Numerical simulation of a combined oxidation ditch flow using 3D k-ε turbulence model

The standard three dimensional(3D) k-ε turbulence model was applied to simulate the flow field of a small scale combined oxidation ditch. The moving mesh approach was used to model the rotor of the ditch. Comparison of the computed and the measured data is acceptable. A vertical reverse flow zone in the ditch was found, and it played a very important role in the ditch flow behavior. The flow pattern in the ditch is discussed in detail, and approaches are suggested to improve the hydrodynamic performance in the ditch.     

An innovative integrated oxidation ditch with vertical circle (IODVC) for wastewater treatment

The oxidation ditch process is economic and efficient for wastewater treatment, but its application is limited in case where land is costly due to its large land area required. An innovative integrated oxidation ditch with vertical circle(IODVC) system was developed to treat domestic and industrial wastewater aiming to save land area. The new system consists of a single-channel divided into two ditches(the top one and the bottom one by a plate), a brush,and an innovative integral clarifier. Different from the horizontal circle of the conventional oxidation ditch, the flow of IODVC system recycles from the top zone to the bottom zone in the vertical circle as the brush is running, and then the IODVC saved land area required by about 50% compared with a conventional oxidation ditch with an intrachannel clarifier. The innovative integral clarifier is effective for separation of liquid and solids, and is preferably positioned at the opposite end of the brush in the ditch. It does not affect the hydrodynamic characteristics of the mixed liquor in the ditch, and the sludge can automatically return to the down ditch without any pump. In this study, experiments of domestic and dye wastewater treatment were carried out in bench scale and in full scale, respectively. Results clearly showed that the IODVC efficiently removed pollutants in the wastewaters, i.e., the average of COD removals for domestic and dye wastewater treatment were 95 % and 90%, respectively, and that the IODVC process may provide a cost effective way for full scale dye wastewater treatment.     

Optimizing the operation of the Qingshitan Reservoir in the Lijiang River for multiple human interests and quasi-natural flow maintenance

For reservoir operation, maintaining a quasi-natural flow regime can benefit river ecosystems, but may sacrifice human interests. This study took the Qingshitan Reservoir in the Lijiang River as a case, and developed an optimization model to explore a trade-off solution between social-economic interests and nature flow maintenance on a monthly base. The objective function considered irrigation, cruise navigation and water supply aspects. An index of flow alteration degree was proposed to measure the difference between the regulated discharge and the natural flow. The index was then used as an additional constraint in the model besides the conventional constraints on reservoir safety. During model solving, different criteria were applied to the index, representing various degrees of alteration of the natural flow regime in the river. Through the model, a relationship between social-economic interests and flow alteration degree was established. Finally, a trade-off solution of the reservoir operation was defined that led to a favorable social-economic benefit at an acceptable alteration of the natural flow.     

Flow field and dissolved oxygen distributions in the outer channel of the Orbal oxidation ditch by monitor and CFD simulation

In the Orbal oxidation ditch,denitrification is primarily accomplished in the outer channel.However,the detailed characteristics of the flow field and dissolved oxygen(DO)distribution in the outer channel are not well understood.Therefore,in this study,the flow velocity and DO concentration in the outer channel of an Orbal oxidation ditch system in a wastewater treatment plant in Beijing(China)were monitored under actual operation conditions.The flow field and DO concentration distributions were analyzed by computed fluid dynamic modeling.In situ monitoring and modeling both showed that the flow velocity was heterogeneous in the outer channel.As a result,the DO was also heterogeneously distributed in the outer channel,with concentration gradients occurring along the flow direction as well as in the cross-section.This heterogeneous DO distribution created many anoxic and aerobic zones,which may have facilitated simultaneous nitrification-denitrification in the channel.These findings may provide supporting information for rational optimization of the performance of the Orbal oxidation ditch.     

Simulation and control strategy for the variational influent of WWTP

With the development of activated sludge model, the simulation software for the design and operation of wastewater treatment plant （WWTP） was produced and has been widely used. The dynamic change of the quality and flow of influent are major factors causing the unstable operation of wastewater treatment process. As a basic model, ASMI model was used for the simulation of activated sludge process, and double exponential model was selected for the simulation of secondary sedimentation tank. The influences of influent change to the aeration tank and secondary sedimentation tank were investigated, and the relationship among influent change, the quality of effluent and the level of sludge blanket in secondary sedimentation tank was established. On the basis of the simulation results, the operation of the WWTP could be adjusted under the dynamic change of the influent. Furthermore, the controlling strategy combined the feed-forward on the influent flow and the feedback on the level of sludge blanket in the secondary sedimentation tank was studied.     

