Anthropogenic radionuclides in sediment in the Japan Sea: distribution and transport processes of particulate radionuclides

Distributions of anthropogenic radionuclides ((90)Sr, (137)Cs and (239+240)Pu) in seabed sediment in the Japan Sea were collected during the period 1998-2002. Concentration of (90)Sr, (137)Cs and (239+240)Pu in seabed sediment was 0.07-1.6 Bq kg(-1), 0.4-9.1 Bq kg(-1) and 0.002-1.9 Bq kg(-1), respectively. In the northern basin of the sea (Japan Basin), (239+240)Pu/(137)Cs ratios in seabed sediment were higher and their variation was smaller compared to that in the southeastern regions of the sea. The higher (239+240)Pu/(137)Cs ratios throughout the Japan Basin were considered to reflect production of Pu-enriched particles in the surface layer and substantial sinking of particulate materials in this region. In the southern regions of the Japan Sea (<38 degrees N), both inventories and (239+240)Pu/(137)Cs ratios in sediment were larger than those in the other regions. In the southern Japan Sea, observations suggested that supply of particulate radionuclides by the Tsushima Warm Current mainly enhanced accumulation of the radionuclides in this region.     

Disequilibrium between uranium and its progeny in the Lake Issyk-Kul system (Kyrgyzstan) under a combined effect of natural and manmade processes

The Kadji-Sai abandoned field of U-bearing brown coal on the southern coast of Lake Issyk-Kul (Kyrgyzstan) poses a threat of radioactive pollution to the world's fifth deepest and second largest pristine highland lake. The valleys of ephemeral streams in the lake catchment are filled with coarse-grained sand and clay, with a background U--Ra activity of 35--55 Bqkg(-1). High activity areas vs. this background come from three sources: (1) scarce outcrops of uraniferous brown coal and mining wastes containing fragments of this coal with (238)U/(226)Ra ratios of 0.8 due to uranium losses through weathering; (2) manmade anomalies caused by a radioactive waste dump, where U was extracted from the ash of coal burnt at a coal-fired power plant. As a result, the (238)U/(226)Ra ratios become 0.15--0.25; (3) six catch pools terraced below the mine, where U activity decreases downslope, and (238)U/(226)Ra ratios reach 150--200. Uranium lost in the extraction process may have been retained on the terraces. The distribution pattern of radionuclides in the bottom sediments of the lake is controlled by water depth and offshore distance. The upper section of homogeneous limy--argillic deposits in the lake center remains undisturbed by currents, as indicated by regular sub-exponential distribution of atmospheric (137)Cs and (210)Pb(atm). Sedimentation rate in the lake center for the past century, found from (210)Pb, was 0.32 mmyr(-1). (238)U/(226)Ra in deep-water sediments was about 3. The activity of uranium adsorbed by sediments from the lake water was estimated by subtraction of the Ra-equilibrium component from the total U activity. Thus, the flux of dissolved U to the bottom sediments was as 2.07 x 10(-7)gcm(-2)yr(-1). The upper section of near-shore deposits was disturbed by currents, with (137)Cs and (210)Pb(atm) more or less uniformly distributed in this layer. Peaks of (226)Ra and (210)Pb occur at different depths from 5 to 20 cm below the sediment surface, with (238)U/(226)Ra ratios 0.28--0.44. The presence of mullite in these sediments indicated that radioactive ash penetrated into the lake in the past. At present, (226)Ra in the ash is buried under a non-radioactive cap.     

