Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and its sludge dewaterability

To investigate the effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and sludge dewaterability and further to probe into the influencing factors on sludge dewaterability, sludge flocs were stratified into four fractions: (1) slime; (2) loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS); (3) tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS); and (4) EPS-free pellets. The results showed that ultrasonic pretreatment increased the anaerobic digestion efficiency by 7%–8%. Anaerobic digestion without ultrasonic pretreatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, with the capillary suction time (CST) increased from 1.42 to 47.3 (sec L)/g-TSS. The application of ultrasonic pretreatment firstly deteriorated the sludge dewaterability (normalized CST increased to 44.4 (sec L)/g-TSS), while subsequent anaerobic digestion offset this effect and ultimately decreased the normalized CST to 23.2 (sec L)/g-TSS. The dewaterability of unsonicated sludge correlated with protein (p = 0.003) and polysaccharide (p = 0.004) concentrations in the slime fraction, while that of sonicated sludge correlated with protein concentrations in the slime and LB-EPS fractions (p < 0.05). Fluorescent excitationemission matrix analysis showed that the fluorescence matters in the LB-EPS fraction significantly correlated with sludge dewaterability during anarobic digestion.     

盐度变化对厌氧污泥胞外聚合物的影响

为探讨盐度变化对厌氧污泥胞外聚合物的影响,采用三维荧光(3D-EEM)和傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)技术,研究了不同盐度下升流式厌氧污泥流化床(UASB)中污泥的松散结合型胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)与紧密结合型胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)的变化规律,并分析了LB-EPS和TB-EPS与污泥沉降性间的关系.结果表明,进水盐度由0逐渐增加至8%,厌氧污泥LB-EPS和TB-EPS含量分别由4.94和12.25 mg·g~(-1)(以VSS计)增加至41.47和43.04 mg·g~(-1)(以VSS计);LB-EPS和TB-EPS中蛋白(PN)和多糖(PS)含量的比值分别由3.2和3.8降低至1.8和2.3;污泥容积指数(SVI)与LB-EPS、TB-EPS均正相关;3D-EEM光谱显示,色氨酸蛋白和芳环蛋白荧光峰存在于不同盐度下LB-EPS和TB-EPS中,类胡敏酸荧光峰仅存在于盐度高于4%的TB-EPS中;FTIR分析表明,进水盐度的增加导致LB-EPS和TB-EPS中PS的C—O组分相对含量增加.     

Enhanced anaerobic digestion and sludge dewaterability by alkaline pretreatment and its mechanism

To investigate the influences of alkaline pretreatment on anaerobic digestion (AD) and sludge dewaterability after AD, waste activated sludge was adjusted to different pH values (8, 9, 10, 11, 12) and placed at ambient temperature for 24 hr. The samples were then adjusted to the initial pH and subjected to 25 days of AD. The results showed that, when compared with the control (pH 6.8), total suspended solids (TSS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction following pretreatment at pH 9-11 increased by 10.7%-13.1% and 6.5%-12.8%, respectively, while biogas production improved by 7.2%-15.4%. Additionally, significant enhancement of sludge dewaterability after AD occurred when pretreatment at pH 8-9 was conducted. The proteins and carbohydrates transferred from the pellet and tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (TB-EPS) fractions to the slime and loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) fractions after pretreatment and during the AD process, and the concentrations of proteins and carbohydrates in the slime fraction had a good linear relationship with the normalized capillary suction time (CST). During the AD process, the normalized CST was positively correlated with the organic materials in the loosely bound fraction of the sludge matrix (R^{2≥qslant 0.700, p < 0.01), while it was negatively correlated with the organic materials in the tightly bound fraction (R2≥qslant 0.702, p < 0.01). These results suggest that alkaline pretreatment could break the EPS matrix and release inner organic materials, thus influencing the efficiency of the AD process and dewaterability after AD.}     

微波辐射预处理对污泥结构及脱水性能的影响

将微波辐射用于污水污泥预处理,考察了辐射130s内污泥沉降、过滤脱水性能的变化,并通过粒度分布及污泥胞外聚合物含量变化探讨了相关机理,分析了微波辐射对污泥结构的破坏过程.结果表明,适宜的微波辐射可明显改善污泥结构及脱水性,900W微波辐射50s,SV减少48%,真空抽滤含水率由原泥直接抽滤的85%降为71%.污泥结构破坏是改善污泥脱水性的重要因素,胞外糖含量介于15.8～16.5mg/gMLSS时,污泥脱水性最佳.核酸能较好地指示微波辐射下污泥细胞壁开始破裂的时间,过量的微波辐射因破坏污泥的细胞壁结构、导致胞内物质大量溢出、污泥黏度增加,脱水性恶化.     

Effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances in anaerobic digested sludge

The composition and effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of the stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in anaerobic digested sludge were determined. The total EPS in anaerobic digested sludge were extracted by the cation exchange resin method. Another EPS extraction method, the centrifugation and sonication technique was employed to stratify the EPS into three fractions: slime, loosely bound (LB)-EPS, and tightly bound (TB)-EPS from the outside to the inside of the anaerobic digested sludge. Proteins and polysaccharides were dispersed uniformly across the different EPS fractions, and humic-like substances were mainly partitioned in the slime, with TB-EPS second. Protein was the major constituent of the LB-EPS and TB-EPS, and the corresponding ratios ranged from 54.0% to 65.6%. The hydrophobic part in the EPS chemical components was primarily comprised of protein and DNA, while the hydrophilic part was mainly composed of polysaccharide. In the slime, the hydrophobic values of several EPS chemical components (protein, polysaccharide, humic-like substances and DNA) were all below 50%. The protein/polysaccharide ratio had a significant influence on the Zeta potentials and isoelectric point values of the EPS: the greater the protein/polysaccharide ratio of the EPS was, the greater the Zeta potential and the higher the isoelectric point value were. All Zeta potentials of the EPS showed a decreasing trend with increasing pH. The corresponding isoelectric point values (pH) were 2.8 for total EPS, 2.2 for slime, 2.7 for LB-EPS, and 2.6 for TB-EPS. As the ionic strength increased, the Zeta potentials sharply increased and then gradually became constant without charge reversal. In addition, as the temperature increased (< 40°C), the apparent viscosity of the EPS decreased monotonically and then gradually became stable between 40 and 60°C.     

活性污泥处理偶氮染料废水过程中胞外聚合物特性研究

采用序批式反应器(SBR)考察了偶氮染料浓度对活性污泥的污染物去除性能及胞外聚合物(Extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)的影响.结果表明,COD、染料及营养物的去除率均随着进水染料浓度的增加而下降,但进水染料浓度对EPS的影响却呈现不同的趋势.当进水染料浓度为5 ～40 mg·L-1时,EPS含量随着染料浓度的增加而增加;当进水染料浓度超过40 mg·L-1时,EPS含量却随着染料浓度的增加而减少.染料的加入导致活性污泥EPS中蛋白质的含量增加,且其变化趋势与EPS变化一致;EPS中腐殖酸的浓度低于蛋白质浓度;而EPS中多糖的浓度最低,为8 mg·g-1.三维荧光光谱结果显示,不同染料浓度下EPS荧光吸收峰数量及位置相同,分别为类蛋白峰(λEx/λEm=240 nm/375 ～394 nm)和类富里酸类峰(λEx/λEm =270 nm/410～416 nm),但两个吸收峰的荧光强度不同.     

好氧/厌氧污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的提取方法研究

采用5种方法对同一污泥在好氧和厌氧条件下的胞外聚合物(EPS)进行了提取试验研究.结果表明,甲醛-NaOH和H2SO4法对EPS的提取产量最高,分别为232·0mg·g~(-1)和159·7mg·g~(-1),且无大量细胞自溶发生,是比较有效的提取方法;与对照方法相比较,阳离子交换树脂(CER)和戊二醛提取法却存在严重缺陷.两种氧环境条件下污泥EPS中蛋白质的含量均最高,占EPS总量的50%~80%;其次为胞外多糖和DNA.污泥在经由好氧环境到厌氧环境的转变过程中,EPS中主要成分蛋白质和DNA含量降低较为明显,其厌氧/好氧状态下的相应含量比值为0·59~0·91.试验中也发现,提取步骤和检测手段对结果的影响最大.     

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物金属元素特性

为探究厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外金属元素特性,将厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥根据粒径筛分为0.5~1.4mm、1.4~2.8mm、>2.8mm 3组,提取不同粒径厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）,研究EPS金属元素特性.结果表明,蛋白质（PN）是厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS的主要成分,占EPS含量的84.2%以上.随着粒径的增大,EPS中Na、K、Ca、Mg元素含量均增多,且与EPS中蛋白质含量变化一致.EPS中K、Ca、Mg元素的离子形式占比分别为68.6%、56.2%、94.7%.EPS经过阳离子交换树脂（CER）处理后,0.5~1.4mm、1.4~2.8mm、>2.8mm组EPS Zeta电位分别减小了4.7,7.2,9.1mV,EPS中的金属离子可通过压缩双电层作用促进颗粒污泥的聚集,金属离子对大粒径颗粒污泥EPS Zeta电位的影响幅度更大.     

