Ultraviolet-H2O2 oxidation of surfactants

This paper describes a study of the treatment of surfactant synthetic solutions by chemical and photolytic oxidation. Synthetic solutions of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) are treated in this work as this is a model compound commonly used in the formulation of detergents, with a great presence in urban and industrial waste-waters. The application of ultraviolet (UV) radiation combined with hydrogen peroxide to oxidize linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) is shown to be suitable as a primary oxidation step since conversions of about 50% of the original compounds are achieved in the most favorable cases. Initially, the influence of the operating variables on the degradation levels is analyzed in this work. A kinetic model that considers the contributions of both direct photolysis and radical attack is also worked out. Direct photolysis is performed to determine the quantum yield in the single photodecomposition reaction. In addition, the rate constant of the reaction between hydroxyl radicals and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in the oxidizing system H₂O₂/UV is determined for different operational conditions. Finally, the contribution of each oxidation pathway is quantified, resulting in a higher contribution of the radical reaction than of photolysis in all cases.     

异质结型光催化剂CuO/SnO2的制备及产氢性能

光催化降解有机废水可以实现在降解污染物同时回收清洁能源.本研究采用简单沉淀法制备了CuO/SnO2系列复合光催化剂,并用XRD、TEM对其结构进行表征.分别考察了氧化铜含量和乙醇浓度对复合材料光催化产氢性能的影响.实验结果表明,通过氧化铜与二氧化锡适当比例复合能显著提高复合材料的光催化产氢性能.复合材料48.51%CuO/SnO2的产氢性能比纯二氧化锡提高了近5倍.乙醇的浓度也对复合材料的产氢性能有较大影响,最佳的乙醇浓度为2.00 mol.L-1左右.长时间光催化产氢结果表明,每降解废水中1 kg的COD可产生氢气3724 mL.另外,对复合材料光催化分解乙醇的产氢机理也进行了分析.     

Removal of Zn2+ from aqueous solution by biomass of Agaricus bisporus

Biosorption of Zn²⁺ from aqueous solutions by biomass of Agaricus bisporus was investigated. The removal rates of Zn²⁺ by A. bisporus under different parameters (e.g., solution pH, bio-sorbent dosage and initial Zn²⁺ concentration) were studied. The inhibition of A. bisporus’s biosorption by anionic ligands EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid), acetate and citrate) implied that EDTA and citrate might be used as eluting reagents. Regular and simultaneous solution pH change and light metal ions release after biosorption indicated that an ion exchange mechanism was involved. From FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy, the main functional groups participated in biosorption were found. Biosorption of Zn²⁺ by A. bisporus could be well described by the Freundlich and Langmuir models. In conclusion, the biomass of A. bisporus showed high potential for the treatment of wastewater containing Zn²⁺.     

拟威克酵母产生表面活性剂的发酵条件

通过单因子试验和正交试验,对拟威克酵母WickerhamielladomercqiaeY2A产生槐糖脂的发酵培养基组成和发酵条件进行了优化.培养基组成为:8.0%葡萄糖、8.0%菜子油、0.3%酵母粉;发酵条件为:初始pH值6.0、接种量2.5%、发酵时间120h.在此条件下,槐糖脂产量可达到41.3gL-1.图4表5参16     

Photocatalytic degradation of chlorophenols using Ru(bpy) 3 2+ /S2O 8 2−

Advanced oxidation processes, such as photocatalysed oxidation, provide an important route for degradation of wastes. In this study, the lowest excited state (³MLCT) of Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ is used to break down chlorophenol pollutant molecules to harmless products. This has the advantage of using visible light and a short-lived catalytically active species. Photolysis of deaerated aqueous solutions of a variety of mono- and poly-substituted chlorophenols has been followed in the presence of Ru(bpy)₃²⁺/S₂O₈²⁻ with near visible light (λ > 350 nm) by UV/visible absorption spectroscopy, luminescence, potentiometry, NMR and HPLC techniques. Upon irradiation, a decrease is observed in the chlorophenol concentration, accompanied by the formation of Cl⁻, H⁺ and SO₄²⁻ ions as the main inorganic products. Benzoquinone, phenol, dihydroxybenzenes and chlorinated compounds were the dominant organic products. As the ruthenium(II) complex is regenerated in the reaction, the scheme corresponds to an overall catalytic process. The kinetics of the rapid chlorophenol photodechlorination has been studied, and are described quite well by pseudo-first order behaviour. Further studies on this were made by following Cl⁻ release with respect to the initial Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ and S₂O₈²⁻ concentrations. A comparison is presented of the photodechlorination reactivity of the mono and polychlorophenols studied at acidic and alkaline pH.     

