辽河三角洲地区土地利用及生态服务价值变化研究

以辽河三角洲地区为例,利用修正的生态服务价值当量因子表结合服务价值评估方法,分析了3个时期土地利用格局时空动态变化特征及其服务价值变化状况。结果表明:研究区土地利用以水田为主,占56.76%,其次为湿地和建设用地,分别占15.29%和14.77%,3种土地利用类型占总面积的86.82%;1986~2000年土地利用格局变化较大,而2000~2010年土地利用格局变化程度较小,两个时段内建设用地面积都稳步增加,湿地面积均逐渐下降;研究区土地利用服务的总价值逐年减少,湿地服务价值对总服务价值的贡献度最大,占总服务价值的60%以上。     

齐齐哈尔市土地利用变化及其对地下水水质的影响

为了探究齐齐哈尔市土地利用变化及其对地下水水质的影响,利用1995年、2003年、2011年遥感影像解译结果,比照地下水水质长期监测数据开展相关研究。结果表明,研究区土地利用类型以旱田、湿地和建设用地为主,其中旱田面积最大,占45%以上;近20a来,湿地面积持续减少,减少面积达112.38km2,主要转变为旱田、水田和建设用地,而建设用地的增加主要来自于开发旱田;1995~2003年、2003~2011年2个时期的综合土地利用动态度分别为0.97%、0.60%,研究区2003年之前总体土地利用变化程度明显高于后期。地下水中NO-3-N、SO2-4、Cl-和总硬度浓度变化趋势,与建设用地和旱田间的相互转变密切相关。城镇化建设快速发展及工矿用地土地资源的长期开发,成为对该地区地下水水质产生直接影响的主要土地利用方式。     

潍坊市北部咸/卤水区土地利用及其生态系统服务价值变化分析研究

运用遥感和GIS技术获取潍坊市北部咸/卤水区1983年-2013年间4期土地利用数据,分析了研究区研究时段土地利用变化及生态系统服务价值变化状况.结果表明:1983年-2013年间,潍坊市北部咸/卤水区裸地和潮滩面积不断缩小,建设用地和盐田面积不断增加;总的生态服务价值量从1983年的174.46 亿元减小到2013年的137.07 亿元,降幅达21.43%,主要是由于具有较高生态服务价值的潮滩等用地类型持续减少所致.应限制盐田和建设用地等的过快增长,并注重保护沿海潮滩湿地.     

基于区域土地利用规划的黄河口湿地退缩风险分析

为了解未来15 a土地利用长期规划对湿地变化的影响,明确建设用地扩张对湿地的威胁,揭示湿地丧失的潜在风险,制定积极的湿地保护策略,根据山东省垦利县2005年TM影像和2005-2020年土地利用规划数据,运用空间分析方法,分析了规划期间建设用地扩展对区域湿地的侵占威胁,并对湿地退缩的潜在风险进行了评估。结果表明:①研究区域现状湿地面积为107 497.80 hm²,占全区总面积的46.32%,湿地资源丰富;湿地类型多;②根据现有规划,到2020年,研究区建设用地平均每年将增长542.50 hm² ;新增建设用地总量中,约29.54%是由湿地转换而来,湿地被建设用地扩展侵占比较严重;③规划期内,湿地面积呈下降趋势,约5 057.53 hm²的湿地将转变为建设用地;县域内各乡镇湿地减少的速度和幅度不同,区域差异较明显,其中董集乡和郝家镇变化幅度较大,垦利街道办事处、胜坨镇和永安镇也高于垦利县平均变化水平;在各类湿地类型的变化上,苇地减少幅度最大,15 a期间减少43.87%,灌溉水田面积减少最多,约2 211.75 hm²;④对湿地被建设侵占的风险分析表明,研究区内处于高风险的湿地面积共有17 024.45 hm²,低风险湿地面积约为29 846.89 hm²,无风险湿地面积为60 626.46 hm²,湿地损失的整体潜在风险较高。     

