植被型5个,群系7个;植被多样性的分布与人类干扰强度密切相关。为了从根本上解决对植被多样性的强干扰问题,除加强自然保护区的管理外,还应采取积极、科学的发展方式提高当地居民的生活水平．     

基于TM影像的桂林市植被覆盖时空动态监测与分析

以西部地区中等规模城市——桂林市为例,利用1991、2006年两期TM卫星影像数据,在对原始数据预处理的基础上,提取归一化植被指数(NDVI)。依据混合像元二分模型,生成桂林市所辖5城区的两期植被覆盖度监测分类图像,对区域植被覆盖状况进行时空动态变化分析。结果表明,1991年~2006年间,城市植被覆盖区面积总体呈现下降趋势;在划分的3类植被覆盖类型中,低植被覆盖区面积减少幅度最为明显,中、高植被覆盖区面积有不同程度增长;低植被覆盖区主要分布在城市建成区与一些村镇外围区域,中、高植被覆盖区集中分布在城市远郊地带。此外,随着城市化的迅速发展,城乡各类建设用地面积不断增加,城市边缘地带的绿色植被正逐步被人工景观所取代。     

三山港常州段氨氮总磷污染调查

对2010—2014年三山港常州段NH_3-N、TP污染现状及来源进行调查。结果表明,三山港常州段NH_3-N、TP污染在时间上表现为逐年加重,在空间上表现为沿程递增;其中下游严庄桥断面附近污染最为严重,多种污染物在此处达到峰值。NH_3-N、TP与特征污染物的相关性分析显示,三山港常州段NH_3-N污染存在多种来源,而TP污染则与金属表面处理行业的磷化工艺有关,相关性0.8。提出,NH_3-N污染削减首先需要提高流域内污水接管率,从源头上减少污染物排放,同时减少化肥使用,降低农业污染贡献;工业污染是TP污染的主要来源,整治措施可一方面通过产业升级淘汰落后的高污染表面处理工艺,另一方面则通过加强监管,对企业污水处理设施"少开、不开"的行为加大处罚力度,有效减少企业的超标排放。     

新疆北部沙漠边缘植被恢复可能性初探

古尔班通古特沙漠边缘植被破坏严重,沙丘活化明显,是新疆干旱植被恢复的重点地区之一,一般缺乏地表水补充,其沙丘的水分状况便成为植被生存和恢复过程的关键条件,为探究古尔班通古特沙漠边缘植被恢复的可能性,在植物生长期内对流动沙丘和固定沙丘不同部位的水分状况进行了连续监测,结果表明:沙丘大多数层次含水量月变化与月降水量分布相一致;流动沙丘含水量从上部到下部依次升高;流动沙丘中部和下部稳定湿沙层处在距沙丘表面60 cm以下,且厚度超过100 cm,固定沙丘稳定湿沙层只存在于沙丘中部距沙丘表面60～150 cm内,其厚度不超过100 cm,在一般年份,该地区利用本地种进行植被恢复是可行的.     

准噶尔盆地南缘活化沙丘植被自然恢复初探——以梭梭、白梭梭为例

古尔班通古特沙漠边缘植被破坏严重,沙丘活化明显,是新疆干旱区植被恢复的重点地区之一,一般缺乏地表水补充,其沙丘的水分状况便成为植被生存和恢复过程的关键条件。为掌握古尔班通古特沙漠边缘活化沙丘水分状况,并在其上恢复自然植被,对植物生长期内沙丘水分进行连续监测,并采用当地采集的梭梭、白梭梭种子进行植被恢复实验,结果表明:活化沙丘表层存在干沙层,沙丘中部和下部存在稳定湿沙层,处在距沙丘表面60 cm以下,且厚度超过100 cm,具备植被自然恢复的基础,干沙层的形成速率和风蚀是制约活化沙丘植被自然恢复的决定因素。     

天津市北辰区大气污染物小尺度精细化源排放清单

以天津市北辰区空气站周边3 km为研究对象,基于拉网式实地调查,获得该地区2016年各类典型行业污染源详细的活动水平数据,以环境保护部发布的"清单编制技术指南"为参考,建立了2016年天津市北辰区空气站周边3 km大气污染源排放清单。结果表明:2016年天津市北辰区空气站周边3 km大气污染源的排放总量PM_(10)为431.28 t、PM_(2.5)为147.94 t、SO_2为48.67 t、CO为1 395.39 t、NO_x为469.52 t、VOCs为305.66 t;PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的最大排放源是工地,贡献率分别为25.49%、15.16%;SO_2的最大排放源是散煤,贡献率为49.36%;CO和NO_x的最大排放源是道路机动车,贡献率分别为45.85%、53.89%;VOCs的最大排放源是制造业企业,贡献率为48.80%。天津市北辰区改善空气质量应从控煤、控尘、控车3个方面入手。     

