液晶显示器液晶处理与铟回收技术

在实验室条件下,对液晶显示器回收的各个重要环节作了初步的探索,提出了一整套回收工艺.其中包括利用丙酮常温浸取去除偏光片、分离玻璃基板、溶解液晶,还包括利用硫酸溶液和二氧化锰联合浸取玻璃基板,铟的浸取率达89%.得到的铟的酸液经过萃取、置换和电解,可以得到铟的产品,为液晶显示器的资源化和无害化提供实验数据和技术支持.     

玻璃分相法脱除CRT屏玻璃中重金属钡

玻璃分相的方法可以将重金属钡从CRT屏玻璃中高效脱除。该方法将CRT屏玻璃与一定量的B_2O_3混合后在空气气氛下进行热分相处理。在热分相处理过程中,屏玻璃中的B_2O_3与SiO_2逐渐分离,形成2个独立的相(富B_2O_3相和富SiO_2相)。CRT屏玻璃中的重金属钡和其他碱金属氧化物在分相过程中主要富集在呈网状连通结构富B_2O_3相中。将分相处理产物经5 mol·L~(-1)的硝酸在90℃条件下浸泡30 min,即可将富B_2O_3相以及其中包含的重金属钡一并去除,得到SiO2含量超过95%的高硅氧玻璃粉末。实验结果表明,当反应温度为1 100℃,B_2O_3添加量为30%,保温时间为30 min时,钡的脱除率可以达到98.84%,为废弃CRT屏玻璃无害化处理与资源化利用提供了一条新的途径。     

ZnO/Al_2O_3-SiO_2固体碱催化动物脂肪废油制备生物柴油

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Al_2O_3-Si O_2复合载体,采用等体积浸渍法在复合载体上负载Zn O制备固体碱催化剂,催化动物脂肪废油酯交换反应来制备生物柴油。研究了Zn O负载量以及复合载体中Al_2O_3/Si O_2质量比对催化剂活性的影响,并通过重复性实验对优化得到的催化剂稳定性进行考察。活性测试表明,当Zn O的负载量为20%,复合载体中Al_2O_3/Si O_2质量比为1∶9时催化剂的活性最佳,酯交换率达到95.2%。另外,对催化剂进行了BET、XRD、CO_2-TPD一系列表征。结果表明,Al_2O_3高度分散渗透于非晶相Si O_2中,形成催化剂的介孔结构。Zn O负载量为20%时催化剂碱性最强,这是导致催化剂高活性的重要原因。     

废弃液晶显示器中铟的溴化法浸出研究

液晶显示器(LCD)是电视、电脑和手机等电子产品的重要部件,资源化回收所含的稀有金属铟具有重要意义。结果表明:(1)采用溴化法浸出LCD中的铟,在采用Br2、溴化钠及硫酸质量浓度分别为20、16、55.2g/L的溴水浸出剂、浸出时间3h、温度50℃的条件下,铟浸出率可达99.2%。(2)采用双极室阴离子膜电解槽电解回收Br2,当电解电压为1.8V、电解时间为300min时,采用四氯化碳对浸出液中未参加反应的Br2进行萃取回收,Br2的回收率为83.5%;电解阴极液中的Fe3+被还原为Fe2+以达到屏蔽目的,电解240min后Fe2+生成量达1 801mg/L,转化率为90.9%。(3)采用氢氧化钠沉淀法粗提取铟,当pH为4.78时,沉淀物的主要成分为In(OH)3,滤渣中In3+占总金属离子质量的47.9%,铟的回收率为94.8%。     

电冶铝废阴极碳块的处理

氟中毒是危及全身的慢性疾患。含氟废阴极碳块由石墨、NaF、β—Al_2O_3和少许 CaF_2所组成。NaF 易被水所浸出,当用石灰乳直接浸出时转化为 CaF_2和 NaOH 溶液。工业实践证明,以废碳块替代无烟煤作还原剂用于 Al_2O_3生产,收到了强化还原、提高 Al_2O_3溶出率的效果,每年经济收益24.6万元。     

CRT锥玻璃碳热还原强化玻璃分相脱铅

通过碳热还原强化玻璃分相的方法实现CRT含铅锥玻璃高效脱铅的同时制备出高硅氧玻璃粉末。将锥玻璃与一定量B_2O_3混合后在还原气氛下进行热处理。在热处理过程中,锥玻璃中的部分氧化铅被还原成单质铅并从玻璃相中析出,剩下未被还原的氧化铅则主要富集在呈网状连通结构的富B_2O_3相中。析出的单质铅与富B_2O_3相通过5 mol·L~(-1)的硝酸高效去除。当锥玻璃与20%的B_2O_3混合均匀,在1 000℃还原气氛下保温30 min,铅的酸浸脱除效率可达99.80%,并得到SiO_2含量大于95%的高硅氧玻璃粉末。高硅氧玻璃粉末可作为催化剂载体、吸附剂或者重新熔炼制备成与石英玻璃类似的耐高温、透光性强的高硅氧玻璃,故为含铅玻璃的无害化与资源化利用提供了一条新的途径。     

