贵阳公路周边尘土和土壤铂族元素特征分析

为降低温室效应气体一氧化碳、氮氧化物及碳氢化合物的排放,全球自上世纪80年代末期开始在汽车中引入铂族元素(PGE)催化剂,其释放的Pt、Pd和Rh等元素在城市道路尘土和路边土壤中聚积,对自然环境及人体健康产生危害。本文在贵州省贵阳市的主要交通路段采集了尘土和土壤样品,对样品中的铂族元素进行了同位素稀释-等离子体质谱法测定。结果表明,所有样品的铂族元素均高于未被污染土壤的背景值,而尘土样品中铂族元素含量明显高于土壤样品。其中Pt、Pd和Rh含量明显高于其它铂族元素(Ru和Ir等),并与Ru和Ir呈一定的正相关关系,表明汽车尾气催化剂的主要组成为Pt、Pd和Rh;高含量的Os具有低的~(187)Os/~(188)Os比值,表明Ru、Ir和Os也源于汽车尾气催化剂,可能是以杂质的形式存在于汽车尾气催化剂中。     

中国部分城市铂族元素环境地球化学特征研究

自上世纪90年代起,汽车工业中大量引入铂族元素催化剂,将有害气体转变为二氧化碳和氮气,以降低这些温室气体的排放。但铂族元素催化剂释放的Pt,Pd和Rh等元素在城市道路尘土和路边土壤中聚积,其含量大大的超过正常背景值。本次研究在深圳,广州,北京和贵阳等城市的主要交通路段采集了尘土、土壤及新鲜土壤样品,采用改进的卡洛斯管法和蒸馏法对样品中的全部铂族元素进行了分析。结果表明,所有样品的铂族元素含量均高于背景值,尘土样品中铂族元素含量明显高于土壤样品,其中Pt,Pd,Rh含量明显高于其它铂族元素,并呈正相关,表明汽车尾气催化剂的主要组成为Pt,Pd,和Rh。所有样品Ru,Ir和Os的含量都明显高于背景值,具有高含量的Os、低的187 Os/188 Os比值特征,表明Ru,Ir和Os也来源于汽车尾气催化剂,并且可能以杂质的形式存在于汽车尾气催化剂中。     

厦门市道路灰尘中铂族元素的污染特征

鉴于铂族元素(PGEs)对生态环境和人体健康的潜在危害,对厦门市道路灰尘中PGEs的浓度水平和分布特征进行研究.于2012年10月采集城区主干道、隧道、旅游区和工业区的道路灰尘样品,经王水微波消解及阳离子交换树脂(Dowex AG50W-X8)分离纯化后,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)进行测定.结果表明,厦门城区主干道道路灰尘中钯(Pd)、铂(Pt)和铑(Rh)的平均浓度(范围)分别为:246.82(58.68~765.52)、95.45(42.14~371.36)和51.76(21.04~119.72)ng·g-1,均比地壳丰度值高出两个数量级.与国内外其它城市相比,厦门城区道路灰尘中Pd、Pt和Rh浓度均处于较高污染水平.不同功能区道路灰尘PGEs含量分布为:隧道城区工业区旅游区,其分布特征主要受机动车流量的影响.PGEs元素之间的相关性分析结果显示Pd与Rh的相关性较大,而Pt与Pd、Rh的相关系数均较小,说明除了机动车排放以外,可能存在其他的污染来源.旅游区禁止机动车行驶,但仍检出较高含量的PGEs,说明周边地区道路灰尘中PGEs可通过大气扩散作用进行迁移.     