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物金属元素特性

为探究厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外金属元素特性,将厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥根据粒径筛分为0.5~1.4mm、1.4~2.8mm、>2.8mm 3组,提取不同粒径厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）,研究EPS金属元素特性.结果表明,蛋白质（PN）是厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS的主要成分,占EPS含量的84.2%以上.随着粒径的增大,EPS中Na、K、Ca、Mg元素含量均增多,且与EPS中蛋白质含量变化一致.EPS中K、Ca、Mg元素的离子形式占比分别为68.6%、56.2%、94.7%.EPS经过阳离子交换树脂（CER）处理后,0.5~1.4mm、1.4~2.8mm、>2.8mm组EPS Zeta电位分别减小了4.7,7.2,9.1mV,EPS中的金属离子可通过压缩双电层作用促进颗粒污泥的聚集,金属离子对大粒径颗粒污泥EPS Zeta电位的影响幅度更大.     

生物沥浸处理中微生物菌群和胞外聚合物对城市污泥脱水性能的影响

探讨城市污泥生物沥浸过程中微生物菌群和胞外聚合物(EPS)变化对污泥脱水性能的影响,对进一步揭示生物沥浸法提高污泥脱水性能机理具有重要意义.本研究通过摇瓶试验探讨了硫杆菌和异养微生物菌群数量的变化及EPS在生物沥浸法提高城市污泥脱水性能中的作用.试验结果表明,在生物沥浸处理的前2 d内,由于硫杆菌A.ferrooxidans LX5和A.thiooxidans TS6的大量生长,导致生物沥浸污泥的pH从初始的4.62显著下降至2.47,进而导致污泥中异养菌数量从初始的2.65×108CFU·mL-1下降至8.20×106CFU·mL-1,污泥中EPS含量从初始的28.18 mg·g-1(以VSS计,下同)显著下降为13.53 mg·g-1.A.ferrooxidans LX5和A.thiooxidans TS6的大量生长、异养微生物细胞的死亡破裂及EPS含量的下降共同促使污泥的结合水含量从初始的37.28%下降至21.10%,最终导致污泥比阻从初始的5.14×1012m·kg-1显著下降至6.92×1011m·kg-1.通过验证试验发现,原始污泥在剥离EPS后其比阻仅为原来的11.23%,其脱水性能与生物沥浸2 d后的污泥在0.05水平上没有显著性差异.因此,污泥中A.ferrooxidans LX5、A.thiooxidans TS6和异养微生物菌群数量的改变及EPS含量的减少是生物沥浸法提高污泥脱水性能的两个重要因素.     

超声波-缺氧/好氧消化过程污泥EPS、酶活性及菌落数的变化研究

为研究超声波促进污泥缺氧/好氧消化的机理,采用最佳超声波参数（超声频率28kHz,超声密度0.1W.mL-1,超声时间15min,超声间隔时间12h）与缺氧/好氧消化衔接进行间歇试验,研究了消化过程中污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）组分（蛋白质、多糖、DNA）和相应溶出物占总量的比例,以及酶活性（蛋白酶,脱氢酶）和菌落数的变化...     

腐殖质对污泥厌氧消化的影响及其屏蔽方法

《巴黎气候协定》的签署意味着污水处理碳中和运行时代的来临,这就需要将剩余污泥尽可能最大程度地转化为可再生能源—甲烷(CH4).细胞破壁、木质纤维素破稳及腐殖质解抑制是提高污泥厌氧消化能源转化率的主要技术手段.相对于细胞与木质纤维素,腐殖质不仅结构更为复杂、自身难以生物降解,而且还会抑制其它有机物水解.虽然腐殖质亦有促进酸化、产氢/乙酸、产甲烷过程的微弱可能,但它对水解过程的抑制是肯定的、显著的、难以逆转的.因此,需要深入了解污泥中腐殖质来源、形成、结构及性质,综合分析它对污泥厌氧消化水解、酸化、产氢/乙酸、产甲烷阶段的各种影响,探讨消除腐殖质抑制水解过程的不同技术路径,重点描述外加金属离子对腐殖质的屏蔽作用.以期为提高污泥厌氧消化能源转化率制定可行的技术路线.     

