Methylopila sp.SD-1与大豆联合修复苯磺隆污染土壤

分离得到1株苯磺隆降解菌株SD-1,根据表型、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析,将其鉴定为Methylopila sp.SD-1,为首次报道能够降解苯磺隆的Methylopila属菌株,其在4d内完全降解50mg/L苯磺隆,最适降解温度、pH值分别为30℃和7.0,降解中间产物对大豆的毒性显著降低.大豆根系分泌物能促进菌株SD-1的生长,培养5d,菌株SD-1的数量由1.0×10⁷CFU/mL增至6.7×10⁷CFU/mL.分泌物中含有16种氨基酸,菌株SD-1对其中的Asp、Glu和Phe表现出明显的趋化性.接种菌悬液至苯磺隆污染土壤（3mg/kg）并种植大豆幼苗,培养4d,菌株SD-1依赖趋化性向大豆根系运动并定殖,存活率提高,根际土壤中苯磺隆的降解率相较于未种植大豆的处理提高36.0%.     

接种Penicillium sp.和根际分泌物对土壤甲磺隆的协同降解研究

通过接种Penicillium sp.和模拟小麦根际环境的方法,研究了甲磺隆在Penicillium sp.和小麦根际分泌物协同作用下的生物降解特性.结果表明,根系分泌物丰富了土著微生物和外源微生物,对甲磺隆的降解具有显著的促进作用.接种Penicilliumsp.的根际土壤中甲磺隆降解半衰期为8.6 d,其降解速率是接种Penicillium sp.的非根际土壤的1.8倍,是普通根际土壤的2.7倍.继续追加甲磺隆的试验表明,接种菌株Penicillium sp.对甲磺隆的降解具有可持续性.     

氯嘧磺隆降解菌的筛选及对污染土壤的生物修复

采用富集培养方法从江苏某激素研究所污水处理池排污口污泥中分离得到1株氯嘧磺隆降解菌,经菌株形态学特征和26S rDNA序列分析,鉴定为胶红酵母菌（Rhodotorula mucilaginosa ）.经降解条件优化,菌株对含100mg/L氯嘧磺隆的无机盐培养基中氯嘧磺隆的最佳降解条件为：接种量2.5%,培养温度28℃,pH 6.0,培养5d后降解率为87.33%;在氯嘧磺隆初始浓度为10mg/kg（干土）的模拟污染土壤中,菌株最佳降解条件为：接种量2.5%,温度25℃,pH 6.0,土壤含水量30%,静息培养30d后降解率为90.74%.土壤修复实验结果表明,施加胶红酵母菌后减轻了氯嘧磺隆对小麦幼苗的药害,在氯嘧磺隆浓度为10mg/kg的土壤中投加降解菌后,小麦的出苗率、株高、根长及鲜重均明显高于未投加降解菌的对照组（P < 0.05）.     

接种Penicilliumsp.和根际分泌物对土壤甲磺隆的协同降解研究

通过接种Penicillium sp.和模拟小麦根际环境的方法,研究了甲磺隆在Penicillium sp.和小麦根际分泌物协同作用下的生物降解特性.结果表明,根系分泌物丰富了土著微生物和外源微生物,对甲磺隆的降解具有显著的促进作用.接种Penicillium sp.的根际土壤中甲磺隆降解半衰期为8.6 d,其降解速率是接种Penicillium sp.的非根际土壤的1.8倍,是普通根际土壤的2.7倍.继续追加甲磺隆的试验表明,接种菌株Penicillium sp.对甲磺隆的降解具有可持续性.     