Dilution sampling and analysis of particulate matter in biomass-derived syngas

Thermochemical biomass gasification, followed by conversion of the produced syngas to fuels and electrical power, is a promising energy alternative. Real-world characterization of particulate matter (PM) and other contaminants in the syngas is important to minimize damage and ensure efficient operation of the engines it powers and the fuels created from it. A dilution sampling system is demonstrated to quantify PM in syngas generated from two gasification plants utilizing different biomass feedstocks: a BioMax?15 Biopower System that uses raw and torrefied woodchips as feedstocks, and an integrated biorefinery (IBR) that uses rice hulls and woodchips as feedstocks. PM_2.5 mass concentrations in syngas from the IBR downstream of the purification system were 12.8–13.7 μg·m⁻³, which were significantly lower than the maximum level for catalyst protection (500 μg·m⁻³) and were 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than those in BioMax?15 syngas (2247–4835 μg·m⁻³). Ultrafine particle number concentration and PM_2.5 chemical constituents were also much lower in the IBR syngas than in the BioMax?15. The dilution sampling system enabled reliable measurements over a wide range of concentrations: the use of high sensitivity instruments allowed measurement at very low concentrations (∼1 μg·m⁻³), while the flexibility of dilution minimized sampling problems that are commonly encountered due to high levels of tars in raw syngas (∼1 g·m⁻³).     

北京大气环境中的重金属元素

重金属进入环境后会广泛分布于大气、水体、土壤和生物体中。它会长期积累、长程迁移或与其它物质发生化学反应生成有害物质。大气环境中的重金属元素有来自工业生产中的排放物,机动车的排气,燃煤燃油的产物;也有来自天然来源,如风砂、土壤或扬尘。这些重金属一般以颗粒状态分散于大气中,会进入人体呼吸系统,被血液吸收而危害健     

道路环境PGEs多介质累积规律

为了研究道路环境PGEs多介质累积规律,选择上海市5条道路,同步采集灰尘、土壤及植物样品,对其中铂族元素(PGEs)含量水平进行分析.结果表明,灰尘中Rh、Pd、Pt平均浓度分别为24.92、88.39、22.28 ng/g,土壤中Rh、Pd、Pt平均浓度分别为3.64、17.45、0.97 ng/g,植物中Rh、Pd、Pt平均浓度仅分别达到2.66、6.39、0.57 ng/g,灰尘PGEs浓度远高于土壤及植物,土壤与植物中Pt、Rh浓度水平较接近;道路环境PGEs分布呈现一定规律性,但与交通流量关系并不密切;路边植物对道路灰尘PGEs吸附能力表现为Pt>Pd>Rh,其中,对Pt、Pd吸附作用非常明显,对Rh几乎不存在吸附作用,路边植物对土壤PGEs的吸收能力为Pd>Rh>Pt,Pd的生物有效性最大;多介质PGEs比例值很接近或部分重合,且均在上海市道路灰尘PGEs比值范围内,反映出上海市道路环境PGEs来源相同且均来自汽车VECs.     

Distribution of Platinum group elements in road dust in the Beijing metropolitan area, China

Dust samples collected from the Beijing metropolitan area （China） were evaluated to determine the distribution and the concentration of platinum group elements （PGEs）. The dust particles that were smaller than 100 mesh size fraction （150 μm） were analyzed after aqua regia digestion. Concentrations ofPt, Rh, and Pd were found to be between 3.96 and 356.3 ng/g, 2.76 and 97.11 ng/g, and 0.1 and 124.9 ng/g, respectively, in the urban areas of Beijing, whereas for the background samples collected from the suburbs of Beijing, the concentrations of Pt, Pd, and Rh were very low and ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 ng/g, 0.5 to 1.4 ng/g, and 0.8 to 2.2 rig/g, respectively. The distributions of PGEs in road dust were an accurate reflection of the levels of pollution and were found to match with the local traffic conditions. A strong positive correlation was established among all the dements found in road dust. This suggests that emissions of abraded fragments from vehicle exhausts may be the source of the high concentration of Pt, Rh, and Pd in road dust along the main roads of Beijing.     