Oxidation states of uranium in depleted uranium particles from Kuwait

The oxidation states of uranium in depleted uranium (DU) particles were determined by synchrotron radiation based mu-XANES, applied to individual particles isolated from selected samples collected at different sites in Kuwait. Based on scanning electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis prior to mu-XANES, DU particles ranging from submicrons to several hundred micrometers were observed. The median particle size depended on sources and sampling sites; small-sized particles (median 13 microm) were identified in swipes taken from the inside of DU penetrators holes in tanks and in sandy soil collected below DU penetrators, while larger particles (median 44 microm) were associated with fire in a DU ammunition storage facility. Furthermore, the (236)U/(235)U ratios obtained from accelerator mass spectrometry demonstrated that uranium in the DU particles originated from reprocessed fuel (about 10(-2) in DU from the ammunition facility, about 10(-3) for DU in swipes). Compared to well-defined standards, all investigated DU particles were oxidized. Uranium particles collected from swipes were characterized as UO(2), U(3)O(8) or a mixture of these oxidized forms, similar to that observed in DU affected areas in Kosovo. Uranium particles formed during fire in the DU ammunition facility were, however, present as oxidation state +5 and +6, with XANES spectra similar to solid uranyl standards. Environmental or health impact assessments for areas affected by DU munitions should therefore take into account the presence of respiratory UO(2), U(3)O(8) and even UO(3) particles, their corresponding weathering rates and the subsequent mobilisation of U from oxidized DU particles.     

7Be to 210Pb concentration ratio in ground level air in Belgrade area

7Be to 210Pb concentration ratios in ground level air on two monitoring stations (MS1 and MS2) in Belgrade area were determined from 1996 to 2001. The average monthly concentrations of 7Be in ground level air were in the range of 0.6-18.3 mBq/m3 and exhibited one or two summer/early fall maxims and one minimum in winter. The maximum concentrations for 210Pb were generally observed in the fall, with the average concentrations in the range of 1.09 x 10(-4) to 30.9 x 10(-4) Bq/m3. The 7Be/210Pb ratios were in the range of 1.7-12.7 (MS1) and 1.8-11.3 (MS2), with summer maxims and late fall/winter minimums. The mean Radionuclides Loading Indices values approach zero except for 1996/1997 (MS1) and 2001 (MS2) due to higher concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb. The mean monthly concentrations of both radionuclides exhibited lognormal distributions. There is significant correlation between the 7Be/210Pb activities ratio and the air stability classes A + B + C for both monitoring stations (correlation coefficients 0.61-0.65), and no correlation with D class and E + F classes. Correlation was found between the activity of 7Be and air stability classes A + B + C (0.46-0.68), and E + F (0.38 for MS1), while for 210Pb, a moderate correlation (0.38-0.40) was found with the E + F air stability classes.     

Uranium series isotopes in the Avon Valley, Nova Scotia

An U-series isotopic study was carried out in the waters of the Avon Valley, Nova Scotia. The fresh and acidic recharge waters flow rapidly through the watershed composed of a granitic highland and a sedimentary, largely carbonate, lowland plain, before draining to the sea. There is no significant anthropogenic pollution; but, naturally elevated U levels can be encountered within the bedrock. Nonetheless, the U concentrations of the surface and groundwater are low (generally within the range of several hundredths to several tenths of a microg l(-1)), except in the proximity to weathering of U mineralization. The dissolved U in the surface waters appears to be stabilized by organic rather than inorganic complexes. Both the groundwaters and surface waters have similar (234)U/(238)U activity ratios that rarely deviate from secular equilibrium by more than 20% throughout the watershed. The magnitude of the (234)U/(238)U activity ratio is not determined by lithology but rather by the weathering mechanism, the high rate of flushing, and the leaching of local U mineralization. Dissolved Ra is consistently absent. The dissolved Rn concentrations, though variable, are measurable even in surface waters. This may be due to a continual degassing from the U-enriched bedrock or release from local sites of U mineralization underlying the surface water sources.     

Distribution of Np and Pu in Swedish lichen samples (Cladonia stellaris) contaminated by atmospheric fallout

The activity concentrations of (237)Np and the two Pu isotopes, (239)Pu and (240)Pu, were determined in lichen samples (Cladonia stellaris) contaminated by fallout from atmospheric nuclear test explosions and the Chernobyl accident. The samples were collected at 18 locations in Sweden, from north to south, between 1986 and 1988 and analysed with high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) and alpha spectrometry. Data on the activity ratios (238)Pu/(239+240)Pu and (134)Cs/(137)Cs measured previously were also included in this study for comparison. The (237)Np activity concentration ranged from 0.08 +/- 0.01 to 2.08 +/- 0.17 MBq kg(-1), depending on the location of the sampling site and time of collection. The (239+240)Pu activity concentration ranged from 0.09 +/- 0.01 to 4.09 +/- 0.15 Bq kg(-1), with the (240)Pu/(239)Pu atomic ratio ranging between 0.16 +/- 0.01 and 0.44 +/- 0.03, the higher ratios indicating a combination of weapons test fallout and Chernobyl fallout. The (237)Np/(239)Pu atomic ratios ranged between 0.06 +/- 0.01 and 0.42 +/- 0.04, the lower ratios indicating combination of weapons test fallout and Chernobyl fallout. At a well-defined sampling site at Lake Rogen (62.32 degrees N, 12.38 degrees E), additional lichen samples were collected between 1987 and 1998 to study the distribution of Np and Pu in different layers. The concentrations of the two elements follow each other quite well in the profile.     