一株醚苯磺隆降解菌的分离、鉴定及固定化应用研究

从某农药厂的活性污泥中富集、筛选出一株醚苯磺隆的共代谢降解菌株MB-1,鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)。研究碳源、醚苯磺隆初始浓度及接菌量对菌株降解特性的影响,实验结果表明:葡萄糖为200 mg/L,醚苯磺隆初始浓度为200 mg/L,接菌量为1%时,MB-1对醚苯磺隆的降解效果最佳。采用海藻酸钠固定化技术对菌株MB-1进行固定化。结果表明海藻酸钠质量分数为4%,CaCl_2质量分数为2%,接菌量为2%,钙化时间为4 h时,固定化菌株对醚苯磺隆废水的降解效果良好。将固定化MB-1小球投入实验室规模的SBR装置中进行应用发现,固定化MB-1菌株可以持续高效降解醚苯磺隆废水。     

交流电场与Fusarium sp.A-2耦合对博落回修复铀污染土壤的强化作用

通过盆栽试验研究了交流电场(AC)与Fusarium sp.A-2(A-2)真菌耦合对博落回(P)的生物量、富集铀(U)性能、酶活性以及根际土壤中有机酸含量、生物可利用态铀、根际微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明, 在铀(U)污染土壤中, 与AC+P+U、A-2+P+U和P+U相比, AC+A-2+P+U组博落回的鲜重、株高、总干重分别升高了10.67%~45.76%、26.87%~92.02%和61.99%~159.98%;总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)含量分别提高了41.24%~133%和15.35%~63.63%;根际土壤中草酸显著增加了13.03%~157.09%;与A-2+P+U和P+U组相比, AC+A-2+P+U组土壤中生物可利用态铀分别提高了12.5%和28.57%.在AC+A-2+P+U组, 植物根际土壤中存在大量的镰刀型菌(Fusarium)真菌属和酸杆菌属(Acidobacteria)等细菌菌属, 且镰刀型菌属(Fusarium)占比最高, 与AC+P+U、A-2+P+U、P+U和A-2+U组相比, Fusarium分别提高了16.67%、81.03%、299.23%和374.47%.AC和A-2耦合强化博落回修复铀污染土壤的可能机理包括AC提高了铀在土壤中的流动性, 增加了植物根部与铀的接触, 促进了铀的富集; AC刺激了博落回的生理活性, 增大了博落回的生物量, 提高了抗氧化酶活性, 使博落回对铀的耐受性增强; AC刺激了A-2真菌和酸杆菌属(Acidobacteria)的生长, 使其比例增大, 从而产生大量的有机酸, 与铀形成螯合物, 降低了铀对植物的胁迫作用, 提高了生物可利用态铀的占比, 促进了博落回对铀的富集.AC与A-2真菌耦合对P修复铀污染土壤有显著的强化作用, 是一种有潜在应用前景的强化方法.     

噻吩磺隆降解菌Staphylococcus sp.的分离及其降解特性与途径

采用富集培养技术从磺酰脲类除草剂污染土壤中筛选得到1株降解噻吩磺隆的细菌,命名为ZWS13.经形态特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定为葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus sp.).采用HPLC研究了初始底物浓度、温度、接种量、pH等因素对菌株ZWS13降解噻吩磺隆的影响.结果表明,菌株ZWS13对噻吩磺隆的降解具有较广的底物浓度范围,在7 d内对初始浓度5.0~100.0 mg·L~(-1)噻吩磺隆的降解率达到60%以上;菌株ZWS13降解噻吩磺隆的较适pH为8.0,较适温度为40℃,较适接种量为1%;其中,菌株培养温度为40℃时,菌株在10 d内对50.0mg·L~(-1)噻吩磺隆的降解率达到99%以上.降解谱测定结果表明,菌株对烟嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆和甲磺隆亦具有良好的降解效果.采用HPLC-MS分析确定了菌株对噻吩磺隆的5个降解产物,推测菌株对噻吩磺隆的降解途径主要为磺酰脲桥C—N键的断裂、脱甲基作用或脱酯作用的甲基丢失及三嗪环的开裂.研究表明,菌株ZWS13能够有效地降解噻吩磺隆,具有生物修复噻吩磺隆污染的潜力.     

