给水管网中余氯浓度对颗粒物表面细菌附着的影响

为解析余氯浓度对颗粒物表面细菌附着的影响,以给水管网细菌为研究对象,开展其在不同余氯浓度条件下的附着实验.结果表明,低浓度氯(0~0.5 mg·L~(-1))会促进细菌在针铁矿表面的附着,而高浓度氯(0.5~3.0 mg·L~(-1))抑制了细菌的表面附着.通过定量测定及激光共聚焦显微镜的观测发现,当氯浓度为0.5 mg·L~(-1)时,聚集体总细菌数、胞外聚合物(EPS)含量均达到最大.研究结果揭示了余氯浓度调控着细菌EPS的分泌,进而影响细菌在给水管网中颗粒物表面的附着.     

Iron stability in drinking water distribution systems in a city of China

A field study on the estimation and analysis of iron stability in drinking water distribution system was carried out in a city of China. The stability of iron ion was estimated by pC-pH figure. It was found that iron ion was unstable, with a high Fe （OH）3 precipitation tendency and obvious increase in turbidity. The outer layer of the corrosion scale was compact, while the inner core was porous. The main composition of the scale was iron, and the possible compound constitutes of the outer scale were α-FeOH, γ-FeOOH, α-Fe2O3, γ-F2O3, FeCl3, while the inner were Fe3O4, FeCl2, FeCO3. According to the characteristics of the corrosion scale, it was thought that the main reason for iron instability was iron release from corrosion scale. Many factors such as pipe materials, dissolved oxygen and chlorine residual affect iron release. Generally, higher iron release occurred with lower dissolved oxygen or chlorine residual concentration, while lower iron release occurred with higher dissolved oxygen or chlorine residual concentration. The reason was considered that the passivated out layer of scale of ferric oxide was broken down by reductive reaction in a condition of low oxidants concentration, which would result more rapid corrosion of the nine and red water phenomenon.     

模拟配水管网中管材和余氯对生物膜形成的影响

以环状生物膜挂片反应器(BAR)模拟实际管网,研究了有氯、无氯2种原水情况下,镀锌钢、铸铁、不锈钢、PE、UPVC5种管材上细菌的生长规律.结果表明,单位面积最大细菌数,镀锌钢>铸铁>UPVC>不锈钢>PE;在无氯原水的试验中,达到单位面积最大细菌数所需天数,镀锌钢>(铸铁、不锈钢)>UPVC,PE管上细菌没有较大增加.加氯可控制镀锌钢、PE、UPVC上细菌的生长速度,此外,3种金属管材会发生锈蚀,引起水浊度、色度上升;PE是防止微生物在管壁生长最理想的管材;不锈钢则是值得选择的金属材料.     

生化净水工艺系统节约混凝剂和液氯用量生产性研究

用生化净水工艺和传统净水工艺系统进行了受污染姚江水源水的对比试验研究,以探讨生化系统节约的混凝剂和液氯用量。结果表明,在相同的净水条件下,生化工艺系统处理污染原水比传统净水工艺节约混凝剂硫酸铝50％以上,节约液氯75％～80％,具有显著的经济、社会效益。     

铸铁管输配再生水铁溶出颗粒物特征研究

针对输配水过程中产生的"红水"现象及铁颗粒物溶出对水质的影响,开展了初步的模拟管网中试研究.实验采用内径为100 mm的铸铁管搭建了120 m长管网中试模拟系统,并以北京某再生水厂生产的再生水为水源,进行了单向连续流动和密闭循环流动模拟管网输配实验,并对管网出水水质进行了的连续跟踪监测.中试结果表明,两种方式的实验都发生了"红水"现象;出水水质的p H、总溶解性固体(TDS)、电导率及总铁都有明显升高;实验过程中得到的两种不同颜色颗粒物,它们都包括α-Fe OOH、γ-Fe OOH、Fe CO3、Fe2O3、Fe3O4及Fe O等矿物质;颗粒物颜色可能与颗粒中羟基氧化铁与碳酸亚铁的含量有关;水流速度对于管网中颗粒物的沉积和释放要一定影响;不带内衬的铸铁管不适合作为输配腐蚀性极强水质再生水的管材.     

不同深度处理工艺再生水中余氯衰减规律及溶解性有机物变化特性比较

考察了余氯在不同深度处理工艺再生水中的衰减规律,并利用紫外-可见吸收差光谱和三维荧光光谱对余氯衰减过程的有机物变化进行了初步解析.结果表明,再生水中的余氯衰减迅速,加氯前0.5 h内的氯消耗占8 h内氯消耗的50%以上.混凝出水水样的余氯衰减速率大于超滤出水和臭氧出水.加氯后,混凝出水和超滤出水的紫外-可见吸收差光谱在230 nm和280 nm附近出现特征峰,表明余氯衰减过程中,水中具有不饱和键和生色团的物质被破坏.臭氧出水在波长230 nm附近出现特征峰.加氯使再生水的荧光强度减弱,混凝出水中腐殖质类物质荧光强度的降低程度大于超滤出水和臭氧出水,表明该类物质可能是影响余氯衰减速率的主要物质.     