Deposition and distribution of Chernobyl fallout fission products and actinides in a Russian soil profile

In this article the distribution of fission products and actinides in a soil profile from Novo Bobovicky in Russia, which was contaminated due to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, is described. The ground deposition of long-lived fission products determined by gamma-spectrometry was (recalculated to 26 April 1986) 1600 kBq (137)Cs/m(2), 900 kBq (134)Cs/m(2) and 60 kBq (125)Sb/m(2). Of these radionuclides (137)Cs shows the dominating activity at the present time. After 6.5 years 90% of the Cs and Sb activity was contained in the upper 4 cm. A (239,240)Pu ground deposition of 77.4+/-8.0 Bq/m(2) was determined by alpha-spectrometry. The (238)Pu/(239,240)Pu activity ratio of 0.30+/-0.03 and (241)Pu/(239,240)Pu activity ratio of 115+/-14 (in 1986) measured in the soil profile, indicates that the analysed Pu originates mainly from the Chernobyl accident. The average (234)U/(238)U activity ratio of 1.06+/-0.29 indicates that the uranium in this soil is dominated by naturally occurring uranium.The alpha- and beta-autoradiography revealed that the activity is mainly present in particulate form. It could further be observed that the spots containing alpha- or beta-activity originated from different particles. A comparison of alpha-autoradiography with the bulk Pu and Am activity showed that 92% of the alpha-activity was present as clearly detectable alpha-spots.The beta-active particles, located by beta-autoradiography were correlated with gamma-spectrometric measurements and contained only (137)Cs. These hot spots ranged from 0.02 to 0.15 Bq.It could be concluded that the vertical transport of (137)Cs and fuel fragments occurs mainly by movement of particles through the soil. It could also be concluded that the fuel fragments found, in this soil were depleted in respect to Cs, Sb and Eu.Comparison of the analysed (238)Pu/(239,240)Pu, (241)Pu/(239,240)Pu and (241)Am/(239,240)Pu ratios with the ratios calculated with ORIGEN-S code gave an estimate of the average burn-up of the fuel particles to be in the range of 11-12 GWd/tU.The results presented in this article are valid for this single soil profile and should not be generalised unless validated in a more rigorous study of a larger number of soil profiles.     

Anthropogenic 236U at Rocky Flats,Ashtabula river harbor,and Mersey estuary: three case studies by sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

236U (t(1/2)=2.3 x 10(7) y) is formed as a result of thermal neutron capture by (235)U. In naturally occurring U ores, where a high neutron flux is present from spontaneous fission of (238)U, (236)U/(238)U atom ratios are approximately 10(-4) ppm. In the natural Earth's crust, unaffected by nuclear fallout, these ratios are expected to be on the order of 10(-8) ppm. Reactor-irradiated U, however, exhibits high (236)U/(238)U atom ratios approaching 10(4) ppm. As a result, the presence of very small quantities of reactor-irradiated U will significantly enhance the "background" (236)U/(238)U atom ratio. When sufficiently elevated (236)U/(238)U ratios are present, the determination of (236)U/(238)U by rapid inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICPMS) methods is attractive. We have used sector ICPMS at medium resolving power (R=3440) to measure (236)U/(238)U atom ratios with a determination limit of 0.2 ppm. The limiting factors in the measurement are the (235)U(1)H(+) isobar and background signal at m/z 236 arising from the (238)U(+) peak tail. Based upon the analysis of replicates and considerations of possible systematic errors, uncertainties of +/-5% are found for (236)U/(238)U atom ratios of 1-100 ppm. This procedure has been demonstrated in studies of anthropogenic (236)U in the environment at three locations: (a) offsite soils from the vicinity of the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology site (Golden, Colorado, USA); (b) sediments from the Ashtabula River (Ohio, USA); and (c) sediments from the Mersey estuary (Liverpool, UK). In each of these three locations, definite plumes of elevated (236)U/(238)U are identified and characterized. Maximum (236)U/(238)U atom ratios observed in RFETS-vicinity soils, the Ashtabula River, and the Mersey Estuary are 2.8, 140, and 4.4 ppm, respectively.     