Lelliottia sp.Kz9与纳米零价铁强化印度芥菜修复土壤镉污染

利用植物富集土壤中重金属,是进行重金属污染土壤生态修复的一种重要手段。重金属抑制植物的生长发育,导致植株矮小、生物量较低,是植物生态修复的难点。通过盆栽试验,探究根际促生菌(Lelliottia sp.Kz9)和100 nm纳米零价铁(nZVI₁₀₀)单一或联合施用对不同浓度镉污染土壤中印度芥菜的生长及富集重金属的影响。结果表明：nZVI₁₀₀在低浓度(5 mg/kg)镉胁迫下可显著促进印度芥菜的生物量、根系发育,以及地上部分镉和铁的吸收(p<0.05),nZVI₁₀₀在高浓度(20 mg/kg)镉胁迫下可显著提高印度芥菜的生物量、根系发育和地上部分铁的吸收(p<0.05);联合施用Kz9和nZVI₁₀₀对不同浓度镉污染土壤印度芥菜叶片中叶绿素含量和铁吸收均有显著促进作用(p<0.01);不同浓度镉污染土壤中印度芥菜受Kz9和nZVI₁₀₀的正向影响依次为nZVI₁₀₀处理组>Kz9与nZVI₁₀₀联合处理组&...     

菌株Cupriavidus sp. DT-1对液体和土壤中TCP的降解

采用液质联用（HPLC-MS）的方法检测菌株Cupriavidus sp.DT-1降解2-羟基吡啶（2-HP）的代谢产物.并用三亲结合、荧光定量PCR （q-PCR）方法评价降解菌对3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶酚（TCP）污染土壤的修复效果.结果表明,菌株可以进一步降解2-HP,依次生成尼古丁蓝、马来酰胺酸和反丁烯二酸,直至转化成菌株DT-1生长的碳源.接种菌株DT-1对污染土壤中TCP的降解起到较大的促进作用,2组试验土壤中TCP （50mg/kg）降解率分别为94.4%和86.7%,未接种菌株的土壤中TCP降解率仅为20.4%和28.4%.带有绿色荧光蛋白基因gfp标记的菌株DT-1-gfp可在土壤中存活35d以上,并对TCP污染土壤的细菌群落丰度有显著的恢复作用.     

一株苯并[a]芘降解菌-紫茉莉联合修复污染土壤的研究

从长期受多环芳烃(PAHs)污染的土壤中获得1株高效降解菌BB-1,经鉴定为巨大芽孢杆菌Bacillus megaterium.为了考察菌株的降解特性,将10和20 mg·L~(-1)的苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)加入到培养液中并在30℃下振荡培养8 d.结果表明,BB-1对不同浓度的B[a]P的降解率分别为52.1%和23.5%,B[a]P浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)时降解效果更优.将不同重金属外加到培养液中,Cu2+(50 mg·L~(-1))和Cd2+(100 mg·L~(-1))能在一定程度上影响BB-1对B[a]P的生物降解作用,但菌株仍有很强的耐受性;Zn2+(200 mg·L~(-1))和Pb2+(300 mg·L~(-1))会显著影响降解效果.为了研究菌BB-1与植物的联合降解修复作用,通过对比研究将该菌株加入到种植紫茉莉的B[a]P污染土壤中,在未加入BB-1的污染土壤中,紫茉莉在开花期和成熟期对B[a]P的降解率分别为27.42%±1.99%和51.31%±3.06%,在加入BB-1的污染土壤中降解率分别为68.22%±1.21%和77.16%±0.62%,可见加入菌株BB-1后能显著提高紫茉莉对土壤中B[a]P的降解效率.为确定降解作用的菌株来源,分别对比了非根际和根际土壤中的B[a]P含量,发现在开花期和成熟期任何一种处理的根际土中B[a]P残留浓度都小于非根际土,说明土壤中B[a]P的去除主要是源于根际的作用.在植物修复的基础上,添加能耐受一定重金属浓度的高效B[a]P降解菌,能提高B[a]P降解率,有望为日后大规模田间应用提供可靠的技术参数.     