Deposition behavior of residual aluminum in drinking water distribution system: Effect of aluminum speciation

Finished drinking water usually contains some residual aluminum.The deposition of residual aluminum in distribution systems and potential release back to the drinking water could significantly influence the water quality at consumer taps.A preliminary analysis of aluminum content in cast iron pipe corrosion scales and loose deposits demonstrated that aluminum deposition on distribution pipe surfaces could be excessive for water treated by aluminum coagulants including polyaluminum chloride（PACl）.In this work,the deposition features of different aluminum species in PACl were investigated by simulated coil-pipe test,batch reactor test and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring.The deposition amount of non-polymeric aluminum species was the least,and its deposition layer was soft and hydrated,which indicated the possible formation of amorphous Al（OH）₃.Al₁₃ had the highest deposition tendency,and the deposition layer was rigid and much less hydrated,which indicated that the deposited aluminum might possess regular structure and self-aggregation of Al₁₃could be the main deposition mechanism.While for Al₃₀,its deposition was relatively slower and deposited aluminum amount was relatively less compared with Al₁₃.However,the total deposited mass of Al₃₀ was much higher than that of Al₁₃,which was attributed to the deposition of particulate aluminum matters with much higher hydration state.Compared with stationary condition,stirring could significantly enhance the deposition process,while the effect of pH on deposition was relatively weak in the near neutral range of 6.7 to 8.7.     

蓝藻胞外聚合物对供水管网水质的影响

针对游离态蓝藻胞外聚合物（EPS）在常规水处理工艺中不易去除、残留蓝藻EPS极易进入供水管网的特性,研究了蓝藻EPS对供水管网水质变化及生物稳定性的影响.针对管道使用时限分析了不同管道内部产生附膜条件下,蓝藻EPS对供水管网中余氯、浑浊度、生物稳定性、有机组分等主要水质指标变化规律的影响.结果表明,蓝藻EPS加快了管网余氯衰减速度,导致管网水质浑浊度在12~24h后即超出生活饮用水卫生标准上限,并使管网水质生物稳定性降低,BDOC在72h内增加37.2~39.5%,AOC增加365~393%,总活菌数升高18~20倍.阐明了蓝藻水华爆发时期净水厂出厂水残留蓝藻EPS在管网余氯存在前提下,仍然能够作为微生物营养基质和代谢能量,而促进管道内细菌生长繁殖,增加微生物代谢活性,刺激微生物胞外有机组分分泌释放,导致管网水质二次污染.     

蓝藻胞外聚合物对供水管网水质的影响

针对游离态蓝藻胞外聚合物（EPS）在常规水处理工艺中不易去除、残留蓝藻EPS极易进入供水管网的特性,研究了蓝藻EPS对供水管网水质变化及生物稳定性的影响.针对管道使用时限分析了不同管道内部产生附膜条件下,蓝藻EPS对供水管网中余氯、浑浊度、生物稳定性、有机组分等主要水质指标变化规律的影响.结果表明,蓝藻EPS加快了管网余氯衰减速度,导致管网水质浑浊度在12~24h后即超出生活饮用水卫生标准上限,并使管网水质生物稳定性降低,BDOC在72h内增加37.2~39.5%,AOC增加365~393%,总活菌数升高18~20倍.阐明了蓝藻水华爆发时期净水厂出厂水残留蓝藻EPS在管网余氯存在前提下,仍然能够作为微生物营养基质和代谢能量,而促进管道内细菌生长繁殖,增加微生物代谢活性,刺激微生物胞外有机组分分泌释放,导致管网水质二次污染.     

给水管网管壁铁细菌生长特性模拟及控制对策研究

利用AR反应器对管壁铁细菌的生长特性、影响因素以及悬浮铁细菌与管壁铁细菌的相关关系进行了研究.管壁铁细菌在反应器运行12 d后达到稳定生长,出水中铁细菌数量比进水增加1 lg,剪切力对于铁细菌达到稳定生长的时间有影响,但对稳定生长后挂片上的铁细菌数量没有明显的影响.稳定余氯0.3 mg/L可以有效控制悬浮和管壁铁细菌的生长,数量降低1 lg;对于管垢内的铁细菌即使余氯增加到1.0 mg/L仍无法杀灭;余氯浓度0.05 mg/L无法有效控制悬浮和管壁附着铁细菌的生长.对于稳定生长下的管壁铁细菌,增加余氯浓度至1.25 mg/L,可使管壁铁细菌数量降低2 lg~3 lg.稳定生长状态下,悬浮铁细菌与管壁铁细菌数量具有线性关系.并在试验基础上提出给水管网铁细菌生长控制对策:维持管网余氯0.3 mg/L;定期采用较高浓度消毒剂冲洗管道;采用新型防腐管材或加快旧管网改造,提高管网抗腐蚀性能等.     

