我国维生素C生产过程甲醇挥发损失的估算

通过对我国主要维生素C生产厂家的生产工艺及主要VOCs甲醇的排放节点(包括酯化反应、离心机排气、精馏塔尾气、储罐呼吸)的调研和分析,结合行业协会和国家统计局统计的数据,利用生产过程物料衡算和中国石油化工系统经验公式,估算了生产单位质量(103 t)维生素C各排放节点甲醇的挥发损失量,并且建立了2007—2011年主要维生素C生产厂家甲醇的年挥发损失清单. 结果表明:生产单位质量维生素C时,酯化反应节点甲醇的挥发损失量为4.25 t/103　t,离心机排气为3.36 t/103　t,精馏塔尾气为0.63 t/103　t,储罐呼吸为0.35 t/103　t;甲醇挥发损失主要集中在酯化反应和离心机排气2个排放节点,二者挥发损失量各占排放节点挥发损失总量的50%和39%;2007—2011年我国10家主要维生素C生产厂家甲醇的年挥发损失总量已达1 000 t以上.      

江苏太湖地区水污染导致工业损失的初步估算

本文对污染损失计算所应包含的内容提出了新看法,主要分析了江苏太湖地区水污染对工业生产的影响,并重点对供水不足、水处理费用上涨、产品质量降低、地下水位降落等诸方面损失进行了估算。     

水污染对淡水渔业影响的损失估算

基于环境经济学基本原理,本文说明水污染给淡水渔业带来的损失主要是由其引起的资源损失、事故损失和防护支出组成。本文提出上述各项费用的计算方法并给出一个实例的计算结果。     

对中国环境污染损失估算的评估与建议

介绍了中国环境质量价值评估主要研究成果 ,指出了中国环境污染损失估算中存在的问题 ,提出了改进的建议     

虎林湿地变化造成农业损失的估算

自50年代初至2001年,50年来虎林市境内以平原沼泽型为主的湿地面积损失了三分之二,引起灾害性气候增加,造成了一定程度的农业损失,文章通过公式计算得出了农业损失值。     

用BP神经网络模型定量估算石化企业炼油废水处理中的VOCs

将BP神经网络理论引入石化企业炼油厂废水处理中的VOCs挥发量估算。在分析影响VOCs挥发因素的基础上,利用基于MATLAB神经网络工具箱的图形用户界面GUI,建立了石化企业炼油废水处理中VOCs挥发量估算的BP神经网络模型。用该模型对样本集进行了学习训练和仿真测试,并将训练好的神经网络应用于相关实例的估算。结果表明,应用BP神经网络方法进行石化企业炼油废水处理中VOCs挥发量估算结果与美国环保局推荐软件WATER9的计算结果误差在1.49%~17.46%之间,为石化企业炼油废水处理中VOCs挥发量估算提供了一种较为可靠的方法。     

基于氨挥发因子方法的中国农田氨排放量估算

农田是氨的主要排放源,估算农田的氨挥发量可以明确其潜在的生态环境风险,为制定农田氨减排策略提供科学依据.通过文献收集,建立了包含867对观测值的中国农田氨挥发数据库,然后以氮肥施用量为自变量,氮肥施用引起的氨排放量为因变量,计算得到体现农业区、作物类型、肥料类型、土壤pH差异的氨挥发因子,采用独立样本进行验证,发现计算得到的氨挥发因子可以无偏地、较为准确地估算中国农田的氨挥发.不同区域、作物和管理措施下的氨挥发因子有显著差异,整体上,由于南方地区年均温和年降雨量均高于北方,导致南方的氨挥发因子高于北方,而碱性土壤的氨挥发因子高于中性和酸性土壤;与单施化肥相比,多数情况下施用有机肥可降低氨挥发因子,使用缓释控释肥或抑制剂可显著降低氨挥发因子;以单施化肥为例,水稻种植的氨挥发因子为9.9%~37.0%,高于蔬菜（2.2%~13.0%）和其他作物（3.3%~8.0%）.2015年中国农田由无机氮肥使用引起的氨排放总量为3.21 Tg,95%置信区间为2.92~3.46 Tg,其中,粮食作物和蔬菜占比最高,分别为66%和20%,豆科作物占比最低（0.8%）.由于气候、土壤、作物类型的差异,氨挥发呈现明显的空间异质性,长江中下游区排放量最高,而青藏区排放量最低.     

