负载型磷酸氧钒低温脱硝催化剂的制备及其抗硫抗水性能

针对目前低温脱硝催化剂抗硫抗水性较差的不足,以TiO_2为载体负载活性组分V_2O_5,利用磷酸调控表面酸性,制备了磷酸氧钒催化剂VPO/TiO_2,并实验研究了SO_2和水蒸气对其脱硝活性的影响。结果表明:控制P与V的摩尔比为1/5,活性组分(VPO)负载量为10%,焙烧温度为400℃时,催化剂脱硝性能最好,180～400℃温度范围内脱硝率高于98%;反应温度为200℃,烟气中SO_2体积分数为200×10~(-6)～800×10~(-6)和水蒸气体积分数为4%时,催化剂的活性无明显下降。添加磷酸能够促使催化剂表面生成VOPO_4、(VO)_2P_2O_7及V~(4+)/V~(5+)氧化还原电对,提高了催化剂的低温脱硝活性。磷酸可增强催化剂的表面酸性,减少了SO_2的表面吸附及其与活性组分的反应。另外,催化剂表面以介孔为主,可提高未被水分子占据的活性位点量,FT-IR图谱显示抗硫抗水测试后的VPO/TiO_2表面未发现有硫酸根生成,VPO/TiO_2表现出较强的抗SO_2和水蒸气毒化的性能。负载型磷酸氧钒催化剂具有较高的脱硝活性和较强的抗硫抗水性能。     

Mn、Ce掺杂改性γ-Al_2O_3催化剂对燃煤烟气Hg~0去除性能研究

以γ-Al_2O_3为掺杂,通过掺杂Mn、Ce活性物质制备复合催化剂去除模拟烟气中的Hg0,考察了Mn和Ce负载量、催化剂制备煅烧温度、反应温度以及模拟烟气中O_2和SO_2体积分数对于Hg0去除率的影响。结果表明,负载Mn、Ce活性组分后,复合催化剂对燃煤烟气Hg~0的去除率明显高于γ-Al_2O_3。当Mn、Ce负载量分别为0.10、0.02时(以Mn、Ce与Al的摩尔比计)时,制得的催化剂Mn0.10-Ce0.02/γ-Al_2O_3活性最好,催化剂最佳煅烧温度为400℃,最佳反应温度为150℃。常规燃煤烟气条件下的O_2体积分数能够满足Hg~0的有效氧化,烟气中的SO_2会严重抑制Hg~0的氧化。     

催化湿式氧化吡虫啉农药废水催化剂的研究

通过共沉淀法制备了用于湿式氧化吡虫啉农药废水的Cu/Mn复合氧化物催化剂,研究了沉淀剂种类、沉淀温度、焙烧温度和活性组分配比等因素等对Cu/Mn复合氧化物催化剂的活性及稳定性的影响,确定了最佳制备条件,利用BET比表面积测定和XRD对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,优化条件制备的Cu/Mn复合氧化物催化剂催化湿式氧化处理吡虫啉农药废水时,具有较高的催化活性和稳定性.催化剂用量4 g/L,反应温度190℃,氧分压1.6 MPa,反应120 min,COD去除率为92.3%,活性组分溶出量较小.     

催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的研究

以非贵金属Cu、Fe、Mn和Ce为主要活性成分和TiO2、γ-Al2O3为载体，制备了10种用于催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的催化剂。考察了载体、焙烧温度、成分配比对催化剂催化活性与稳定性的影响，研究了氧气分压、催化剂投加量、反应温度和反应时间对催化湿式氧化过程的影响规律。结果表明：（1）Fe-Mn／γ-Al2O3（3：1：1）催化剂是催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的可选催化剂；（2）适宜的氧气供应量为理论需氧量的3．4～4．6倍。催化剂的投加量以10g／L为佳；在300℃下反应30min或在280℃下反应60min,处理水可达到污水综合排放标准GB9878—1996的三级标准。     

催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的研究

以非贵金属Cu、Fe、Mn和Ce为主要活性成分和TiO2、-γA l2O3为载体,制备了10种用于催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的催化剂。考察了载体、焙烧温度、成分配比对催化剂催化活性与稳定性的影响,研究了氧气分压、催化剂投加量、反应温度和反应时间对催化湿式氧化过程的影响规律。结果表明:(1)Fe-Mn/-γA l2O3(3∶1∶1)催化剂是催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的可选催化剂;(2)适宜的氧气供应量为理论需氧量的3.4~4.6倍,催化剂的投加量以10 g/L为佳;在300℃下反应30 m in或在280℃下反应60 m in,处理水可达到污水综合排放标准GB9878-1996的三级标准。     