Photo-oxidation products of petroleum hydrocarbons in the Eastern Red Sea coastal waters

The level of dissolved oil residues as well as the oxygenated petroleum hydrocarbons in the seawater of the affected area of Jeddah coast, Red Sea was estimated. The dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons concentration was found minimal. The minimum level may be attributed to the action of the weathering processes.Selected samples of the dichloromethane extracts of seawater were fractionated, using silica gel columns, into four fractions eluted with solvents of increasing polarity. The fluorescence intensity of these fractions was measured at three different pairs of excitation and emission wavelengths using ultraviolet fluorescence spectrofluorophotometry (UVF). The total fluorescence intensity of the fractions at 280 nm excitation, 327 nm emission wavelengths and 310 nm excitation, 360 nm emission wavelengths exceeds the fluorescence intensity of the whole extract by more than two orders of magnitude. The estimation of higher molecular mass oxygenated compounds in the fourth fractions, read at 380 nm excitation, 430 nm emission wavelengths, indicates rather low concentrations of <1 microg l(-1) hydroxypyrene equivalents. However, the polar fractions (eluted with acetone) account for more than 25% of the total fluorescence intensity of all fractions combined at each pair of wavelengths. The characterization of the products causing the fluorescence particularly the high molecular mass compounds still presents difficulties.Preliminary GC/MS results revealed some evidence for petroleum hydrocarbon oxidation products. Alkyl isobenzofuranones have been found in some seawater extracts. This is an ongoing project to characterize and identify additional compounds from these extracts.     

长江南通站含沙量及水化学变化与流域的风化过程

1960—2001年间长江河水含沙量递减趋势方程为：S=-4．7273a 582．94。近些年来泥沙含量递减趋势可能会对流域生态环境产生重要影响，应引起社会的关注。长江河水化学组分在1997-2001年的5年间受到季节和年际变化的影响较为有限。河水中HCO3^-与Ca^3 占主导地位，占总离子当量浓度的55％以上。主要受到碳酸盐类溶解的控制。硅酸盐类的风化过程较弱，可能主要是钙镁硅酸盐类的溶解，对流域离子的总体贡献不大。岩盐、石膏和芒硝的水解对河水中的Na^ 、SO4^2-和Cl^-的贡献最大。由此长江流域发生的主要风化过程有：白云石和方解石的溶解、钙镁长石的分解和岩盐、石膏、芒硝等的水解过程等，这与长江流域的岩石特征是基本一致的。粗略的估计．大气CO2对河流中HCO3^-的贡献量占河水中离子总当量浓度的20％左右，其余80％河水溶解质为风化岩石提供。     

Natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbon inputs to sediments of Patos Lagoon Estuary, Brazil

The Patos Lagoon Estuary, southern Brazil, is an area of environmental interest not only because of tourism, but also because of the presence of the second major port of Brazil, with the related industrial and shipping activities. Thus, potential hydrocarbon pollution was examined in this study. Sediment samples were collected at 10 sites in the estuary, extracted, and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS for composition and concentration of the following organic geochemical markers: normal and isoprenoid alkanes, petroleum biomarkers, linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The total concentrations varied from 1.1 to 129.6 microg g(-1) for aliphatic hydrocarbons, from 17.8 to 4510.6 ng g(-1) for petroleum biomarkers, from 3.2 to 1601.9 ng g(-1) for LABs, and from 37.7 to 11,779.9 ng g(-1) for PAHs. Natural hydrocarbons were mainly derived from planktonic inputs due to a usual development of blooms in the estuary. Terrestrial plant wax compounds prevailed at sites located far from Rio Grande City and subject to stronger currents. Anthropogenic hydrocarbons are related to combustion/pyrolysis processes of fossil fuel, release of unburned oil products and domestic/industrial waste outfalls. Anthropogenic hydrocarbon inputs were more apparent at sites associated with industrial discharges (petroleum distributor and refinery), shipping activities (dry docking), and sewage outfalls (sewage). The overall concentrations of anthropogenic hydrocarbons revealed moderate to high hydrocarbon pollution in the study area.     