南山国家森林公园人工森林植被调查及区系研究

对南山国家森林公园主要植被物种资源进行调查和区系结构研究。结果表明,南山国家森林公园森林覆盖率达73%,自然生态系统中目前已知的高等植物(藻菌、苔藓、地衣除外)共计有74科、251属、340种。构成镇江市区各类植被的优势成分共有约27种,其中东亚分布的种占55.6%,热带分布为主的植物占7.4%,连同东亚分布以及我国特有热带、亚热带分布为主的成分,一起可达88.9%。南山国家森林公园植被在区系组成上具有明显的亚热带特点,同时也反映出一定的过渡性,与江苏省森林木本植物区系分布特点基本一致。     

常州市臭氧污染传输路径和潜在源区

利用NCEP全球再分析资料和HYSPLIT4模式,计算了2013—2015年常州市臭氧(O_3)超标日的气流后向轨迹。结合聚类分析方法和常州市PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、O_3数据,分析了O_3超标日不同类型气团来源对各污染物浓度的影响,并利用引入权重因子后的潜在污染源贡献函数分析了影响常州市O_3超标的潜在污染源区分布特征。结果表明:常州市O_3超标期间易受到东南和西南方向气流影响,其中从东海和黄海途经浙江东北部、上海、江苏南部等地的东南气流占比达50%以上。自内陆途经黄山-湖州-宜兴到常州的气流对应的O_3平均质量浓度最高,为116μg/m3。自山东经枣庄-宿迁-淮安-泰州-苏州-无锡到常州的气流对应的O_3平均质量浓度最低,为78μg/m3,但该气流对应的SO2和NO2平均值为各聚类中的最高。影响常州市O_3的潜在污染源区主要在常州周边200 km以内的区域,且集中在从南京至上海的长江下游沿线区域和杭州湾区域;其中太湖湖区为重点污染源源区之一。O_3超标日影响常州NO2的潜在污染源区主要集中在江苏南部、浙江东北部和上海3个区域,太湖周边的常州、无锡、苏州和湖州等几个临近城市为潜在的重点污染源区。与影响常州O_3的WPSCF高值区相比,影响NO2的高值区分布范围更大、距离更远。影响常州O_3的潜在污染源区分布,与长江三角洲地区人为源大气污染物的高排放区域较为一致,说明长江三角洲地区的O_3污染与本区域的人为源大气污染物排放有着极为密切的关联。     

常州市裸露地面风蚀扬尘排放清单及分布特征研究

以2014年为基准年,以常州市行政边界为研究区域,利用卫星遥感解译的土地利用类型和裸土面积信息,并通过国土、气象等部门提供的土壤类型、气象因子等相关资料获取本地化因子和参数,估算常州市行政区域内裸露地面土壤扬尘中颗粒物的年排放量。结果表明:常州市裸露地面主要分布在金坛市、溧阳市和武进区,市中心区域最少,裸露土地利用类型主要为农田、滩涂、裸露山体、荒地及未硬化或未绿化的空地等;2014年常州市行政区域内裸露地面风蚀扬尘中TSP、PM 10、PM 2.5的年排放量分别为62.66 t、5.63 t、0.24 t,其中,金坛市土壤起尘量最大,其次为武进区,再次为新北区、溧阳市,市中心区域土壤扬尘最少。     

常州市秋季大气PM2.5中多环芳烃污染水平及来源

为了研究常州市秋季大气PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染水平及其来源,在常州市布设了6个采样点,分别代表交通干道区、商业混合区、居民文教区、远郊区、工业区和对照点,于2013年10月进行大气PM2.5的采样,采用微波萃取-高效液相色谱法测定其中16种USEPA优控多环芳烃的浓度值,并分别通过比值法和因子分析法判断其主要来源。结果表明,常州市秋季大气PM2.5中多环芳烃的主要来源为煤燃烧和机动车排放。     

Comparative assessments of VOC emission rates and associated health risks from wastewater treatment processes