钛基催化剂的制备及其催化氧化苯乙烯性能

采用溶胶凝胶法制备负载型催化剂MnOx/TiO2和V2O5/TiO2,对比选择MnOx/TiO2催化剂。考察了锰系催化剂的活性组分负载量、焙烧温度及Ce掺杂量对催化氧化苯乙烯的影响,并结合XRD、BET和SEM表征手段对催化剂进行微观分析。结果表明,MnOx/TiO2对苯乙烯有良好的催化活性,Mn与Ti的摩尔比为0.1,焙烧温度为500℃时,起燃温度T50仅为150℃,当反应温度为254℃时,苯乙烯去除率超过90%。当掺杂Ce后催化剂MnOx-CeO2/TiO2对苯乙烯催化燃烧的起燃温度和完全转化温度均有明显降低,催化剂表面燃烧物颗粒的粒径有所减小,分散均匀,更有利于苯乙烯的催化燃烧处理。     

Fe掺杂Mn-Ce/AC催化剂的制备及其低温脱硝

以活性炭为载体,采用浸渍法制备了一系列Fe掺杂Mn-Ce/AC催化剂,研究了Fe的添加量、焙烧温度对催化剂低温脱硝活性的影响;采用了XRD、SEM和N2吸附-脱附技术对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,Fe的添加能有效提高Mn-Ce/AC的低温脱硝活性,当Fe的添加量为Fe/Mn(摩尔比)为0.1时,催化剂比表面积大,活性组分的分散程度较高,催化剂低温脱硝性能最优,添加量大于0.1时,更多的Fe沉积在载体表面,催化剂活性降低。焙烧温度影响负载氧化物的价态和晶体的分散度,在400℃温度下焙烧时,催化剂低温脱硝性能最佳,此时催化剂孔隙结构较优,活性组分的分散程度也较高。     

微波催化反应中Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3的制备及催化性能研究

以γ-Al2O3为载体,通过等体积浸渍法制备一种载铁催化剂。以微波非均相Fenton反应对甲基橙的脱色效果作为判断催化剂活性的依据,分别考察浸渍液(Fe(NO3)3.9H2O溶液)浓度、焙烧温度、焙烧升温速率、焙烧时间对催化性能的影响,并对复杂协同体系中的反应机制进行初步探讨。结果表明,在浸渍液浓度为8%(质量分数)、焙烧温度为300℃、焙烧升温速率为10℃/min、焙烧时间为2h时催化剂Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3活性最优;复杂协同体系作用机制表现为微波非热效应降低甲基橙分子化学键强度,热效应促使催化剂表面产生"热点",3者(微波、H2O2、催化剂)协同强化催化氧化反应。然而,在微波催化过程中,催化剂孔道坍塌可能影响催化剂活性。     

SO_2对Zr掺杂Mn-Ce/GR催化剂低温脱硝性能的影响

通过水热法分别制备掺杂Zr、Sb、Sn和Si的Mn-Ce/石墨烯(Mn-Ce/GR)催化剂,考察了其在低温氨气选择性催化还原(NH_3-SCR)过程中对NO_x的去除效率和抗SO_2中毒性能。结果显示,掺杂Zr后,催化剂具有良好的低温脱硝活性,在120℃时,其NO_x转化率和N_2选择性分别达到97.26%和98.97%,且当进气中SO_2的体积分数为200×10~(-6)时,其抗硫性明显优于掺杂其他3种元素的催化剂,原因是硫酸盐在掺杂Zr催化剂表面的沉积速率有所减缓。通过Raman、XRD、HRTEM、SEM、BET、XPS、FT-IR、H_2-TPR以及NH_3-TPD等表征手段对掺杂Zr的Mn-Ce/GR新鲜催化剂和失活样品进行表征分析。发现,SO_2对掺杂Zr催化剂的毒化作用主要有4个方面:Oα大量减少,还原能力减弱;活性组分CeO_2含量减少,储氧能力减弱;催化剂表面Zr含量减少,酸性位点减少;硫酸盐和硝酸盐在催化剂表面大量沉积,减少了催化剂的比表面积。     

活性组分稀土氧化物对甲苯催化燃烧性能的影响

以活性组分氧化铜、氧化锰为基础,加入活性组分稀土氧化物,研究对甲苯催化燃烧性能影响。研究结果表明,在所选稀土氧化物中,加入氧化铈时甲苯的起燃温度和完全燃烧温度最低;在一定的负载量下,Cu∶Mn∶Ce摩尔比为1∶2∶0.7时,制备的Cu Mn Ce/Zr O2整体催化剂甲苯完全燃烧温度最低;催化剂合理的焙烧温度为500℃,此时甲苯的起燃温度约200℃,完全燃烧温度为220℃;催化剂合理的焙烧时间为3 h。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.