产二羰基醛酮还原酶的1株嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌研究

用含甲基乙二醛的LB培养基平板筛选到1株能代谢甲基乙二醛的细菌,通过对克隆到的16S rDNA基因序列比对及生理生化实验,将其鉴定为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌,命名为Stenotrophomonas maltophilia YL.破碎该菌细胞后提取粗酶,以甲基乙二醛作反应底物,在还原性辅酶Ⅰ存在条件下,紫外光谱和HPLC的分析表明,该菌能代谢甲基乙二醛;并对其产酶条件进行了研究.紫外分光光度法测得酶活力表明,该菌有较强的醛酮还原酶活力;并对温度和pH值对酶活力的影响作了分析.图5表1参17     

The fungicide difenoconazole alters mRNA expression levels of human CYP3A4 in HepG2 cells

The fungicide difenoconazole has been frequently detected in agricultural products, soils and surface waters, causing increasingly public concern due to toxicological properties. Although systemic triazole fungicides can inhibit the enzymatic activity of many CYP450 isozymes, how difenoconazole affects the human CYP3A4 still remains largely unknown. We thus investigated the effect of difenoconazole on normal mRNA expression and protein expression of human CYP3A4 by real-time quantitative PCR and western blot, respectively. Results show that the exposure to difenoconazole from 0.01 to 0.5 μM for 24 h down-regulates mRNA expression levels of human CYP3A4 in HepG2 cells. We also found that difenoconazole could inhibit the enzymatic activity of human CYP3A4 in a concentration-dependent mode. The IC₅₀ of difenoconazole for inhibition of CYP3A4 activity is 0.41 µM, showing a stronger inhibitor in comparison with ketoconazole. Overall, our findings indicate the potential risk of difenoconazole for the disruption of human CYP3A4.     

Investigation of the effects of humic acid and H 2 O 2 on the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine assisted by microwave

A solution of atrazine in a TiO₂ suspension, an endocrine disruptor in natural water, was tentatively treated by microwave-assisted photocatalytic technique. The effects of mannitol, oxygen, humic acid, and hydrogen dioxide on the photodegradation rate were explored. The results could be deduced as follows: the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine fits the pseudo-first-order kinetic well with k = 0.0328 s⁻¹, and ·OH was identified as the dominant reactant. Photodegradation of atrazine was hindered in the presence of humic acid, and the retardation effect increased as the concentration of humic acid increased. H₂O₂ displayed a significant negative influence on atrazine photocatalysis efficiency. Based on intermediates identified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques, the main degradation routes of atrazine are proposed.     

UV/H2 O2光氧化降解水中邻二氯苯的研究

通过UV/H2O2氧化法,对水中邻二氯苯的降解动力学、降解反应的影响参数进行研究,结果表明,UV/H2O2氧化法能有效降解邻二氯苯,其反应符合准一级反应动力学规律;弱酸性或中性环境有利于降解反应的进行,H2O2的投入量在特定条件下具有一个最佳值通过IC,GC/MS鉴定出降解中间产物主要为2,3二氯苯酚、3,4二氯苯酚、甲酸、乙酸和乙二酸等,据此推导出邻二氯苯在UV/H2O2体系中的降解途径和机理     

草炭溶解态有机物质与Cu2+、Cd2+络合稳定性的研究

研究了由草炭提取的胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)、水溶解态有机物质(WSOM)的基团特征,分子量分布及其与Cu2+、Cd2+两种金属离子之间的络合稳定性。对HA、FA及WSOM的红外光谱研究显示三者的官能团组成相似,只是含量略有不同。固态13C-NMR对HA、FA及WSOM结构特征的描述以及水相凝胶色谱法对三种有机质样品的分子量及分子量分布的测定结果显示HA分子最大且含有大量的长链烷烃,而FA分子小得多,结构以碳水化合物及多糖为主,WSOM的分子量略低于FA,结构与FA相近。离子交换平衡法对三种有机质样品与Cu2+、Cd2+的络合配位数和稳定常数的测定结果显示两种介质条件下络合配位数(x)、络合稳定常数(logk)的次序均为:Cu2+>Cd2+;同一介质条件下,对不同有机质而言均满足:M-HA>M-FA>M-WSOM。     