Preparation of hapten-specific monoclonal antibody for cadmium and its ELISA application to aqueous samples

High-affinity and specific monoclonal antibodies against cadmium-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) complex have been produced using the hybridoma technique. A hapten was synthesized and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and UV-Vis. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantitative detection of cadmium in aqueous sample was developed. The monoclonal antibody with high level of binding affinity for Cd-IEDTA-BSA and high specificity for soluble Cd-EDTA complex showed less than 0.99% cross-reactivity with other 11 metals. The limit of detection was 0.10 μg·L⁻¹, and the effective linear range was 10⁻¹–10³ μg·L⁻¹. The intra- and inter-assay coefficient variations were 1.5%–6.3% and 3.2%–7.4%, respectively. The spike recovery in different water samples were between 98.5% and 110.3%. The detection limit of this assay was well below the allowable concentration of cadmium (3 μg·L⁻¹), and the working range was wider than that of other methods which showed the range of 2.19–86.38 and 0–10³ μg·L⁻¹. The competitive ELISA established in this paper was sensitive and accurate in the screening of cadmium in aqueous samples. The results will lay a solid foundation for construction of an immunoassay kit for cadmium.     

北京城区PM2.5中致癌重金属季节变化特征及其来源分析

于2009年4、7、10月和2010年1月在北京城区采集了PM2.5样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析得到29种金属元素,对7种致癌重金属浓度、富集程度及其可能的来源进行了分析.结果表明,7种致癌重金属As、Cd、Co、Cr、Ni、Pb和Se年均值浓度分别为(11.6±14.0)、(2.6±2.4)、(1.0±0.7)、(11.3±9.4)、(4.0±2.4)、(142.5±98.9)、(3.3±2.2)ng·m-3,其中仅As年均值浓度超过WHO参考限值的0.8倍.7种致癌重金属仅As、Cd、Pb和Se等4种重金属有明显富集现象,富集因子均超过500,其中夏季富集因子明显高于其它季节.春、秋和冬季4种高富集致癌重金属主要来源于北京周边的燃煤和城区机动车排放,夏季则主要来源于区域性污染源的输送.     

Heavy metal concentrations in plants and soils at roadside locations and parks of urban Guangzhou

Introduction In 2003, 48 per cent of the world's population is estimated to live in urban areas with the proportion that is urban projected to rise to 61 per cent by 2030 (United Nations, 2004). Moreover, during 2000— 2030 the world's urban population is…     

徐州城市土壤重金属污染空间分布研究

城市土壤作为城市环境中重金属的主要蓄积库,反映了城市环境受重金属污染状况。随着城市发展,环境压力增大,加强对城市土壤中重金属污染研究具有迫切性和重要性。为此,在土壤采样点数据基础上,利用GIS技术,对徐州市土壤重金属来源与空间分布关系进行了研究。研究结果表明:徐州城市土壤的重金属主要来源可以分为交通污染源、燃煤污染源和土壤母质,且分布明显地与产业活动呈一致性。     

路旁土壤公路源重金属含量空间分布数值模型的探讨

公路源重金属产生后,赋存于大气颗粒物中,随颗粒物在大气中迁移沉降,最终沉降于路旁土壤中.本研究通过对公路源重金属迁移机理的分析,以高斯污染物扩散模型为基础,构建公路源重金属在路旁土壤中空间分布的数值模型,并用G310国道杏花营断面路旁土壤重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn)含量空间分布实测数据对模型预测能力进行验证.结果表明:土壤Cr和Cu含量呈指数分布,土壤Cd、Ni、Pb和Zn含量呈偏态分布,指数分布实质上是偏态分布的峰值十分接近路基的一种特例.研究表明,本文构造的数值模型可以较好地拟合上述两种路旁土壤重金属空间分布形式,模拟情景数n的取值越大,模拟结果越准确.     

交通活动对公路两侧土壤和灰尘中重金属含量的影响

为了解公路交通带来的重金属污染及其在公路两侧土壤中的分布规律,对相关研究结果的分析表明,含铅汽油、润滑油的燃烧,汽车轮胎、刹车里村的机械磨损等是公路两侧土壤和灰尘中重金属污染的重要来源.机动车辆排放的含重金属颗粒物或直接沉积在路面灰尘中,或通过干湿沉降沉积在公路两侧的土壤中,使得公路两侧土壤和灰尘中重金属出现不同程度的积累.一般地,公路两侧土壤中重金属含量随着距公路距离的增加呈指数形式下降.公路两侧土壤中重金属的含量及其分布格局因受交通流量、车辆类型、地形与路况、绿化带配置和风、降雨等气象条件的影响而异.     