水带蜿蜒铺设时水头损失估算及火场供水研究

本文用管道内流体的水头损失规律,对水头损失产生的原因、计算公式及影响因素进行了分析,研究了水带蜿蜒铺设时火场供水的特点,并提出了弯曲铺设水带的水头损失估算值。     

林地生态用水亏缺的经济损失估算研究

以植被微观用水过程为核心,提出林地生态用水可划分为生理消耗性用水、生态消耗性用水和非消耗性用水.探讨了林地生态系统生态用水亏缺的生态效应,并基于绿色植物的光合作用机理和生态服务功能理论,界定了林地生态用水亏缺的损失内容,构建了林地生态系统生态用水亏缺的损失估算方法.以我国北方生态环境用水亏缺的典型地域--黄淮海地区为例进行了实例研究,结果表明,黄淮海地区由林地生态系统生态用水亏缺导致的经济损失约为99.115×108元·a-1,生态用水亏缺的经济损失率达到3.53元·m-3,远高于黄淮海地区单位国民经济用水量收益率、单位农业用水收益率和单位工业用水收益.     

水热炭减少稻田氨挥发损失的效果与机制

作为生物质水热碳化的产物,水热炭因其丰富的孔隙结构和官能团等良好的表面特性,在稻田氨(NH₃)挥发减排方面有着良好的应用前景.本研究将水热炭作为一种土壤调理剂施加到稻田土壤中,通过水稻全生育期土柱试验,考察其对稻田氨挥发的影响.试验通过设置3个处理:CKU(不施加水热炭对照)、SHC(锯末水热炭)和W-SHC(水洗锯末水热炭),研究了不同水热炭对田面水pH、田面水NH₄⁺-N浓度、氨挥发排放通量和累积量及单位产量氨挥发排放累积量的影响.其中水热炭和水洗水热炭施加量为0. 5%(质量分数).结果表明,SHC处理显著降低了NH₃挥发累积排放量和单位产量NH₃挥发累积排放量(P <0. 05),相比CKU分别减少了32. 42%和47. 61%. W-SHC处理氨挥发减排效果稍弱,NH₃挥发累积排放量和单位产量NH₃挥发累积排放量相比CKU分别减少了10. 14%和27. 71%.氨挥发减排可能与水热炭的施用导致的田面水pH变化和NH...     

Application of hinokitiol potassium salt for wood preservative

The decay of wood and other cellulosic materials by fungi cause significant economic loss. The widely used chromated copper arsenate was prohibited for the environmental impact and safety of arsenic and chromium. It was found that natural product hinokitiol (HK) had fungicidal and insecticidal activities, and its toxicity was bearable for the environment. We described the practical synthesis of HK-K salt. According to the GB/T18261-2000 and LY/T1283-1998, wood preservative performance of HK-K salt was tested. The results showed that the best inhibitory concentration of HK-K salt was 50 mg/L, for which the prevention effectiveness on mold is better, the killed value is between 0 and 1, and the corrosion-resistant for wood-rotting fungi is grade A.     

Application of hinokitiol potassium salt for wood preservative

The decay of wood and other cellulosic materials by fungi cause significant economic loss. The widely used chromated copper arsenate was prohibited for the environmental impact and safety of arsenic and chromium. It was found that natural product hinokitiol (HK) had fungicidal and insecticidal activities, and its toxicity was bearable for the environment. We described the practical synthesis of HK-K salt. According to the GB/T18261-2000 and LY/T1283-1998, wood preservative performance of HK-K salt was tested. The results showed that the best inhibitory concentration of HK-K salt was 50 mg/L, for which the prevention effectiveness on mold is better, the killed value is between 0 and 1, and the corrosion-resistant for wood-rotting fungi is grade A.     

大连湾挥发性有机污染物挥发速率常数估算

本文采用气－液双膜模型和大连湾水文参数，对大连湾检测出的挥发性有机物的挥发速率常数进行估算。结果表明，三氯乙烯等１４种挥发性有机物在大连湾海域中的挥发速率常数在８．０×１０＾－３ｈ－１－１．４×１０＾－２×＾－１之间，挥发半衰期在５０ｈ＝８０ｈ之间。因此，挥发至大气是这些在机物主要归宿。     

华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系氮肥的氨挥发

 利用可多点原位测定氨挥发的风洞系统,监测了华北平原2002～2004年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系传统和优化氮肥管理下的氨挥发损失.结果表明,氨挥发主要发生在施肥后2～3周内,以施肥后连续采样15d的氨挥发累积量作为总排放量,相同施氮量下生长季夏玉米的氨挥发大于冬小麦.优化处理的氨挥发平均损失率(35.9%)显著高于传统处理(20.9%),但从氨挥发绝对量上看,传统处理为125.1kgN/hm²,优化处理为42.3kgN/hm²,降幅达66.2%.施肥和灌水方式显著影响氨挥发,撒施碳铵后翻耕的氨挥发损失为10.1%,追肥撒施的氨挥发损失平均为24.6%;撒施尿素后立即灌水,氨挥发损失为19.7%,5h后灌水氨挥发损失为34.0%,增加了72.6%.     