大亚湾核电站余氯排放对邻近海域环境的影响

对大亚湾核电站冷却水排放口及邻近海域海水中余氯污染状况进行了调查，结果表明：余氯的含量为〈０．０１～０．０４ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１，各季节平均水平为０．０１～０．０２ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１，冬季较高。余氯在海水中的形态为化合态。选择若干养殖经济动物进行了余氯毒性胁迫试验。以０．５为安全因子，余氯胁迫作用时间不超过３０ｍｉｎ时，游离斜 氯对平鲷、黑鲷仔鱼的安全容许浓度约为０．１０ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１，对斑节对虾幼苗为０．     

供水系统水质生物稳定性与细菌生长相关分析

以上海市某水厂实际供水系统为研究对象,从水源、水厂净水工艺到输配水管网对城市供水水质生物稳定性与微生物生长相关性进行了系统分析.结果表明,由于水源污染和常规净水工艺局限性,水厂出水水质不能保障生物稳定性,在输配管网中,BDOC、浊度、余氯、异养菌数量存在明显的相关性.控制出厂水有机物含量,保持管网免受二次污染和强化消毒可有效减少管网中微生物繁殖生长.     

垂直流人工湿地配水均匀性的研究

从能量分配和压力水头分布出发,阐述了垂直流人工湿地穿孔管配水系统能量分布及压力水头分布状况.在此基础上,提出了影响垂直流人工湿地配水均匀性的2个关键影响因子—最不利2点流量关系及穿孔管布水系统内部配水间隔时间,得出了垂直流人工湿地配水系统中最不利2点的孔口出流流量关系式及垂直流人工湿地穿孔管布水系统内部配水间隔时间,为采用穿孔管配水的垂直流人工湿地提供了理论研究资料.     

配水管网中与有机物反应的余氯衰减动力学模型

提出一级二级反应组合动力学模型,用大量实验数据拟合模型中的参数,模拟配水管网系统中余氯衰减的水体消耗部分.该模型定量反应了温度T、初始氯浓度c₀和TOC与余氯衰减之间的复杂关系.除初始阶段外,组合模型可简化为一级反应模型;T、TOC和c₀与余氯衰减之间的关系分别可简化为指数关系、正线性关系和负线性关系.该模型较好地解释了余氯衰减在初始阶段进行相对较快这一现象.实验数据验证的结果表明:该组合模型与实验数据吻合良好,优于传统的一级反应模型.     

LNG接收站冷排水的温降及余氯对水环境影响的数值模拟——以湄洲湾东吴港区为例

LNG接收站运行过程中将冷排水排放到海域水体中,冷排水的温降及余氯对附近海域水环境的温度场和生物环境产生影响。为掌握冷排水在海域水体中的扩散规律,利用二维水动力-水质数值耦合模型(MIKE21),采用模型嵌套的方式精细化模拟了湄洲湾东吴港区LNG接收站冷排水对水环境的影响,在模型验证可靠的基础上,计算得到了LNG接收站冷排水在冬季、夏季的温降包络线及余氯包络线,从而判断该工程位置选取的合理性。结果表明:在温降大于0.5 ℃条件下,LNG接收站的冷排水影响范围为0.202 km²,距离湄洲岛生态系统重点保护区约2.81 km,距离最近的养殖区约0.53 km;在余氯浓度为0.01 mg/L条件下,LNG接收站的冷排水中余氯影响范围为0.434 km²,最大影响距离为0.628 km;LNG接收站冷排水的温降及余氯均未对周边敏感目标产生直接影响,该排水口位置选择合理。     

Modeling iron release from cast iron pipes in an urban water distribution system caused by source water switch