荔波板寨小流域水化学和溶解无机碳的稳定同位素特征

通过采集贵州荔波自然保护区内的板寨地上河小流域的地表和地下水样品,测试了阴阳离子含量及其HCO_3~-中的δ~(13)C同位素值,分析不同季节该流域水体的水化学特征,并结合δ~(13)C同位素值探讨水体溶质的来源和水化学过程。结果表明:小流域水体的主要阴离子为HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-),二者分别占了水体总阴离子当量的86.2%和10.4%,主要阳离子Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)则分别占总阳离子当量的76.9%和20.5%。河水较多的Mg~(2+)表明其可能受白云岩风化的影响。小流域水体DIC的δ~(13)C值在-16.87‰至-10.80‰之间,夏季相对于冬季偏负,并且HCO_3~-含量与其δ~(13)C值之间存在负相关关系,这可能是不同季节温度和降水强度共同作用的结果。水体的SO_4~(2-)含量与DIC的δ~(13)C同位素值之间存在明显正相关性,这说明H_2SO_4可能参与了小流域内碳酸盐岩的风化过程。     

Seasonal variations in 228Ra/226Ra ratio within coastal waters of the Sea of Japan: implications for water circulation patterns in coastal areas

In this study, low-background gamma-spectrometry was used to determine the (228)Ra/(226)Ra ratio of 131 coastal water samples from various environments around Honshu Island, Japan (mainly around Noto Peninsula) at 1-3 month intervals from April 2003 until September 2005. Spatial variation in (228)Ra/(226)Ra ratios was also assessed by analyzing 34 coastal water samples from five areas within the Sea of Japan during May and June 2004. The (228)Ra/(226)Ra ratio of coastal water from all sites around Noto Peninsula shows seasonal variation, with minimum values during summer ((228)Ra/(226)Ra=0.7) and maximum values during autumn-winter ((228)Ra/(226)Ra=1.7-2). This seasonal variation is similar to that recorded for coastal water between Tsushima Strait and Noto Peninsula. The measured lateral variation in (228)Ra/(226)Ra ratios within coastal water between Tsushima Strait and Noto Peninsula is only minor (0.5-0.7; May-June 2004). Coastal waters from two other sites (Pacific shore and Tsugaru Strait, north Honshu) show no clear seasonal variation in (228)Ra/(226)Ra ratio. These measured variations in (228)Ra/(226)Ra ratio, especially the temporal variations, have important implications for seasonal changes in patterns of coastal water circulation within the Sea of Japan.     

Ecological effects of experimental oil spills in Eastern coastal plain estuaries

Ecological effects of weathered and unweathered Louisiana crude oil spilled in eastern coastal plain estuaries were evaluated at all trophic levels and the major chemical components of the oil were followed through selected components of the ecosystem for 36 months.The study site consisted of a natural estuarine marshcreek habitat off the York River, Virginia, modified by the construction of retaining walls to form aquatic and marsh areas in each experimental unit. Each system was closed on all sides with the exception of an opening below the level of lowest tide to allow communication with tidal flow. Five experimental units were constructed, each having a surface area of about 810 m², containing 695 m² of marsh, 100 m² of open water and 15 m² of intertidal mud flat. The most upstream unit served as the control and the four downstream units received dosages of fresh and weathered crude oil. In addition, biological sampling in the open marsh and creek areas was conducted to provide an estimate of the effects of containing the marsh.Five hundred and seventy liters of fresh South Louisiana crude were added to each of the two downstream experimental enclosures approximately three hours into flood tide and were completed in 1 h. The weathered oil was similarly applied to the upstream units 3 days later.The weathered oil was not visible one week after the spill except as coatings on marsh grass blades, while the fresh crude remained for over three weeks. Plankton populations recovered within a week, and fish mortalities, which were most pronounced in the weathered oil unit, ceased after 10 days.Reductions in standing crops of marsh grasses were most pronounced the year following the spills, when peak biomass in the control exceeded the spill units by a factor of three. Recovery progressed further in the second year with peak biomass in the oiled units being about 70% of the control. The third year following the spill, recovery was nearly complete.Benthic populations were dominated numerically by oligochaetes. Significant reductions in populations of this dominant organisms and in populations of polychaetes and amphipods were demonstrable for a period of three years although most of the populations have shown definite signs of recovery.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air particles in the city of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

