中国省域生态文明建设差异分析

基于生态系统视角,引入"压力—状态—响应"模型(PSR),构建了包括生态系统压力、生态系统健康状态和生态环境管理水平的3个子系统,27个指标的省域生态文明评价指标体系。运用主成分分析法对我国30个样本省份2012年生态文明建设状态及生态文明协调度进行了实证评价。依据评价结果,分析了我国东中西部地区生态文明建设的区域差异,指出子系统评价值在60分以下省份进一步促进生态文明建设的对策建议。主要结论和政策建议包括:①我国生态文明建设按照西部地区、中部地区、东部地区存在一个渐进的发展过程,东部地区生态文明建设水平优于中部地区,中部地区生态文明建设水平优于西部地区。②从我国东中西部地区生态文明综合评价和协调度评价情况看,东中西部地区生态文明建设综合排名和协调度排名具正相关性。③从子系统评价结果来看,我国东部地区生态系统压力较中部地区小,中部地区生态系统压力较西部地区小;我国中部地区生态系统健康状态优于东部地区,东部地区生态系统健康状态优于西部地区;我国东部地区生态环境管理能力高于中部地区,中部地区生态环境管理能力高于西部地区。④依据评价结论,建议东部地区要花大力气实现生态系统的健康;中部地区在提高资源能源利用效率的同时,还要加强生态文明制度建设;西部地区要以保护脆弱生态环境为目标,避免"三高一低"产业在西部生态脆弱地区的布局,还要提高资源能源的利用效率和环境污染的治理能力。     

外商直接投资的R&D溢出与中国区域能源效率

在内生经济增长和外商直接投资技术溢出理论的基础上,构建了一个国内RD资本、外商在华直接投资的RD溢出和地区能源效率的分析框架,运用1995-2007年中国29个省(直辖市、自治区)的面板数据,将外商直接投资引致的国外RD溢出分为两个部分:外商直接投资企业在东道国从事生产经营活动带来的RD溢出和外商直接投资企业通过进口贸易渠道传递的国际RD溢出。并将29个省市划分为东部、中部和西部,实证研究外商直接投资的RD溢出对地区能源效率的影响,结果表明,FDI的RD溢出对中国能源效率的影响表现出明显的地区差异。FDI企业在当地的生产经营活动带来的RD溢出对东部和中部的能源效率有正的影响,而对西部能源效率没有显著影响。FDI企业通过进口贸易带来的国际RD溢出对东部和中部地区能源效率的影响不显著,对西部地区的能源效率有显著负影响。各个地区不同的经济基础、对外开放度和技术水平可能是造成该现象的主要原因。     

中国旅游经济与生态环境协调发展水平的空间差异与演变特征

本文在构建旅游经济与生态环境耦合系统评价指标体系的基础上,运用AHM权重和熵值权重相结合的方法及协调发展度测度模型,对1996-2010年我国东中西部11省区旅游经济与生态环境协调发展水平的时空演变特征进行了分析。研究结果表明:①近10余年来,我国东中西部11省区旅游经济与生态环境的协调发展水平均在不断提高,2010年11省区均已进入协调发展状态,但总体上仍处在较低水平;②我国旅游经济和生态环境协调发展水平的空间差异十分显著,但差异主要表现在东部地区与中西部地区之间,中部地区和西部地区之间差异不明显;③旅游经济综合效益与生态环境综合效益对比分析显示,我国东部省市多为生态环境滞后型区域,而中西部省区多为旅游经济滞后型区域。     

中国经济增长方式对FDI的影响——基于30个省份数据的实证研究

本文通过使用30个省份1996-2011年面板数据,分析了经济增长方式的不同对我国(东道国)吸引FDI的影响,得到了以下结论:全国范围内,发展内涵式经济增长方式对我国吸引FDI起到了显著地积极作用;东部地区发展内涵式经济增长方式对吸引FDI具有积极作用,中部和西部地区在发展内涵式经济增长的过程中会显著的减少FDI的流入量,特别是西部地区在发展内涵式经济增长的过程中对FDI的挤出效应会更加明显。     