Bisphenol A endocrine disruptor complete degradation using TiO2 photocatalysis with ozone

Bisphenol A is an endocrine disruptor. Complete mineralization of bisphenol A is therefore a primary environmental issue. Here, the combination of ozonation and photocatalysis by TiO₂ is proposed for the degradation and final mineralization of bisphenol A. TiO₂ films deposited onto two sides of an Al lamina show good stability and high surface roughness. We used a specific experimental setup employing two facing ultraviolet lamps and TiO₂ layers, together with an ozone flux. High-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry determinations on bisphenol A solutions sampled at different reaction times and Fourier Transform Infrared analyses of the oxide at the end of the reaction were performed to study the reaction intermediates and the overall degradation mechanism. Our results show that pollutant mineralization achieved with the combined method is far higher, of 55% in the case of 0.3 mM bisphenol A, than those obtained by individual treatments such as photolysis (<3%), ozonation (6%), photocatalysis (6%), and by other combined processes: photolytic ozonation (13%) and catalytic ozonation (15%). This finding is explained by the occurrence of highly synergistic effects.     

Environmental pollutants and type 2 diabetes: a review of human studies

The incidence of diabetes has increased dramatically in recent decades and become one of the leading health problems worldwide. Lifestyle and dietary changes alone cannot account for the dramatic rise of diabetes, while an increasing number of publications have reported the possible relationships between exposure to environmental pollutants and risk of diabetes. In the present review, our objective was to summarize the human studies on environmental pollutants, which includes persistent organic pollutants, pesticides (not on the Stockholm Convention list), bisphenol A, and phthalates, and the risk of diabetes. Currently published results suggest a positive relationship between certain persistent organic pollutants (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, hexachlorobenzene, and polychlorinated biphenyls) and bisphenol A exposure and risk of diabetes. For pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates, and phthalates, there are insufficient studies to reach conclusions and therefore more studies, especially prospective studies, are needed along with in vivo and in vitro studies to understand the underlying mechanisms.     

NOx- und NO2-Konzentrationen

It has been confirmed that the NO_x-concentration in air is highest over industrial areas and that it decreases by more than 75%, parallel to traffic density, over urban areas as related to forested areas. A significant correlation excists between NO₂-concentration and the parameters of “traffic density,” followed by “road density” and “number of inhabitants/km²” in urban areas. No positive correlation was found with the number of “registered cars” and the parameters of “land use”. In forested areas, the traffic density correlated with the NO₂-concentration, but the correlation was not significant. The other parameters had no positive correlation with NO₂-concentration. In forest, urban- and industrial-areas, the NO_x-concentration in the air had a fairly constant ratio to traffic density.     

土壤氨氧化细菌对大气CO2浓度增高的响应

利用FACE(free-air carbon dioxide enrichment,开放式空气CO2浓度增高)试验平台,研究大气CO2浓度增高对土壤氨氧化细菌的数量、优势菌群及其硝化活性的影响.结果表明,大气CO2浓度增高时,土壤氨氧化细菌的数量在常氮水平上趋于减少,而在高氮水平上与对照没有差异.大气CO2浓度增高对土壤氨氧化细菌的优势菌群也产生明显影响.CO2浓度增高条件下,亚硝化球菌(Nitrosococcus sp.)和亚硝化弧菌(Nitrosovibrio sp.)是优势菌属;而在对照条件下,亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonas sp.)和亚硝化球菌(Nitrosococcus sp.)是优势菌属.另外,CO2浓度增高条件下优势菌株的硝化活性也有不同程度的减弱.     