Concentration levels, seasonal variation and winter/summer ratios of 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the TSP of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria city were determined. The study area is under the influence of heavy traffic (80000 vehicles/day). Pyr/BaA, Pyr/Flt, B(ghi)P/I(cd)P and B(b+k)F/B(ghi)P ratios were calculated; the values of these two last suggest a strong influence of diesel fuel burning. Levels of TSP and TSP-bound PAHs were also established. The hazard potential of PAHs in terms of carcinogenicity of BaP is acceptable. Potential risk on the basis of TEFs is also studied.     

Radioactivity concentrations of 40K, 134Cs, 137Cs, 90Sr, 241Am, 238Pu and 239+240Pu radionuclides in Jordanian soil samples

In November 2000, surface and core soil samples were collected from different regions of Jordan. The samples were analyzed by direct gamma spectrometry and combined radiochemical separation procedure to quantify (40)K, (134)Cs, (137)Cs, (90)Sr, (241)Am, (238)Pu and (239+240)Pu radioactivity. Concentrations (Bq.kg(-1) dry weight) have been observed to vary in the range 1.5-2.6 for (134)Cs, 2.8-11.4 for (90)Sr, and 0.13-0.48 for (241)Am, 0.016-0.062 for (238)Pu, 0.28-1.01 for (239+240)Pu and 155-543 for (40)K. The typical concentration of (137)Cs found in topsoils (0-2 cm) ranged in 7.5-576 Bq.kg(-1), dry weight. These values were greater than those observed in samples taken at greater depths (up to 32 cm). Activity ratios of (134)Cs/(137)Cs, (90)Sr/(137)Cs, (239+240)Pu/(137)Cs, (238)Pu/(137)Cs, (241)Am/(137)Cs, (239+240)Pu/(238)Pu and (241)Am /(238)Pu have mean values of 0.0049 (R=1), 0.29 (R=0.76), 0.41 (R=0.90), 0.39 (R=0.85), 0.41 (R=0.88), 7.72 (R=0.97) and 16.66 (R=0.98), respectively. The underlying concentrations were correlated and relatively higher than those reported in neighboring countries. One moss sample, as a biomonitor indicator, was measured and evaluated along with the soil samples. Its data showed higher concentrations of all measured radionuclides due to accumulations over years. The depth distribution of the fission product (137)Cs and the total deposition (Bq.m(-2)) were also studied in selected samples. Estimations of the annual effective dose equivalent due to (137)Cs-soil contamination showed values up to more than 200 microSv.     

Radon progeny dose conversion coefficients for Chinese males and females

The airway dimensions for Caucasian males have been scaled by multiplying by factors 0.95 and 0.88 to give those for Chinese males and females, respectively. Employing the most recent data on physical and biological parameters, the radiation doses to the basal and secretory cells due to alpha particles from 218Po and 214Po, homogeneously distributed in the mucous layer, have been calculated. The emission of alpha particles has been simulated by a Monte Carlo method. For both basal and secretory cells, the dose conversion coefficients (DCCs) for physical conditions of sleep, rest, light and heavy exercise, have been obtained for Chinese males and females for unattached progeny, and for attached progeny of diameters 0.02, 0.15, 0.25, 0.30 and 0.50 micron. For basal cells, the coefficients lie in the range 0.69-6.82 mGy/(Js/m3) or 8.7-86 mGy/WLM for unattached progeny and in the range 0.045-1.98 mGy/(Js/m3) or 0.57-25 mGy/WLM for attached progeny. The corresponding ranges for Caucasian males are 1.27-8.81 mGy/(Js/m3) or 16-111 mGy/WLM-1 and 0.05-2.30 mGy/(Js/m3) or 0.64-29 mGy/WLM. For secretory cells, the coefficients lie in the range 0.095-16.82 mGy/(Js/m3) (1.2-212 mGy/WLM) for unattached progeny and in the range 0.095-6.67 mGy/(Js/m3) (1.2-84 mGy/WLM) for attached progeny. The corresponding ranges for Caucasian males are 0.34-21.51 mGy/(Js/m3) (4.3-271 mGy/WLM) and 0.1-7.78 mGy/(Js/m3) (1.3-98 mGy/WLM). The overall DCCs calculated for a typical home environment are 0.59 and 0.52 mSv/(Js/m3) (7.4 and 6.5 mSv/WLM) for Chinese males and females, respectively, which are 80 and 70% of the value, 0.73 mSv/(Js/m3) (9.2 mSv/WLM), for Caucasian males.     