基于响应曲面法优化H_2O_2/Fe~(3+)脱除烧结烟气中的Hg~0

烧结烟气中重金属汞的含量较高,湿法氧化脱除零价汞(Hg~0)是当前最受关注的技术之一,但该氧化脱除技术的操作条件仍需优化。为此,以响应曲面法对H_2O_2/Fe~(3+)氧化脱除Hg~0进行了研究和优化。首先参照单因素实验结果,利用Box-Behnken设计(BBD)的3因素3水平实验研究了溶液温度、H_2O_2浓度和Fe~(3+)浓度3个条件的交互作用并进行分析和优化,发现以H_2O_2/Fe~(3+)氧化脱除Hg~0的最佳条件为溶液温度41.78℃、H_2O_2浓度0.55mol·L~(-1)和Fe~(3+)浓度0.007mol·L~(-1),在此最佳条件下Hg~0的脱除效率可高达87.28%。最后,在该条件下进行了验证研究,实验结果表明最优条件下Hg~0的脱除效率为87.93%±0.87%,与模型预测值基本吻合,表明基于响应曲面分析法所得出的最佳工艺参数准确可靠,对利用H_2O_2/Fe~(3+)脱除钢铁行业烧结烟气中Hg~0的条件优化具有较好的指导作用。     

超重力法锅炉烟气同时除尘脱硫脱硝

锅炉燃烧过程中产生的粉尘、SO_2和NO_x会对环境和人类造成严重的危害。随着人们环保意识的加强,锅炉烟气净化要求日趋严苛。进行了以O_3为氧化剂,NaOH溶液为吸收剂,使用超重力反应器对锅炉尾气进行同时除尘脱硫脱硝的侧线实验研究,考察了不同操作条件对粉尘、SO_2和NO_x脱除率的影响规律,确定了适宜的操作条件:超重力反应器转速为1 000 r·min~(-1),气液比为125,pH值为11,O_3/NO_x物质的量之比为1.1。在该条件下,粉尘脱除率可达98.3%,SO_2脱除率为98.4%,NO_x脱除率为68.7%,处理后烟气能达标排放。超重力除尘脱硫脱硝一体化技术具有成本低、效率高、设备小和投资少等优点,在中小锅炉烟气净化过程具有广泛的应用前景。     

CuCrO_x/Al_2O_3的制备及催化燃烧甲苯的性能研究

考察了一种低成本的含Cu复合金属氧化物催化剂CuCrO_x/Al_2O_3的制备方法,并用于催化燃烧甲苯。结果表明,CuCrO_x/Al_2O_3的催化活性优于CuVO_x/Al_2O_3、CuMoO_x/Al_2O_3、CuCeO_x/Al_2O_3、CuZrO_x/Al_2O_3,其制备的最佳条件为Cu∶Cr(原子比)=1∶1、负载量8%(以活性物质质量/载体质量计)、焙烧温度500℃。该催化剂具有良好的稳定性、抗硫性和可还原性,在反应温度为300℃下连续催化燃烧77h,甲苯转化率均能保持在90%以上,在SO_2质量浓度为300mg/m~3条件下反应5h,催化活性几乎不受到影响。     

废弃LCD面板金属铟的超声协同浸出

随着LCD报废数量的逐年增多,废弃LCD面板所含金属铟的回收再用已成为铟资源回收领域急需解决的问题。为提高废弃LCD面板金属铟的回收效率,研究提出利用超声对其进行协同浸出,以硫酸为浸出液考察超声及不同反应条件对铟浸出效率的影响。研究结果显示,超声协同能有效提高铟的浸出效率,在实验参数范围内铟的浸出率随超声功率、反应温度及酸浓度的增加而增大,随物料粒径增大而减小。在超声功率为800 W、反应温度60~70℃、硫酸浓度0.5mol/L、物料粒径小于0.5 mm条件下,浸出反应5 h铟的浸出率可达74.1%。在此基础上,研究进一步分析了超声对铟浸出反应的协同作用机制,指出热学与机械作用是超声促进废弃LCD面板金属铟浸出反应进行、提高铟浸出效率的主要作用机制。     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases

The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electrophoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxylesterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric CE's (mCE). The rabbit liver mCE was not a subunit of the oligomeric CE (oCE), although the oCE also hydrolyzed choline esters at a very low rate. The complex kinetics of the mCE's, mBuChE's, oCE's, and of the oligomeric BuChE's of horse and human serum could be interpreted according to a single reaction scheme involving an allosteric site and the equation derived from it. Thus activation and inhibition at high substrate concentrations, together with sigmoidal activity versus substrate concentration plots, all of which characterize the reactions of these esterases, could be interpreted by a single scheme and equation. Structural and kinetic comparisons showed a progressive transition of properties from the oCE's through the mCE's to the oBuChE's. One of the purified mCE's was from horse serum, and it exhibited physical and kinetic properties unlike those of the liver mCE's or oCE's.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sorption and desorption behavior of chloroanilines and chlorophenols on montmorillonite and kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Bacterial and archaeal diversity in oil fields and reservoirs and their potential role in hydrocarbon recovery and bioprospecting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrocarbon is a primary source of energy in the current urbanized society. Considering the increasing demand, worldwide oil productions are declining...     

畜禽养殖业污染与循环经济

解决畜禽养殖业的污染问题要以充分利用资源为根本出发点，通过对污染全过程控制及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、无害化、资源化，走循环经济的发展道路。     

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane levels in urban and industrial areas and possible emission-related activities

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane are becoming relevant compounds in urban and industrial air, as they are used in important amounts in automobile industry and building insulation, as well as in the manufacture of foams, rubber, paints and varnishes. Glass multi-sorbent tubes (Carbotrap, Carbopack, Carboxen) were connected to LCMA-UPC pump samplers for the retention of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexanes. The analysis was performed by automatic thermal desorption (ATD) coupled with capillary gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry detector (MSD). TD-GC/MS was chosen as analytical method due to its versatility and the possibility of analysis of a wide range of volatility and polarity VOC in air samples. The method was satisfactory sensitive, selective and reproducible for the studied compounds. The concentrations of iso- and isothioisocyanatocyclohexanes were evaluated in different urban, residential and industrial locations from extensive VOC air quality and odour episode studies in several cities in the Northeastern edge of Spain. Around 200–300 VOC were determined qualitatively in each sample. Higher values of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane were found in industrial areas than in urban or residential locations. The concentrations ranged between n.d.−246 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively, for industrial areas. On the other hand, urban and residential locations showed concentrations ranging between n.d.−164 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively. The site location (urban or industrial), the kind and nearness of possible iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane emission activities (industrial or building construction) and the changes of wind regimes throughout the year have been found the most important factors influencing the concentrations of these compounds in the different places.     

Degradation in soil and water and ecotoxicity of rimsulfuron and its metabolites.

The degradation and ecotoxicity of sulfonylurea herbicide rimsulfuron and its major metabolites were examined in batch samples of an alluvial sandy loam and in freshwater. An HPLC-DAD method was adapted to simultaneously identify and quantify rimsulfuron and its metabolites, which was successfully validated by GC-MS analysis. In aqueous solutions, pure rimsulfuron was rapidly hydrolyzed into metabolite 1 (N-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-N-(3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinylurea)), which itself was transformed into the more stable metabolite 2 (N-((3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinyl)-4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidineamine)), with half-life (t(1/2)) values of 2 and 2.5 days, respectively. Hydrolysis was instantaneous under alkaline conditions (pH = 10). In aqueous suspensions of the alluvial soil (pH = 8), formulated rimsulfuron had a half-life of 7 days, whereas that of metabolite 1 was similar to that in water (about 3.5 days). The degradation of the two major metabolites was also studied in soil suspensions with the pure compounds at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mg l(-1). The half-life of metabolite 1 ranged from 3.9 to 5 days, close to the previous values. Metabolite 2 was more persistent and its degradation is strongly dependent on the initial concentration (C0): half-life values ranged from 8.1 to 55 days at 2-10 mg l(-1), respectively. These values are higher than those determined from the kinetics of metabolite 1 transformation into metabolite 2 (t(1/2) = 8-19 days). The ecotoxicity of the three chemicals was evaluated through their effect on Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri (Microtox bioassay). No effect was observed on D. magna with 24 and 48 h acute toxicity tests. Similarly, no toxic effect was observed with the Microtox test for the three chemicals in the range of concentrations tested that included the field application dose. Thus, being of low persistence and lacking acute toxicity, these chemicals present a low environmental risk. However, chronic effects should be studied in order to confirm the safety of rimsulfuron and its major metabolites.