Numerical simulation of flow hydrodynamics of struvite pellets in a liquid–solid fluidized bed

Phosphorus recovery in the form of struvite has been aroused in recent decades for its dual advantages in eutrophication control and resource protection.The usage of the struvite products is normally determined by the size which is largely depended on the hydrodynamics.In this study,flow behavior of struvite pellets was simulated by means of Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid model combining with kinetic theory of granular flow in a liquid–solid fluidized bed reactor(FBR).A parametric study including the mesh size,time step,discretization strategy,turbulent model and drag model was first developed,followed by the evaluations of crucial operational conditions,particle characteristics and reactor shapes.The results showed that a cold model with the mesh resolution of 16 × 240,default time step of 0.001 sec and first order discretization scheme was accurate enough to describe the fluidization.The struvite holdup profile using Syamlal–O'Brien drag model was best fitted to the experimental data as compared with other drag models and the empirical Richardson–Zaki equation.Regarding the model evaluation,it showed that liquid velocity and particle size played important roles on both solid holdups and velocities.The reactor diameter only influenced the solid velocity while the static bed height almost took no effect.These results are direct and can be applied to guide the operation and process control of the struvite fluidization.Moreover,the model parameters can also be used as the basic settings in further crystallization simulations.     

Automatic control strategy for step feed anoxic/aerobic biological nitrogen removal process

Control of sludge age and mixed liquid suspended solids concentration in the activated sludge process is critical for ensuring effective wastewater treatment. A nonlinear dynamic model for a step-feed activated sludge process was developed in this study. The system is based on the control of the sludge age and mixed liquor suspended solids in the aerator of last stage by adjusting the sludge recycle and wastage flow rates respectively. The simulation results showed that the sludge age remained nearly constant at a value of 16 d in the variation of the influent characteristics. The mixed liquor suspended solids in the aerator of last stage were also maintained to a desired value of 2500 g/m^3 by adjusting wastage flow rates.     

Numerical model of flow and pollutant transportation in non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinates

The planar 2D k-ε double equations‘ turbulence model was adopted and transformed into non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. The concentration convection-diffusion was introduced to planar 2D SIMPLEC algorithm of flow in non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. The numerical model of pollutant transportation in non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinates was constructed. The model was applied to simulate the flow and pollutant concentration fields. In the testing concentration field, two optimal operations of contamination discharging both along bank and in the centerline at the first bend of the meandering channel were adopted. Comparison with available data showed the model developed was successful, was valuable to engineering application.     

Study on the wind field and pollutant dispersion in street canyons using a stable numerical method

A stable finite element method for the time dependent Navier-Stokes equations was used for studying the wind flow and pollutant dispersion within street canyons. A three-step fractional method was used to solve the velocity field and the pressure field separately from the governing equations. The Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin(SUPG) method was used to get stable numerical results. Numerical oscillation was minimized and satisfactory results can be obtained for flows at high Reynolds numbers. Simulating the flow over a square cylinder within a wide range of Reynolds numbers validates the wind field model. The Strouhal numbers obtained from the numerical simulation had a good agreement with those obtained from experiment. The wind field model developed in the present study is applied to simulate more complex flow phenomena in street canyons with two different building configurations. The results indicated that the flow at rooftop of buildings might not be assumed parallel to the ground as some numerical modelers did. A counter-clockwise rotating vortex may be found in street canyons with an inflow from the left to right. In addition, increasing building height can increase velocity fluctuations in the street canyon under certain circumstances, which facilitate pollutant dispersion. At high Reynolds numbers, the flow regimes in street canyons do not change with inflow velocity.     

A distributed non-point source pollution model: calibration and validation in the Yellow River Basin

The applicability of a non-point source pollution model-SWAT(soil and water assessment tools) in a large river basin with high sediment runoff modulus(770 t/km^2 in the Yellow River) was examined. The basic database,which includes DEM, soil and landuse map, weather data, and land management data, was established for the study area using GIS. A two-stage “Brute Force” optimization method was used to calibrate the parameters with the observed monthly flow and sediment data from 1992 to 1997. In the process of calibration automated digital filter technique was used to separate direct runoff and base flow. The direct runoff was firstly calibrated, and the base flow, then the total runoff was matched. The sediment yield was calibrated to match well. Keeping input parameters set during the calibration process unchanged, the model was validated with 1998-1999‘s observed monthly flow and sediment. The evaluation coefficients for simulated and observed flow and sediment showed that SWAT was successfully applied in the study area: relative error was within 20%, coefficient of determination and Nash-Suttcliffe simulation efficiency were all equal to or above 0.70 during calibration and validation period.     

卡鲁塞尔氧化沟液-固两相流动混合物模型与两相水力特性模拟

采用CFD数值计算的方法研究了卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺的污水-污泥两相水力特性.将污泥沉降模型进行湍流影响修正后与两相湍流混合物模型耦合,建立了氧化沟液固两相湍流混合物模型,实现了垂向上液固两相运动的分离;利用计算流体软件Fluent对工业规模污水厂氯化沟的污水-污泥两相流速进行模拟,结果表明,两相流混合物模型较好地揭示了氧化沟内混合液流场和污泥的分布情况,污泥浓度与流速呈负相关.     