经济增长和环境规制对雾霾的区际影响差异

为探究不同省级区域雾霾、经济增长和环境规制之间的空间关联效应,本文提出针对雾霾的引力模型空间权重矩阵,并利用该矩阵建立了空间杜宾模型,分别对全国、西部、中部和东部省区的面板数据进行了空间计量检验。实证结果显示:全国雾霾的莫兰指数值显著,且取值介于0.367—0.460之间;雾霾"重心"呈现先向东南再向西北移动的趋势,移动距离为76 557 m;雾霾的莫兰指数值为东部省区最大,西部省区最小,中部省区介于二者之间。全国的雾霾与经济增长之间呈显著的"U"型曲线,而西部、中部和东部省区则呈倒"U"型曲线,其中中部省区的曲线最为陡峭,西部省区次之,东部省区最为平缓。环境规制每增加1%,只有西部和东部的雾霾相应减少,且各自相应下降0.009和0.010个百分点。西部和东部经济增长的溢出效应均显著,而环境规制的溢出效应不显著。研究结果表明:(1)雾霾在空间上表现出集聚的特点,全国和三个区域的雾霾都存在显著的正向空间溢出效应,这种空间依赖性在时间维度上大致呈加强的趋势;雾霾的空间相关性表现为东部省区最强,西部省区紧随其后,中部省区最低。(2)西部和东部省区部分省市还未过拐点,全国意义上的环境库茨涅兹假说是不存在的,或者是至少还未出现。(3)西部和东部环境规制效果较为理想,而中部省区的环境规制效果不佳;从全国总体来看,当前的环境规制整体上对雾霾并未起到有效的抑制作用。(4)东西部省区和中部省区经济增长对雾霾溢出效应分别表现为正向和反向;环境规制对雾霾的溢出效应并不显著。建议加强对雾霾的区域协同治理,重点推进西部和东部省区经济结构的转型升级,调整和完善西部、中部和东部省区的环境规制政策。     

中国生态文明发展水平的空间差异与趋同性北大核心CSCDCSSCI

从国土空间优化布局、资源能源节约集约利用、生态环境保护、生态文明制度建设四方面构建了生态文明评价指标体系,运用动态因子分析法计算得出了我国31个省份2003-2012年的静态得分和动态综合得分,以各省份生态文明发展水平的测算结果作为面板数据,运用空间自相关方法对我国生态文明发展水平空间分布及演化格局进行了分析。生态文明发展指数测算结果显示,各省份得分在-0.36-0.84之间,以广东省最优,西藏最差;东部地区、中部地区和西部地区的动态综合得分分别为0.43,0.03和-0.18,生态文明发展水平呈现由沿海向内陆逐步递减的基本格局。全局空间自相关分析显示,2003-2012年全局Moran’s I值显著为正(取值范围在0.234-0.276之间),表明生态文明发展水平呈现明显的空间集聚特征,局域空间自相关显示,超过80%的省份呈现显著的空间正相关,其中"H-H"集聚区主要分布于东部的京津和长三角地区,"L-L"集聚区主要分布于中部和西部地区,且生态文明发展水平具有明显的空间溢出效应,原有的极化区域正在逐步削弱,地区间的差距正在不断减小。通过各地区生态文明发展趋势的收敛性分析可以看出,全国呈现平稳收敛的发展趋势,中部地区和西部地区收敛较为显著。在今后的发展过程中,应不断完善生态环境保护制度、提高管理水平,同时加强中西部地区与东部地区的交流合作,强化区域协同发展,保证东部地区生态文明发展水平持续稳定提升,以发挥其辐射作用,带动中部地区和西部地区生态文明发展水平的不断提高。     

西部大开发十五年环境效率评价及其影响因素分析

西部大开发政策实施以来,西部地区实现了快于东部和中部的经济增长。正确认识西部地区经济增长中的环境成本,评价西部地区的环境效率具有重要意义。本文运用考虑非期望产出的超效率SBM模型测算了2000—2014年西部大开发以来的环境效率。研究发现:西部地区环境效率偏低,处于相对无效状态。西部地区环境效率明显低于传统效率,经济增长付出了较高的环境代价。西部大开发以来传统效率与环境效率之间的差距呈现先扩大后缩小的"倒U"型走势变化。西部地区省份环境效率在全国排名靠后,各省份的环境效率呈现出差异化的发展态势,其中重庆和四川排名不断提升,新疆排名逐步回落,内蒙古和广西在西部地区排名相对靠前且比较稳定,云南和陕西一直处于中间水平,贵州、甘肃、青海、宁夏排名相对靠后。西部地区环境效率2000—2003年上升,2004—2010年不断下降,2010—2014年趋于平稳。西部地区环境效率低于东部地区且差距大,也低于中部地区和全国平均水平。通过收敛性检验发现,西部地区各省份间的环境效率差距呈现先缩小后扩大的趋势;西部地区与东部地区间的环境效率差距逐渐扩大,与中部地区间的环境效率差距先扩大后缩小。本文同时采用了Tobit模型进行面板回归,实证分析了西部地区环境效率的影响因素。结果表明:经济发展水平、科学技术水平、能源消费结构、环保投资力度对西部地区环境效率具有显著影响;产业结构变化和对外开放程度对西部地区环境效率影响不显著;西部地区存在环境效率的库兹涅茨曲线。     