Field measurements of soil CO2 efflux in Heteropogon contortus dominated grassland of semi-arid eco-system

Seasonal changes in soil respiration (SR), soil temperature (ST) and soil moisture (SM) were compared between a barren land with no vegetation (control) and grassland dominated by Heteropogon contortus (L.) of a semi-arid eco-system during 2005-2006. A statistically significant (p<0.001) seasonal change in SR was observed between the two sites. The variation characteristics of soil CO2 effiux rates were observed during wet periods along precipitation gradients and it was consistently higher in grasslands than in control.A maximum soil CO2 efflux of 13.35 +/- 0.33 micromol m2 s-1 in grassland and 7.33 +/- 0.8 micromol m2 s- in control was observed during rainy season-ll, i.e., from October to December, a minimum of 1.27 +/- 0.2 micromol m-2 s-1 in grassland and 0.67 +/- 0.5 micromol m-2 s-1 in control during summer season, i.e., from March to June. A positive significant relation observed between soil respiration and soil moisture (r2above 0.8) and no significant relation was observed between soil CO2 efflux and soil temperature (r2 below 0.3). In water-limited semi-arid ecosystem, rewetting of the soil due to precipitation events triggered the increased pulses of soil respiration especially in grassland when compared to the barren land. The observed soil respiration rates during summer and after the subsequent precipitation events strongly indicated that the soil water-deficit conditions reduce the efflux both in barren land (control) and in grassland of semi-arid eco-system.     

Characterization and performance of V2O5/CeO2 for NH3-SCR of NO at low temperatures

A series of CeO₂ supported V₂O₅ catalysts with various loadings were prepared with different calcination temperatures by the incipient impregnation. The catalysts were evaluated for low temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia (NH₃). The effects of O₂ and SO₂ on catalytic activity were also studied. The catalysts were characterized by specific surface areas (S_BET) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The experimental results showed that NO conversion changed significantly with the different V₂O₅ loading and calcination temperature. With the V₂O₅ loading increasing from 0 to 10 wt%, NO conversion increased significantly, but decreased at higher loading. The optimum calcination temperature was 400°C. The best catalyst yielded above 80% NO conversion in the reaction temperature range of 160°C–300°C. The formation of CeVO₄ on the surface of catalysts caused the decrease of redox ability.     

二氧化钛/蒙脱土复合光催化剂制备及对亚甲基蓝的催化降解

报导了二氧化钛/蒙脱土复合光催化剂的制备方法,4mmolTiO     

载体制备方法对贵金属催化剂Ru/ZrO2催化湿式氧化性能的影响

蒸煮处理水合氢氧化锆制备了ZrO20A;将水合氢氧化锆静置过夜制得ZrO2-B;以此两种载体通过初湿浸渍法制得Ru／ZrO2催化剂．在BET测试中,ZrO2-A载体及其相应催化剂的比表面积远高于ZrO2-B载体及相应催化剂．TPR表明Ru／ZrO2-A中Ru的分散性更好,金属与载体的相互作用更为紧密．以苯酚和乙酸水溶液为模拟废水进行催化剂的评价,结果表明,Ru／ZrO2-A无论是在反应活性还是稳定性上均优于Ru／ZrO2-B．     

整体合建倒置A^2O氧化沟中试试验及参数优化

以处理20m^3／d城镇生活污水的深沟型气升推流立体循环倒置A^2O整体合建氧化沟中试装置为研究平台,通过对影响该工艺运行的有机物的去除效果、硝化反应与反硝化反应效果及除磷效果等因素进行探索及最佳工况的正交试验设计,实验结果表明该工艺对BOD,、COD、SS、NH4^-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为94．25％、90...     

Immobilization of Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ during geopolymerization

The present research explored the application of geopolymerization for the immobilization and solidification of heavy metal added into metakaolinte. The compressive strength of geopolymers was controlled by the dosage of heavy metal cations, and geopolymers have a toleration limit for heavy metals. The influence of alkaline activator dosage and type on the heavy metal ion immobilization efficiency of metakaolinte-based geopolymer was investigated. A geopolymer with the highest heavy metal immobilization efficiency was identified to occur at an intermediate Na₂SiO₃ dosage and the metal immobilization efficiency showed an orderly increase with the increasing Na⁺ dosage. Geopolymers with and without heavy metals were analyzed by the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. No crystalline phase containing heavy metals was detected in geopolymers with heavy metal, suggesting that the crystalline phase containing heavy metals is not produced or most of the phases incorporating heavy metals are amorphous. FTIR spectroscopy showed that, with increasing heavy metal addition, an increase in NO3- peak intensity was observed, which was accompanied by a decrease in the CO32- peak.