Distribution of Platinum group elements in road dust in Beijing metropolitan area, China

Dust samples collected from the Beijing metropolitan area (China) were evaluated to determine the distribution and the concentration of platinum group elements (PGEs). The dust particles that were smaller than 100 mesh size fraction (150 μm) were analyzed after aqua regia digestion. Concentrations[RL2] of Pt, Rh, and Pd were found to be between 3.96 and 356.3 ng/g, 2.76 and 97.11 ng/g, and 0.1 and 124.9 ng/g, respectively, in the urban areas of Beijing, whereas for the background samples collected from the suburbs of Beijing, the concentration of Pt, Pd, and Rh were very low and ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 ng/g, 0.5 to 1.4 ng/g, and 0.8 to 2.2 ng/g, respectively. The[RL3] distributions of PGEs in road dust were an accurate reflection of the levels of pollution and were found to match with the local traffic conditions. A strong positive correlation was established among all the elements found in road dust. This suggests that emissions of abraded fragments from vehicle exhausts may be the source of the high concentration of Pt, Rh, and Pd in road dust along the main roads of Beijing.     

Analysis and prediction of the influence of energy utilization on air quality in Beijing

This work evaluates the influence of energy consumption on the future air quality in Beijing, using 2000 as the base year and 2008 as the target year. It establishes the emission inventory of primary PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO_x related to energy utilization in eight areas of Beijing. The air quality model was adopted to simulate the temporal and spatial distribution of each pollutant concentration in the eight urban areas. Their emission, concentration distribution, and sectoral share responsibility rate were analyzed, and air quality in 2008 was predicted. The industrial sector contributed above 40% of primary PM₁₀ and SO₂ resulting from energy consumption, while vehicles accounted for about 65% of NO_x. According to the current policy and development trend, air quality in the eight urban areas could become better in 2008 when the average concentrations of primary PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ related to energy utilization at each monitored site are predicted to be about 25, 50 and 51 μg/m³, respectively. Translated from China Environmental Science, 2005, 25(6): 746–750 [译自: 中国环境科学]     

Microcystin-LR detection based on indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Microcystins (MCs) are a group of closely related toxic cyclic heptapeptides produced by common cyanobacteria, which cause lots of accidents and threatens human health. In this paper, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) was established and used to detect microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in drinking and surface waters. The concentration of coating antigen was 5 μ/mL, the dilution of monoclonal antibody MC10E7 was 1:3 000, the dilution of enzyme tracer (goat anti-mouse IgG-peroxidase) was 1:3 000, the standard concentration of MC-LR ranged from 0.001 μg/L to 30 μg/L, and o-phenylenediamine was used as substrate. The assay showed high relativity with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a correlation coefficient of more than 99%. The relative standard deviation was less than 10%, the detection limit was achieved down to 0.01 μg/L and up to 5.1 μg/L. The quantitative detection range was from 0.03 μg/L to 3 μg/L, and the antibody had high specificity for [4-arginine] microcystins. It performed well in spite of the influence of the real samples. Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(6): 1166–1170 [译自: 环境科学]     