一体式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺污泥膨胀发生和恢复过程中胞外聚合物变化特征

胞外聚合物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,EPS)对污泥沉降具有重要作用.以一体式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺为对象,针对出现的污泥膨胀问题,通过停止投加乙酸钠、调整SRT和曝停比等措施控制了污泥膨胀,并考察整个过程中胞外聚合物变化特征.结果表明,阶段Ⅰ～Ⅱ(0～77 d),SVI升至215.86 mL·g^-1,TN去除率仍稳定在60.88%;阶段Ⅲ(78～109 d),SVI维持在210.16 mL·g^-1,TN去除率下降至32.19%;阶段Ⅳ(110～140 d),SVI下降至107.53 mL·g^-1,TN去除率也恢复至54.55%,AOB、NOB和ANAMMOX活性分别恢复至0.42、0.06、0.20 g·g^-1·d^-1.污泥膨胀得到控制以后,溶解性EPS(Solubility EPS,S-EPS)、溶解性蛋白(Solubility PN,S-PN)从243.15、213.25 mg·g^-1分别下降至110....     

Effect of proteins, polysaccharides, and particle sizes on sludge dewaterability

Four batch experiments of hydrolysis and acidification were carried out to investigate the distributions of proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in the sludge, the PN/PS ratio, the particle sizes, and their relationship with sludge dewaterability (as determined by capillary suction time, CST). The sludge flocs were stratified through centrifugation- and ultrasound-based method into four fractions: (1) slime, (2) loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS), (3) tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS), and (4) pellet. The results showed that PN was mainly partitioned in the pellet (80.7%) and TB-EPS (9.6%) fractions, while PS distributed evenly in the four fractions. During hydrolysis and acidification, PN was transferred from the pellet and TB-EPS fractions to the slime fraction, but PS had no significant transfer trends. The mean particle sizes of the sludge flocs decreased with hydrolysis and acidification. The pH had a more significant influence on the dewaterability of sludge flocs than temperature. Sludge dewaterability during hydrolysis and acidification processes greatly deteriorated from 9.7 s at raw sludge to 340–450 s under alkaline conditions. However, it was just slightly increased under acidic conditions. Further investigation suggested that CST was a ected by soluble PN, soluble PN/PS, and particle sizes of sludge flocs, but was a ected slightly by total PN, PS, or PN/PS in the whole sludge flocs and other fractions (except slime).     

污泥生物沥滤中硫细菌变化和胞外多聚物作用的研究

通过序批试验,分析污泥生物沥滤过程中pH值、异养菌数量变化以及硫细菌的形态,探讨了污泥中重金属在胞外多聚物(EPS)中的分布变化.结果表明,污泥经生物沥滤后异养菌大量死亡.扫描电镜和透射电镜对污泥微生物形态的观测发现,随着生物沥滤时间的延长,生物沥滤污泥明显比对照污泥中的微生物分布紧密,而且杆状和短杆状菌呈现逐渐增多趋势.生物沥滤后期出现受损的细菌胞体以及释放了细胞物质的细菌空壳.污泥沥滤液中EPS含量有所增加,沥滤过程中EPS的松散结合态与紧密结合态的比值呈现先上升后下降趋势,可反映沥滤前期细菌处于加速生长期的居多,而后期处于减速生长期的细菌逐渐增多.污泥EPS中重金属含量在生物沥滤几天后表现持续增长,Cu、Pb和Zn分布于EPS中的最高含量分别占污泥中总量的14.7%、20.3%和24.2%.延长酸化时间,EPS可被水解,而导致其中重金属含量呈现一定下降趋势.     

碱度类型及浓度对剩余污泥中温厌氧消化的影响

为了探究不同碱度物质（Na₂CO₃、KHCO₃、NaHCO₃）和浓度范围（2000,3000,4000mg/L）（以CaCO₃计）对中温厌氧消化系统的影响,采用了密封的半连续搅拌反应器进行批次试验.综合反应器运行与微生物高通量测序分析,结果表明在3种不同碱度类型中Na₂CO₃能推进水解酸化过程,而在产气减量方面NaHCO₃表现更为突出,说明在调节系统碱度时,Na₂CO₃更易促进水解酸化这一限速阶段,而NaHCO₃能使水解酸化细菌与产甲烷菌之间保持平衡,保证甲烷产量;在不同NaHCO₃浓度情况下,增加投加碱度的浓度使水解能力增强,相应会导致脱水性能恶化,而系统中挥发性脂肪酸含量变化不大,过量碱度将使得系统产气和减量能力下降.     