With the growing concern regarding emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), the relationship between the VOC emission rates and the associated public health risks has been rarely discussed. The objective of this study was to examine and compare the VOC emission rates and cancer and non-cancer risks by inhalation intake, using a municipal WWTP in China as an example, with respect to the effects of treatment technologies, VOC species, and seasonal variation. Given the treatment technology considered, the emission rates of VOCs in this study were estimated by means of mass balance or calculated on the molecular level. From the viewpoints of both emission rates and cancer and non-cancer risks, sedimentation was the treatment technology with the highest health risks to the workers. Slightly lower VOC emission rates and health risks than those for sedimentation were observed in anaerobic treatment. Although the aeration significantly enhanced the VOC emission rates in the aerobic treatment process, the associated health risks were limited due to the low VOC concentrations in the gas phase, which were likely attributed to the strong mixing and dilution with fresh air by aeration. Amongst the VOCs investigated, benzene was the VOC with both a relatively high emission rate and health risk, while trichloroethylene possessed a high emission rate but the lowest health risk. Without strong interfacial aeration and turbulence between the water and atmosphere, the effects of treatment technology and seasonal variation on the health risks might be connected to the VOC emission rates, while the effect of VOC species depended considerably on the respective cancer slope factors and reference concentrations; the employment of aeration provided a different conclusion in which the emission rates were enhanced without a significant increase in the related cancer risks. These findings can provide insight into future health risk management and reduction strategies for workers in WWTPs.     

Measurements of biogenic hydrocarbons and carbonyl compounds emitted by trees from temperate warm Atlantic rainforest, Brazil

This study is part of a three-year project on biogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from trees of the temperate warm Atlantic rainforest found in the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo City (MASP). No study of VOC emission rates from plant species has been carried out in the temperate warm Atlantic rainforest of Brazil prior to this work. Eleven species were selected (Alchornea sidifolia, Cupania oblongifolia, Cecropia pachystachia, Syagrus romanzoffiana, Casearia sylvestris, Machaerium villosum, Trema micrantha, Croton floribundus, Myrcia rostrata, Solanum erianthum and Ficus insipida) and some of them were studied in urban, sub-urban and forest areas inside the MASP in order to evaluate biogenic VOC composition at sites characterized by different emission sources. Biogenic VOC emissions were determined by placing branches of plants in a dynamic enclosure system, an all-Teflon cuvette, and by sampling the compounds in the air leaving the cuvette. Pre-concentration using adsorbents to retain the VOC, followed by GC-MS after thermal desorption of the sample, was employed to determine the amount of biogenic hydrocarbons. The collection of carbonyl compounds on a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine coated silica followed by HPLC-UV was used to analyze low molecular weight carbonyl compounds. Emission rates of isoprene, alpha-pinene, camphene and limonene ranged from 0.01 to 2.16 microg C h(-1) g(-1) and emission rates of aldehydes (C(2)-C(6)), acrolein, methacrolein and 2-butanone ranged from 1.5 x 10(-2) to 2.3 micro g C h(-1) g (-1). Ambient and leaf temperatures, relative humidity, light intensity, O(3) and NO(x) levels in the local atmosphere were monitored during experiments. It was possible to identify different biogenic VOCs emitted from typical plants of temperate warm Atlantic rainforest. The emission rates were reported as a function of the type of site investigated and were only provided for compounds for which quantification was feasible. Other biogenic compounds were only identified.     

Influence of processing parameters on VOC emission from particleboards

Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from furnishings have created a major indoor air pollution problem in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the VOC emission of larch particleboard under different processing conditions. VOCs collection chamber, parts per billion VOC monitor, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometer were used to analyze the VOC components and quantities. The results were shown as follows: (1) concentration and emission rate of VOCs were significantly affected by hot-pressing temperature and time. With the increase of hot-pressing temperature and time, both the earlier emission concentration and the amount of total volatile organic compounds increased. (2) The composition of VOCs was also influenced by temperature and time, especially the variety of terpene, benzene, and derivative. The existence and quantities of esters were still the main components of VOCs emissions.     