汉江辽瓦店全新世黄土-古土壤序列风化过程及古洪水事件记录

对汉江上游谷地包含古洪水滞流沉积层的辽瓦店(LWD)全新世黄土-古土壤剖面的常量元素含量、粘粒含量、磁化率和Rb/Sr比值等指标进行了对比分析。结果发现:在LWD剖面的风化成壤过程中,元素Na、Mg和Al表现为较强烈的迁移淋失,虽然元素K、Fe和Ca有一定程度的迁移淋失,但比较微弱,呈现NaMgAlKFeCaSi的迁移序列;磁化率、Rb/Sr、CIA值、钾纳比(K2O/N2O)和淋溶系数的分布随地层的变化而同步变化。上述变化指示古土壤S0形成时期,气候温暖湿润,成壤作用强烈,马兰黄土L1堆积时期气候寒冷干旱,风化成壤作用最弱,黄土L0堆积时期气候有所好转,风化成壤作用强于马兰黄土堆积时期,但弱于古土壤形成时期。古土壤S0形成的全新世中期可能出现过一次较为暖湿的次级环境变化,在剖面中上部夹有一层古洪水滞流沉积层(SWD),呈灰白色(10YR6/1),为十分均匀的细粉砂,与上下相邻地层呈突变接触关系且界线清晰,向垂直河岸方向快速尖灭,是一次剧烈的气候突变事件的产物。     

Introduction of geomechanical restoration method and its implications for reservoir assessment of unconventional oil-gas resource in China

New technologies are in urgent need of unconventional hydrocarbon exploration and development in China.This paper provides a brief introduction and analysis of a new three-dimensional(3D)geomechanical restoration method developed in recent years.After an in-depth discussion on the technical principle and specific characteristics of the fields,we designed a feasible workflow for two oil-gas fields with great unconventional oil-gas resource potentials in China(Weiyuan and Jiulongshan oil-gas fields of Sichuan).After discussing the major challenges and limitations of the new technology,we also suggest its research efforts and future application prospect It is shown that the new technology will be an effective method to facilitate the exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas resources in China.     

上海市典型城市河岸带不同植被类型下土壤反硝化作用研究

为了解城市河岸带不同植被类型下土壤的反硝化速率及其影响因子,在上海市城市河岸带的长风绿地选择了熊掌木、硕苞蔷薇和矮生百慕大草3种植被类型,于2012年3月（春初）、5月（春季）、7月（夏季）、11月（秋季）测定了其下不同深度（2～5 cm、12～15 cm、22～25 cm和32～35 cm）土壤的反硝化速率和土壤的粒度、含水率、SOC、NH4+和NO3-含量等基本理化性质。结果表明:长风绿地3种植被类型下土壤理化性质和反硝化速率具有一定的差异性,但均表现为2～5 cm深度土壤反硝化速率显著高于其他深度;熊掌木和硕苞蔷薇2~5 cm深度土壤反硝化速率均为春初显著高于其他季节,而草地2~5 cm深度反硝化速率在春夏季显著高于春初和秋季;其他深度土壤均不存在显著的季节性差异;植被类型、深度和季节对反硝化速率的单一和综合影响效应（除植被类型*深度外）均显著;反硝化速率与土壤的SOC、NH4+和NO3-含量呈极显著正相关（p<001）,而与土壤含水率和气温没有显著相关关系