中国生态文明发展水平的空间差异与趋同性

从国土空间优化布局、资源能源节约集约利用、生态环境保护、生态文明制度建设四方面构建了生态文明评价指标体系,运用动态因子分析法计算得出了我国31个省份2003-2012年的静态得分和动态综合得分,以各省份生态文明发展水平的测算结果作为面板数据,运用空间自相关方法对我国生态文明发展水平空间分布及演化格局进行了分析。生态文明发展指数测算结果显示,各省份得分在-0.36-0.84之间,以广东省最优,西藏最差;东部地区、中部地区和西部地区的动态综合得分分别为0.43,0.03和-0.18,生态文明发展水平呈现由沿海向内陆逐步递减的基本格局。全局空间自相关分析显示,2003-2012年全局Moran’s I值显著为正(取值范围在0.234-0.276之间),表明生态文明发展水平呈现明显的空间集聚特征,局域空间自相关显示,超过80%的省份呈现显著的空间正相关,其中"H-H"集聚区主要分布于东部的京津和长三角地区,"L-L"集聚区主要分布于中部和西部地区,且生态文明发展水平具有明显的空间溢出效应,原有的极化区域正在逐步削弱,地区间的差距正在不断减小。通过各地区生态文明发展趋势的收敛性分析可以看出,全国呈现平稳收敛的发展趋势,中部地区和西部地区收敛较为显著。在今后的发展过程中,应不断完善生态环境保护制度、提高管理水平,同时加强中西部地区与东部地区的交流合作,强化区域协同发展,保证东部地区生态文明发展水平持续稳定提升,以发挥其辐射作用,带动中部地区和西部地区生态文明发展水平的不断提高。     

外商直接投资地区差距对碳排放的影响北大核心CSSCI

本文根据1999-2010年相关数据,利用变异系数和广义最小二乘法对中国东、中、西和东北四大地区外商直接投资地区差距对地区碳排放差距的影响进行了研究,认为四大地区碳排放绝对差距呈逐年上升趋势,无论是碳排放的绝对差距和相对差距均表现为东部最大,中部次之,西部和东北地区最少;四大地区外商直接投资绝对差距逐年上升,且东部最大、东北次之、中部第三、西部最少;外商直接投资相对差距的大小依次为西、东、东北和中部;实证研究的结果表明,外商直接投资地区差距对地区碳排放差距的影响为负;人均总产值地区差距对碳排放地区差距的影响为负;地区开放程度差距对碳排放地区差距的影响为正;从外商直接投资地区差距对不同能源碳排放地区差距的影响来看,外商直接投资地区差距对煤和石油两种能源碳排放地区差距的影响为负,对天然气碳排放地区差距的影响为正,最后在此基础上提出了对策建议。     

转型时期中国城市化水平变动及动力分析

收集各省区近20年有关城市化方面的资料，分析了我国在转型时期城市化水平的时空变化规律。分析结果表明我国转型时期城市化水平在时间变化上具有水平起点低，发展速度快的特点；在空间变化上存在着较大的东中西区际和省际差异。在些基础上，利用多元统计方法，定量研究影响我国城市化发展的主动力因子，结果表明：工农业发展推拉因子、产业结构转换因子和出口替代外向因子是影响我国城市化发展的三大主动力因子。但表现在东中西城市化发展的主作用力是不同的。进一步研究表明：东部省区城市化水平与第三产业发展水平、产业结构转换能力和经济外向化密切相关，其中与第三产业发展水平表现最为显著；中部省区城市化水平与大中型工业企业的分面、工农业发展产相关性强；西部省区城市化水平与工业发展水平最为相关。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.