Augmentation of tribenuron methyl removal from polluted soil with Bacillus sp. strain BS2 and indigenous earthworms

Tribenuron methyl (TBM) is a member of the sulfonylurea herbicide family and is widely used worldwide. In this study, TBM-degrading bacteria were enriched with TBM as potential carbon, nitrogen or sulfur source, and 44 bacterial isolates were obtained. These isolates were phylogenetically diverse, and were grouped into 25 operational taxonomic units and 14 currently known genera. Three representatives, Bacillus sp. strain BS2, Microbacterium sp. strain BS3, and Cellulosimicrobium sp. strain BS11, were selected, and their growth and TBM removal from culture broth were investigated. In addition, indigenous earthworms were collected and applied to augment TBM degradation in lab-scale soil column experiments. Results demonstrated that Bacillus sp. strain BS2 and earthworms significantly increased TBM removal during soil column experiments.     

肠杆菌FM-1强化积雪草修复镉污染土壤机理

分析了肠杆菌FM-1的耐镉性及促生特性,并研究了肠杆菌FM-1对矿山型和非矿山型积雪草镉富集及根际土壤pH值的影响.结果表明,肠杆菌FM-1对镉有较强的耐受性,其分泌的吲哚乙酸含量,铁载体A/A_r值和溶磷能力分别达到（72.85±0.62）mg/L,0.21±0.01和（143.33±2.13）mg/L,表明肠杆菌FM-1具有良好的促生能力.将肠杆菌FM-1接种于采自广西柳州泗顶铅锌矿周边4种类型的土壤中,均不同程度提高了矿山型和非矿山型积雪草对镉的富集.其中,下游区土壤接种肠杆菌FM-1后,矿山型积雪草茎和叶中镉含量分别增加了87.90%~161.84%和21.85%~76.42%,非矿山型叶片中的镉含量增加了5.84%~35.20%.研究表明肠杆菌FM-1促进了积雪草对镉的富集.同时,肠杆菌FM-1的添加在一定程度上影响了积雪草根际土壤的pH值,显著降低了下游区矿山型积雪草根际土壤中的pH值.     

邻单胞菌DLL-1对土壤中甲基对硫磷的降解

 应用甲基对硫磷降解菌DLL-1对土壤环境中甲基对硫磷农药的降解进行了实验室研究和小区试验.结果表明,DLL-1对甲基对硫磷具有高效降解作用,不论是菌原液、菌体细胞还是离心去菌体的培养液都表现出很好的降解作用.DLL-1在土壤中有一定的移动性.当从土壤表面施加菌剂时,对0～6cm深的土层中的甲基对硫磷都有很好的降解效果.对土壤中一定含量的农药来说,降解菌的用量并非越多越好,存在一个最适菌量.     

Combined remediation of DDT congeners and cadmium in soil by Sphingobacterium sp. D-6 and Sedum alfredii Hance

Combined pollution of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) and cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soils is of great concern because they present serious risk to food security and human health.In order to develop a cost-effective and safe method for the removal of DDTs and Cd in soil,combined remediation of DDTs and Cd in soil by Sphingobacterium sp.D-6 and the hyperaccumulator,Sedum alfredii Hance was investigated.After treatment for 210 days,the degradation half-lives of DDTs in soils treated by strain D-6 decreased by 8.1% to 68.0% compared with those in the controls.The inoculation of strain D-6 into soil decreased the uptake of DDTs by pak choi and S.alfredii.The shoots/roots ratios of S.alfredii for the Cd accumulation ranged from 12.32 to 21.75.The Cd concentration in soil decreased to 65.8%-71.8% for S.alfredii treatment and 14.1%-58.2% for S.alfredii and strain D-6 combined treatment,respectively,compared with that in the control.The population size of the DDTs-degrading strain,Simpson index (1/D) and soil respiratory rate decreased in the early stage of treatment and then gradually increased,ultimately recovering to or exceeding the initial level.The results indicated that synchronous incorporation of strain D-6 and S.alfredii into soil was found to significantly (p 0.05) enhance the degradation of DDTs in soil and the hyperaccumulation of Cd in S.alfredii.It was concluded that strain D-6 and S.alfredii could be used successfully to control DDTs and Cd in contaminated soil.     