杭州市大气污染物排放清单及特征

以杭州市区为研究区域,通过调查整合多套污染源数据库及其他统计资料,研究文献报道及模型计算的各种污染源排放因子,获得杭州市区各行业PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NOx、CO、VOCs、NH3等污染物的排放量,建立了杭州市区2010年1 km×1 km大气污染物排放清单。结果表明,2010年杭州市区PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NOx、CO、VOCs和NH3的排放总量分别为7.96×104、4.02×104、7.23×104、8.98×104、73.90×104、39.56×104、3.32×104t。从排放源的行业分布来看,机动车尾气排放是杭州市区大气污染物最重要排放源之一,对PM10、PM2.5、NOx、CO和VOCs的贡献分别达到14.4%、27.1%、40.3%、21.4%、31.1%。道路扬尘、电厂锅炉、工业炉窑、植被、畜禽养殖对不同污染物分别有着重要贡献,道路扬尘对PM10和PM2.5的贡献分别为44.6%和20.0%、电厂锅炉对SO2和NOx的贡献分别为37.0%和25.7%、工业炉窑对CO的贡献为41.5%、植被排放对VOCs的贡献为27.1%、畜禽养殖对NH3的贡献为76.5%。从空间分布来看,萧山区和余杭区对SO2、NH3和植被排放BVOC的贡献要显著高于主城区;而主城区机动车对PM2.5、NOx和VOCs的贡献分别达到36.3%、56.0%和47.4%,较市区范围内显著增加,表明机动车尾气排放已成为杭州主城区大气污染最重要的来源之一。     

建设项目环保验收监测中的VOC问题分析

针对当前验收监测工作中遇到的VOC监测中存在概念不清、无相关技术规范等实际问题,文章从VOC的概念、污染源类别、采样方法和监测分析技术等方面进行了详细的阐述,对于指导该类化合物的监测和环境影响评价的工作具有很好的指导作用。     

Infrared differential absorption Lidar (DIAL) measurements of hydrocarbon emissions

We report the application of an infrared (IR) differential absorption Lidar (DIAL) system (also capable of ultra violet measurements) built at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), UK, to field measurements of total site emissions (controlled and fugitive) from petrochemical and landfill installations. The validation of the IR-DIAL was carried out via a series of controlled field experiments including comparison to GC analysis and tests against controlled methane releases from a test stack, all detailing agreements on the order of ±20%. In volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements at a UK petrochemical site it was found that the American Petroleum Institute's methodology of the time for calculating the emitted flux underestimated by a factor of 2.4. Also, in a similar field trial it was found that scaling traditional point measurements at easily accessible flanges and valves to represent all flanges and valves on a site led to an underestimation by a factor of 6. In addition to petrochemical examples we also report field measurements from a landfill site to demonstrate the advantageous of the DIAL technique for monitoring area emission sources. In this case study it was found that active (still being filled) cells resulted in significantly greater VOC emission rates (30 kg h(-1)) than closed (≤ 10 kg h(-1)).     

Development of a calibration system to evaluate VOC losses in a branch enclosure

Considerable uncertainties are associated with the experimental estimates of emission rates of different volatile organic compound (VOC) species from the biosphere to the atmosphere. Some of this uncertainty derives from the sampling and analytical procedures used in emission rate measurements. A calibration system was developed in order to evaluate possible errors in the measurements of biogenic emission rates using a branch enclosure system. Two types of calibration procedures were tested, a standard additions technique and an internal standard procedure. Both techniques were used to evaluate possible losses while sampling isoprene and monoterpenes, which are the most abundant VOCs of biogenic origin. The losses to Teflon lines and the empty sampling system were tested and losses to the branch enclosure system installed on two VOC emitting plant species were evaluated. A considerable loss of isoprene (approximately 18% of inflow concentration 65 ng l(-1)) to the empty enclosure system and to the system installed on the plant was measured, but no losses of monoterpenes were observed.     

Emission inventory of evaporative emissions of VOCs in four metro cities in India

High concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air of urban areas stress the need for the control of VOC emissions due to the toxic and carcinogenic nature of many VOCs commonly encountered in urban air. Emission inventories are an essential tool in the management of local air quality, which provide a listing of sources of air pollutant emissions within a specific area over a specified period of time. This study intended to provide a level IV emission inventory as par the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) definition for evaporative VOC emissions in the metro cities of India namely Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata. The vehicular evaporative emissions are found to be the largest contributor to the total evaporative emissions of hydrocarbons followed by evaporative losses related to petrol loading and unloading activities. Besides vehicle-related activities, other major sources contributing to evaporative emissions of hydrocarbons are surface coating, dry cleaning, graphical art applications, printing (newspaper and computer), and the use of consumer products. Various specific preventive measures are also recommended for reducing the emissions.