生物滞留设施对城市地表径流低浓度磷吸附基质研究

城市地表径流是淡水水体磷的重要来源之一.国际上生物滞留设施被广泛应用于城市地表径流污染的控制,其中基质组成是影响生物滞留设施除磷效果的主要因素.本研究探讨了紫色土与河砂混合作为生物滞留设施基质吸附去除城市地表径流低浓度磷的可行性.结果表明:山地城市重庆不透水地表(包括居住区道路、商业区道路、停车场以及交通干道)径流TP浓度变化范围为0.04~7.00 mg·L-1,均值为(0.75±1.08)mg·L-1;TDP浓度变化范围为0.02~0.46 mg·L-1,均值为(0.15±0.10)mg·L-1.根据重庆降雨特征与不透水地表径流磷污染特征,生物滞留设施规模为10%不透水面积,预期服务时间10a,基质对城市地表径流P的预期吸附量需达到7.5 mg·kg-1.中、酸性紫色土草酸浸提态Fe、Al含量影响P吸附能力,紫色土P吸附能力与草酸浸提态Fe和Al含量与磷含量之比(OR)呈显著正相关,20%紫色土与80%河砂混合基质可以满足重庆生物滞留设施基质对城市地表径流P的预期吸附量要求.20%紫色土与80%河砂混合基质(厚度60 cm)对P浓度0.30mg·L-1的进水长期模拟运行,出水P浓度均低于0.05 mg·L-1.利用紫色土和河砂混合基质吸附去除水文过程与水质变化情况下的城市地表径流低浓度P是可行的.     

开封城市土壤磷素组成特征及流失风险

为深入了解城市土壤磷素组成特征及其对受纳水体的影响,以开封城市表层土壤为研究对象,分析开封城市不同功能区土壤磷素的组成特征,并采用"突变点"法计算土壤磷素流失临界值,探讨开封城市不同功能区表层土壤磷素流失风险.结果表明,开封城市土壤总磷为400~1 427 mg·kg~(-1),其中无机磷占65%~99%;速效磷(Olsen-P)和易解吸磷分别为3.41~115.03 mg·kg~(-1)和0.01~9.40 mg·kg~(-1),与土壤磷素背景值相比,城市土壤磷素呈现明显集聚.开封城市土壤总磷和速效磷均呈现出东高西低,中心老城区高于新城区的空间分布格局;在不同功能区分布上,居民区土壤各形态磷素含量均最高.开封城市土壤磷素流失临界值对应的Olsen-P为22.18 mg·kg~(-1),超过临界值的土样占总土样数的33.64%,磷素流失风险最高的区域亦分布在中心老城区.     

Particulate matter and metals partitioning in highway rainfall-runoff

This study investigated the particulate matter (PM) and metals in highway dry deposition and rainfall-runoff as a function of hydrologic transport and settling on an event basis. Events were differentiated as mass-limited (ML) and flow-limited (FL). Results indicate that unique and separate suspended sediment concentration (SSC) relationships with turbidity occurred for ML and FL events. Sixty minutes of quiescent settling produced a single SSC-turbidity relationship for all events. ML events transport higher proportions of settleable and sediment PM while FL events transported relatively higher suspended PM. For batch clarification with one hour of settling, ML events had generally higher treatment efficiencies compared to FL events for the same settling conditions. Highway dry deposition PM was hetero-disperse and coarse (d _{50 m} = 304 μm). Results indicate that the acidic rainfall is not a significant contributor to metals in runoff but is capable of leaching metals from dry deposition PM into runoff. Partitioning in retained runoff resulted in a particulate-bound predominance for most metals except Ca and Mg. While the finer fraction of dry deposition PM (< 75 μm) generates the highest metal concentrations, the highest metal mass is associated with the coarser fraction (> 75 μm).     

基于Kriging插值的路旁土壤重金属含量空间分布 ——以310国道郑州-开封段为例

分别在G310国道郑州-开封段的杏花营路段两侧150m×150m范围内布设7条垂直于公路的采样子断面,从路肩向两侧每隔10m采集1个表土混合样,共采集226个样品（包括2个对照样品）.用ICP-MS测定了土壤重金属（Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr和Ni）含量,并用Universal Kriging插值法分析路旁土壤重金属空间分布特征.结果表明,路旁土壤重金属呈与道路平行的带状分布,表明6种重金属含量均受公路交通影响,属于公路源重金属.土壤Cr和Cu含量在路基处含量最高,向两侧逐渐下降,呈指数分布;土壤Pb、Zn、Cd和Ni含量在距路基30～50m处出现峰值,呈偏态分布.路旁土壤Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr和Ni均为交通源重金属.