基于InVEST和GeoSoS-FLUS模型的黄河源区碳储量时空变化特征及其对未来不同情景模式的响应

区域土地利用变化是导致生态系统碳储量变化的主要原因,预测未来土地利用变化对碳储量的影响对于碳储功能的可持续发展具有重要意义.近年来,在自然和人为因素的共同作用下,黄河源区土地利用变化显著,其碳储功能也相应发生改变.本研究结合InVEST和GeoSoS-FLUS模型,评估黄河源区2000~2020年以及不同情景下2020~2040年土地利用变化及其对碳储量的影响.结果表明：① 2000~2020年黄河源区碳储量整体呈上升趋势,共增加11.59×10⁶ t.② 20年间,黄河源区土地利用变化以低覆盖度草地、建设用地和湿地的面积增加和高覆盖度草地、中覆盖度草地和未利用地面积减少为主,未利用地大面积减少以及草地和湿地的面积增加是导致碳储量增加的主要原因.③ 2040年自然变化情景下黄河源区生态系统碳储量为871.34×10⁶ t,较2020年增加3.92×10⁶ t.生态保护情景下碳储量增幅明显,较2020年增加13.53×10⁶ t.该研究结果可以为黄河源区土地利用管理决策以及碳储功能的可持续发展提供科学参考.     

基于土地利用/覆被动态变化的粤港澳大湾区碳储量评价与预测

土地利用/覆被变化会增加区域碳储量或引发碳损耗,进而影响全球气候.研究湾区土地利用与碳储量变化的影响机制,对区域生态系统保护及社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义.基于InVEST模型和PLUS模型,分析了粤港澳大湾区土地利用与碳储量的动态变化特征及影响机制,进一步模拟预测了2030年3种发展情景（自然趋势情景、建设用地优先情景和生态优先情景）下土地利用类型变化对碳储量的影响.结果表明：(1)2000～2020年粤港澳大湾区的耕地（减少5.38%）和建设用地（增加8.68%）变化最显著,其余用地类型的变化较小.林地作为大湾区的主要用地类型,同样也是重要的碳库,空间上集中分布于东、北、西三面的台地和丘陵地区,碳储存低值区集中于中部平原,以建设用地为主.(2)受不同用地类型相互转化的影响,粤港澳大湾区的碳损失了20.12×106 Mg.耕地和林地面积的减少以及建设用地面积的增加是碳损耗的主要原因.(3)模拟研究发现生态保护措施将有效提高区域碳储量.具体来说,当耕地、林地和草地向建设用地的转化减少20%,湿地和水体向建设用地的转化减少30%时（生态优先情景）,区域碳储量可增加2.58×106 Mg...     

贵州高原典型喀斯特县域生境质量时空演变及定量归因

揭示贵州高原喀斯特县域生境质量时空演变规律及其驱动因素,为平衡喀斯特区域生态保护和可持续发展提供科学依据.利用1989年、2003年、2010年和2020年4期土地利用数据、DEM数据、气象数据和社会经济数据,采用InVEST模型阐明普定县近30年生境质量时空分布格局及演变特征,并对其空间分异的驱动力进行了定量探测.结果表明：①耕地和林地是普定县的主要土地利用类型,构成了地表覆盖景观基质.2003~2010年土地利用变化最显著,其中林地的增幅最大,达86.42%,耕地是流失最严重的土地利用类型,面积减少157.57 km²,主要流向林地和建设用地;②1989~2020年普定县生境质量指数平均值由0.60上升至0.73,空间上由东北部向西南部大体呈现出“高-低-高”的分布格局,生境质量高值区主要分布在东北部林地和草地区,低值区集中在中部和南部的建设用地,生境质量等级上升的区域主要集中在东部及西北部的大部分地区;③土地利用类型是影响生境质量时空分布的首要因素,解释程度为91.00%.在交互作用探测中,任意两种影响因素的交互作用大于单个因素的单独作用,土地利用类型和年均降水量的交互作用最强,达到96.00%,其与岩性因子的交互作用达到94.00%,自然与人文因素共同主导生境质量的时空变化.1989~2020年普定县生境质量总体较好,土地利用类型变化与生境质量关系密切,优化土地利用结构、减小人类活动的影响对提高普定县生境质量具有重要意义.     