Significant iron release from cast iron pipes in water distribution systems (WDSs), which usually occurs during the source water switch period, is a great concern of water utilities because of the potential occurrence of “red water” and customer complaints. This study developed a new method which combined in-situ water stagnation experiments with mathematical models and numerical simulations to predict the iron release caused by source water switch. In-situ water stagnation experiments were conducted to determine the total iron accumulation in nine cast iron pipes in-service in Beijing when switching the local water to treated Danjiangkou Reservior water. Results showed that the difference in the concentration increment of total iron in 24 hr (ΔCI_TI,24), i.e. short-term iron release, caused by source water switch was mainly dependent on the difference in the key quality parameters (pH, hardness, nitrate, Larson Ratio and dissolved oxygen (DO)) between the two source waters. The iron release rate (R_Fe) after switch, i.e. long-term iron release, was closely related to the pipe properties as well as the DO and total residual chlorine (TRC) concentrations. Mathematical models of ΔCI_TI,24 and R_Fe were developed to quantitatively reveal the relationship between iron release and the key quality parameters. The R_Fe model could successfully combine with EPANET-MSX, a numerical simulator of water quality for WDSs to extend the iron release modeling from pipe level to network level. The new method is applicable to predicting iron release during source water switch, thus facilitating water utilities to take preventive actions to avoid “red water”.     

原水水质对输水管道硝化作用形成的影响

采用配制水样模拟Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类和劣Ⅴ类地表水,利用管道模拟反应器研究不同原水水质条件下输水管道中硝化作用的形成及对输水水质的影响.结果表明:原水中氨氮(NH4+-N)及溶解氧(DO)含量对NH4+-N去除均有一定影响,DO充足时,去除率随原水中NH4+-N含量的增加而增加,DO浓度低时,DO成为影响NH4+-N去除的主要因素;原水NH4+-N含量对运行初期NO2--N积累有重要影响,NH4+-N含量越高,NO2--N积累量越大,随着生物膜的成熟,影响作用逐渐减弱;反应器中AOB数量主要受原水NH4+-N浓度的影响,随NH4+-N浓度升高而增加;NOB数量受NH4+-N和DO浓度的双重影响,DO含量低会抑制NOB活性,使NOB数量减少,导致NO2--N积累;输水管道中的硝化作用是水中及生物膜中硝化细菌共同作用的结果,但生物膜中硝化细菌存在水平高,其硝化作用占主导地位.     

供水管网中微/纳米塑料的赋存及污染特性

微/纳米塑料具有分布广泛、粒径小、难降解、可吸附有毒物质等特性,其去除效果及对环境污染的现状尚不明晰,是当前研究热点和难点.本文从供水管网中微/纳米塑料的来源、分布规律及水质安全危害等角度,概述了全球范围内供水管网中微/纳米塑料的研究现状.结果表明,给水处理厂出厂水携带残留的微/纳米塑料颗粒进入供水管网,而塑料材质管道在水力、水质作用下(流速、机械磨损、消毒剂等)同样存在微/纳米塑料释放可能.微/纳米塑料自身的密度、电荷等固有特性影响了它在供水管网中的空间分布规律,且在饮用水输配过程中,微/纳米塑料可同有机物、微生物等物质反应,从而影响供水管网的水质安全.本文旨在提出未来的研究重点和方向,从而为进一步了解微/纳米塑料对饮用水安全的影响及如何控制其污染提供理论基础.     

给水管网中污染物在管垢上的累积和释放

给水管网中,管垢是各种污染物的源和汇,但目前污染物在管垢中的累积释放特征尚缺乏系统研究.本文以实际的城市供水管网的球墨铸铁管和灰口铸铁管为对象,一方面采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、晶体衍射结构分析(XRD)等手段对其管垢进行表征,另一方面运用管段滞流反应器研究了三氯甲烷、铅、锰和锌等污染物滞流状态下在管垢上累积和释放特征.结果表明:同为铸铁管,使用一定年限后,管垢成分有所差异,灰口管管垢量较大,具有明显的锈蚀和管瘤出现,成分以二氧化硅、金属复合氧化物为主,而球墨管管垢量较小,以二氧化硅为主;随着初始浓度的提高,管垢对污染物的累积量逐步提高,对于三氯甲烷,其吸附量和释放量都非常低,而对于Pb、Mn和Zn 3种金属,管垢的吸附量远大于释放量,说明在实验条件下它们易累积不易释放,但水质条件的改变有可能引起大规模释放.研究结果对饮用水管网生物化学安全提出了更高的要求,为管网的饮用水安全保障提供了理论依据.     

Reversed flow injection spectrophotometric determination of low residuals of chlorine dioxide in water using chlorophenol red

A novel,simple,rapid,sensitive and highly selective flow injection procedure for the spectrophotometric determination of chlorine dioxide in the presence of othe chlorine species,viz,free chlorine,chlorite,chlorate and hypochlorite,is developed.The method is based on the discoloration reaction between chlorine dioxide and chlorophenol red and can overcome the shortcomings existed in direct spectrophotometric determination for chlorine dioxide owing to the serious interference of free and combined dhlorine.The procedure gave a linear calibration graph over the range0-0.71 mg/L of chlorine dioxide.With a detection limit of 0.024 mg/L and a sample throughput of 60 samples/h.