Alcaligenes sp.S-XJ-1利用废弃柴油合成生物破乳剂的研究

生物破乳剂是一种用于油水分离的新型破乳剂.采用废弃柴油培养生物破乳剂产生菌Alcaligenes sp.S-XJ-1,培养7 d,菌株干重最高可达2.0 g/L,10 g/L的菌株细胞悬液能够将水表面张力从72.0 mN/m降低到29.7 mN/m.生物破乳剂产量为0.3 g/L,其CMC为150 mg/L,表面活性优于化学表面活性剂SDS,且对W/O模型乳状液的破乳效果在70%以上.废弃柴油GC-MS测试结果表明,S-XJ-1菌株能够利用废弃柴油中的C14～C20正构烷烃,且C20正构烷烃几乎被完全利用,其利用率高达99%.S-XJ-1菌株对不同碳链长度正构烷烃复配碳源的利用率及破乳性能随着碳链长度的延长而逐渐增加.与其他正构烷烃复配碳源相比,S-XJ-1菌株对C20正构烷烃利用率最高,合成破乳剂的性能最好,且与废弃柴油研究结果最为接近.TLC和FTIR分析表明S-XJ-1菌株利用废弃柴油合成的生物破乳剂为脂肽类物质.     

红球菌BAP-1对荧蒽的跨膜运输过程

利用同位素示踪法对红球菌BAP-1跨膜运输¹⁴C-荧蒽的过程进行了研究.结果表明在有ATP抑制剂NaN₃的存在下,红球菌BAP-1细胞膜内所结合的¹⁴C-荧蒽含量几乎无变化.结合对微生物体内包涵体的观察,说明当有ATP抑制剂存在的情况下,荧蒽无法通过细胞膜进入到微生物的体内.这表明若是荧蒽无法通过跨膜运输进入到红球菌细胞内,就不能得到有效的生物降解.在不同的底物浓度条件下,微生物对¹⁴C-荧蒽的跨膜运输过程是主动运输过程;在一定底物浓度条件下,菌体膜结合污染物的量会在一定的条件下达到饱和.结合米氏方程分析了红球菌BAP-1对¹⁴C-荧蒽的跨膜运输动力学过程,结果表明底物¹⁴C-荧蒽与微生物之间一直保持较高的亲和力,较高的亲和体系有助于跨膜运输过程的顺利进行.     

Biodegradation of benzo[a]pyrene in soil by Mucor sp. SF06 and Bacillus sp. SB02 co-immobilized on vermiculite

Two indigenous microorganisms, Bacillus sp. SB02 and Mucor sp. SF06, capable of degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were co-immobilized on vermiculite by physical adsorption and used to degrade benzo[a] pyrene （BaP）. The characteristics of BaP degradation by both free and co-immobilized microorganism were then investigated and compared. The removal rate using the immobilized bacterial-fungal mixed consortium was higher than that of the freely mobile mixed consortium. 95.3% of BaP was degraded using the co-immobilized system within 42 d, which was remarkably higher than the removal rate of that by the free strains. The optimal amount of inoculated co-immobilized system for BaP degradation was 2%. The immobilized bacterial-fungal mixed consortium also showed better water stability than the free strains. Kinetics of BaP biodegradation by co-immobilized SF06 and SB02 were also studied. The results demonstrated that BaP degradation could be well described by a zero-order reaction rate equation when the initial BaP concentration was in the range of 10--200 mg/kg. The scanning electronic microscope （SEM） analysis showed that the co-immobilized microstructure was suitable for the growth of SF06 and SB02. The mass transmission process of co-immobilized system in soil is discussed. The results demonstrate the potential for employing the bacterial-fungal mixed consortium, co-immobilized on vermiculite, for in situ bioremediation of BaP.