自养菌和异养菌胞外聚合物对活性污泥絮凝特性的影响

为探讨自养菌和异养菌胞外聚合物(Extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)的差异及其对活性污泥表面及絮凝特性的影响,研究了有机负荷为0、0.30和0.74 kg·kg-1·d-1时,污泥松散附着胞外聚合物(loosely bound EPS,LB-EPS)和紧密粘附胞外聚合物(tightly bound EPS,TBEPS)的组分含量、形态、表面特性以及絮凝性能的差异,并就LB-EPS与TB-EPS对污泥絮凝特性影响的作用机理进行了探讨.结果表明,有机负荷越高,多糖含量越高,EPS总量及蛋白质含量越低.由三维荧光光谱测定结果可知,类富里酸物质为异养菌而非自养菌的代谢产物,且有机负荷越高,TB-EPS中的类富里酸荧光峰强度越大.自养和异养污泥的絮凝机理不同,自养活性污泥通过自养菌菌体自身生物絮凝作用形成密实的污泥絮体,LB-EPS与TB-EPS对其絮体形态、表面及絮凝特性影响较小;异养活性污泥絮体形态在TB-EPS提取后发生明显改变,TB-EPS在异养活性污泥絮体聚集时发挥着主要作用.包裹着LB-EPS的污泥表面负电荷多且疏水性差,不利于异养污泥生物絮凝.有机负荷越高,污泥表面Zeta电位负电性越强,相对疏水性(relative hydrophobity,RH)越小,污泥稳定性越差.     

缓冲液盐度对热提取活性污泥胞外聚合物的影响

采用热提取法提取污泥中微生物细胞外的胞外聚合物(Extracellular Polymeric Substance,EPS),分析了不同提取时间、提取温度、缓冲液盐度对污泥中EPS提取效果的影响,并采用平行因子模型(PARAFAC模型)分析了不同缓冲液盐度下EPS的荧光组分及特性,探究了缓冲液盐度对热提取污泥EPS的影响.结果表明,缓冲液盐度对热提取EPS的组分和荧光物质的强度均产生影响,0.50%的氯化钠缓冲液盐度条件下松散型EPS(loosely bound EPS,LB-EPS)组分含量及荧光物质最佳,0.05%氯化钠缓冲液盐度条件下紧密型EPS(tightly bound EPS,TB-EPS)的提取效果最佳;当提取时间为40 min,提取温度为70℃时,总EPS含量达(93.26±2.07)mg·g~(-1)(以VSS计);三维荧光结果显示,不同缓冲液盐度条件下污泥中EPS均包含类蛋白质(C1:λ_(Ex)/λ_(Em)=290 nm,302/350 nm)、类色氨酸(C2:λ_(Ex)/λ_(Em)=278 nm,340 nm)、类胡敏酸(C3:λ_(Ex)/λ_(Em)=310 nm,410 nm)和类腐殖酸(C4:λ_(Ex)/λ_(Em)=380/420 nm,474/514 nm)4类荧光组分峰,在溶解性EPS(SMP)和LB-EPS中类色氨酸的荧光强度最高,TB-EPS中类蛋白质荧光强度最高.因此,合适的热提取缓冲液盐度,有利于污泥EPS中各组分的高效提取.     

亚硝化颗粒污泥中EPS提取方法与组成特性的比较研究

以异养型好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)、普通活性污泥(AS)和厌氧颗粒污泥(An GS)为参照,考察了5种方法对亚硝化颗粒污泥(GNS)中胞外聚合物(EPS)的提取效果,以选出最佳方法,并通过测定蛋白质(PN)/多糖(PS)含量、三维荧光(3D-EEMs)与傅里叶红外(FT-IR)图谱,比较分析了GNS中EPS的组成特性.结果表明,甲醛-Na OH法能在有效保护细胞结构的同时,获得较高的EPS提取效率,而耗时更短的甲醛-热碱法对GNS也同样适用.尽管亚硝化颗粒污泥的EPS总量低于其他污泥样品,但高比例的PS成分有利于自养型微生物的固着生长.从可溶性微生物代谢产物(λEx/λEm=250~310 nm/320~380 nm)和芳香类蛋白质(λEx/λEm=200~250 nm/280~380 nm)所对应的荧光峰强度及红外图谱可知,GNS具有比AS更高的微生物活性和更丰富的结构性蛋白,且EPS组成更为简单.     

Functions and behaviors of activated sludge extracellular polymeric substances (EPS): a promising environmental interest

Extracellular polymeric substances （EPS） are the predominant constituents of activated sludge and represent up to 80% of the mass of activated sludge. They play a crucial role in the flocculation, settling and dewatering of activated sludge. Furthermore, EPS also show great efficiency in binding heavy metals. So EPS are key factors influencing reduction in sludge volume and mass, as well as activity and utilization of sludge. EPS are of considerable environmental interest and hundreds of articles on EPS have been published abroad, while information on EPS in China is limited. In this paper, results of over 60 publications related to constituents and characteristics of EPS and their influences on flocculation, settling and dewatering of sludge are compiled and analyzed. Metal-binding ability of EPS is also discussed, together with a brief consideration of possible research interests in the future.