基于FLO-2D模型的红椿沟泥石流工程治理效果研究

汶川地震带来了众多地质灾害,给当地灾民造成了严重的生命和财产损失。为了更好地预防地质灾害的发生,保护灾后重建成果,对地质灾害防护工程的效果分析研究就显得尤为重要。文章选取了汶川红椿沟流域中的甘溪铺沟、大水沟、新店子沟3条泥石流沟为研究对象,采用二维流变模型FLO-2D,经连续方程与运动方程,结合网络化的数字高程模型,通过DEM在ArcGIS中转换为ASCII格式输入至FLO-2D软件中,建立流域模型,分析计算出红椿沟泥石流沟在工程治理条件下,遭遇50、100年一遇暴雨时,泥石流冲出物的堆积深度和流动速度。通过计算机数值模拟方法对治理效果进行分析研究,从而确定工程治理效果和进一步的工作方法。     

新型波纹板导流墙氧化沟水力特性的数值模拟

提出新型波纹板导流墙氧化沟结构,并基于N-S方程和k-ε紊流模型,采用有限体积法,对新型波纹板导流墙氧化沟的水流流态和水流速度分布进行数值模拟。同时与无延长导流墙和平板导流墙的数值模拟进行比较,研究结果表明:新型波纹板导流墙对降低氧化沟隔墙背后的水流低速区范围和改善污泥沉积有促进作用。     

农业非点源污染物在排水沟渠中的模拟与应用

排水沟渠系统是农业非点源污染田间产污和外界受纳水体之间的过渡带.通过对排水沟渠系统不同级别排水沟渠间递推关系以及农田排水和非点源污染物在其中迁移转化过程的分析,应用水动力学基本方程和污染物迁移转化方程,构建了农田排水及其中非点源污染物在排水沟渠中的一维迁移模型,并对模型求解进行了探讨;在此基础上,以黄河上游青铜峡灌区第...     

均匀入流沟渠的流量与沿程水深变化规律

近年来,在城市建设过程中,广场、公园、城市道路等区域大量采用线性排水沟或缝隙排水,有沿程入流的沟渠为非均匀流,因此,在上述排水方式中普遍采用的谢才公式计算方法会产生较大误差。针对上述问题,采用物理模型方法,研究了沿程均匀入流对明渠恒定流水面曲线的影响,提出了不同坡度、渠底宽度和壁面粗糙度条件下的水面曲线,并与谢才公式计算结果进行了比较。结果表明:在各实验工况条件下有沿程入流时,沟渠内水面曲线均沿程增加,与谢才公式计算结果有明显差异,并进一步拟合出流量-水深的计算关系公式。上述研究成果对研究和优化道路边沟、线性排水等沿程均匀入流沟渠的水力断面设计计算具有重要意义。     

卡鲁塞尔氧化沟水力学特性的大涡模拟

本文基于大涡模拟中的Smagorinsky-Lilly模型,对Carrousel氧化沟模型进行了水力学特性模拟,并研究了沟内流速和涡量分布规律.速度与压力耦合求解使用了压力隐式算子分裂PISO(Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators)算法,采用VOF(Volume of fluid)方法追踪自由液面.模拟结果表明,回流现象主要出现在上中层混合液中,逆流现象主要出现于上层混合液中;转轮与转刷的推流作用是造成水面变化剧烈的原因;距转轮与转刷较近的区域、转速较快的转轮与转刷区域及直道段转刷下游水面较高一侧中上层区域的涡量较大.根据实验验证,本次模拟结果和实验值吻合度较好,Smagorinsky-Lilly模型可以准确模拟氧化沟水力学特性.     

滩涂农业垦区排水沟连接度对氮磷输出的影响

沟渠廊道提供了氮磷输送与排放通道,同时还提供氮磷滞留降解的环境,因此排水沟渠及其连通程度与氮磷输移及面源污染排放密切相关。为揭示不同连接度水平对氮磷污染物质扩散功能和净化功能的影响,论文以江苏盐城农业垦区排水沟为研究对象,分别在2015年8月和10月两次降水事件前后对不同等级排水沟进行4次水质（氮磷）监测,研究构建了基于氮磷输移过程关系的沟渠廊道连接度模型,进而利用回归模型分析了垦区排水沟连通度与氮磷输移的关系,结果显示：1）氮磷负荷呈现出10月雨前 < 8月雨前 < 10月雨后 < 8月雨后的时间变化特征,并有从上游到下游先升后降的空间变化特征;2）回归模型分析表明,排水沟TN、TP 输出随沟渠廊道连接度的增大呈先增后减的趋势,且其拐点分别位于沟渠廊道连接度为0.79、0.77时。研究表明,排水沟连接对于农田排水沟的扩散和净化功能的发挥起着重要作用,农业面源污染可以通过提高排水沟连接度来控制。     

氧化沟流场的计算流体力学数值模型研究

该研究发展了氧化沟计算流体力学模型。采用三维标准k-ε湍流计算流体力学模型对全尺度氧化沟进行了数值模拟和试验验证,并用动量源项方法描述倒伞曝气机对氧化沟中流体的驱动作用,试验结果和模拟计算间良好的一致性证明了模型的合理性。模拟和试验均发现大量低流速区域的存在,尤其是表面曝气机下部靠近沟底的区域,有必要改善氧化沟的水力学性能。同时,对网格独立性进行了验证,比较了不同湍流模型的计算结果。