海岸带土地利用转型及其生态环境效应——以福建海岸带为例

基于1995年、2005年、2015年的土地利用覆被数据,使用生态环境质量指数、土地利用转型的生态环境贡献率等方法,定量分析福建海岸带土地利用转型及其生态环境效应.结果表明：①整体而言,福建海岸带地区以生态用地为主要用地类型,占比达64.4%以上,成为地区生态环境质量稳定的保证;生产和生活用地整体占比不大,但却是变化动态较高的用地类型.②时序变化上,1995—2005年,工矿生产用地、城乡生活用地不断扩张,区域生态环境质量值下降2.3%;2005—2015年,生产、生活空间变迁程度趋于缓和,区域生态环境质量值缓慢下降1.3%.③空间分布上,厦门、泉州等地市以生产、生活用地为主,较高强度的用地方式和相对破碎化的用地格局使得该地区呈现较低的生态环境质量（EV值小于0.855）;宁德市、莆田市内陆地区等以生态用地为主,较强的生态稳定性使得该地区呈现较高生态环境质量（EV值大于0.994）.④在用地转型产生的生态环境效应上,对生态环境质量产生负面影响的主要用地变化是工矿生产用地的对外扩展,两个时段的贡献率分别达到44.9%和49.7%,且用地方式变化从功能属性和空间格局两个方面对区域生态环境质量产生影响,并引发了工业污染、景观格局破碎等生态环境问题.     

近20年来黑河干流中游地区土地利用/覆被变化及驱动力定量研究

黑河干流水量统一调度实施后(即2000年以后),流域干流中游地区用水量在时空上进一步受到限制。为此,研究黑河干流中游地区土地利用/覆被变化过程及其驱动力,尤其是黑河水量统一调度以来的生态环境问题,对研究区可持续发展具有重要意义。研究表明:①研究区土地利用发生了较大变化,1985-2000年,耕地、林地、城乡工矿居民用地逐渐增加,而草地、水域、未利用土地不断减少,2000-2005年耕地、城乡工矿居民用地逐渐增加,而草地、林地、水域、未利用土地不断减少;②黑河流域干流水量统一调配以来,一方面研究区可用水量进一步减少,另一方面研究区耕地短时间增加较快,研究区生态环境有退化的迹象,草地、林地、水域面积呈现减少趋势,变化率分别为2.14%、7.36%和3.69%;③1985-2000年土地利用类型主要呈现耕地和城乡工矿居民用地、耕地和未利用土地之间的相互转换,草地转为耕地,2000-2005年,土地利用类型主要呈现未利用土地转为耕地,草地和耕地之间相互转换;④土地利用程度变化存在明显的区域差异,以甘州区变化最大;⑤研究区土地利用/覆被变化的主要驱动力为社会经济因子,包括人口增长、经济社会发展等,2000年黑河流域水量统一调配以后,中游可利用水量的约束直接影响着研究区的土地利用变化。     

武汉城市圈湿地受损程度识别及驱动因素分析

基于1995-2015年的5期土地利用数据和连续时间序列的水体数据集,探究武汉城市圈湿地受损程度及其对应的水体变化特征,并使用Logistic模型进一步揭示湿地受损的驱动机制。结果表明：（1）1995-2015年,武汉城市圈湿地面积呈先增加后减少的趋势,其面积减少了665.15 km²。湿地受损区域大多分布在武汉市、黄陂县、仙桃市等,主要是由建设用地、旱地侵占湿地引起的;湿地恢复区域大多分布在仙桃市、武汉市,主要表现为由水田向功能湿地转变。（2）20年来,湿地的变化与其水体的退化或增长变化特征相似,即湿地受损区的水体面积减少,湿地恢复区的水体面积增加。（3）Logistic回归表明,建设用地、降雨、GDP是影响湿地受损风险的主要因子,其中人类活动是湿地受损的主要因素。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.