Ammonia volatilization from a Chinese cabbage field under different nitrogen treatments in the Taihu Lake Basin, China

Ammonia(NH_3) volatilization is a major pathway of nitrogen(N) loss from soil-crop systems.As vegetable cultivation is one of the most important agricultural land uses worldwide,a deeper understanding of NH_3 volatilization is necessary in vegetable production systems.We therefore conducted a 3-year(2010–2012) field experiment to characterize NH_3 volatilization and evaluate the effect of different N fertilizer treatments on this process during the growth period of Chinese cabbage.Ammonia volatilization rate,rainfall,soil water content,p H,and soil NH_4~+were measured during the growth period.The results showed that NH_3 volatilization was significantly and positively correlated to topsoil p H and NH4+concentration.Climate factors and fertilization method also significantly affected NH_3 volatilization.Specifically,organic fertilizer(OF) increased NH_3 volatilization by 11.77%–18.46%,compared to conventional fertilizer(CF,urea),while organic–inorganic compound fertilizer(OIF) reduced NH_3 volatilization by 8.82%–12.67% compared to CF.Furthermore,slow-release fertilizers had significantly positive effects on controlling NH_3 volatilization,with a 60.73%–68.80% reduction for sulfur-coated urea(SCU),a 71.85%–78.97% reduction for biological Carbon Power~#174; urea(BCU),and a 77.66%–83.12% reduction for bulk-blend controlled-release fertilizer(BBCRF)relative to CF.This study provides much needed baseline information,which will help in fertilizer choice and management practices to reduce NH_3 volatilization and encourage the development of new strategies for vegetable planting.     

Effect of Trichoderma viride biofertilizer on ammonia volatilization from an alkaline soil in Northern China

Ammonia(NH3) volatilization is one of the primary pathways of nitrogen(N) loss from soils after chemical fertilizer is applied, especially from the alkaline soils in Northern China, which results in lower efficiency for chemical fertilizers. Therefore, we conducted an incubation experiment using an alkaline soil from Tianjin(p H 8.37–8.43) to evaluate the suppression effect of Trichoderma viride(T. viride) biofertilizer on NH3 volatilization, and compared the differences in microbial community structure among all samples. The results showed that viable T. viride biofertilizer(T) decreased NH_3 volatilization by 42.21% compared with conventional fertilizer((CK), urea), while nonviable T. viride biofertilizer(TS) decreased NH_3 volatilization by 32.42%. NH_3 volatilization was significantly higher in CK and sweet potato starch wastewater(SPSW) treatments during the peak period. T. viride biofertilizer also improved the transfer of ammonium from soil to sweet sorghum. Plant dry weights increased 91.23% and 61.08% for T and TS, respectively, compared to CK. Moreover, T. viride biofertilizer enhanced nitrification by increasing the abundance of ammonium-oxidizing archaea(AOA) and ammonium-oxidizing bacteria(AOB). The results of high-throughput sequencing indicated that the microbial community structure and composition were significantly changed by the application of T. viride biofertilizer. This study demonstrated the immense potential of T. viride biofertilizer in reducing NH_3 volatilization from alkaline soil and simultaneously improving the utilization of fertilizer N by sweet sorghum.     

Effect of the chemical forms of selenium on its volatilization from soils in Chinese low-selenium belt

Bio-availability of different forms of selenium and its rate of volatilization from soils in Chinese low-selenium belt were examined. Adding directly solutions of either inorganic or organic selenium compounds to soil could only slightly increase the rate of selenium volatilization from soil. Volatilization of selenium from soil was largely enhanced when certain nutritional solutions along with selenium compounds were added. Garlic water extract and seleno-amino acids, i.e., seleno-methionine and seleno-cysteine, were found more effective for their bio-availability to the volatilization process. Under laboratory simulating conditions, the volatilization rate of selenium from different types of soils in Chinese low-selenium belt was found in the range of 0.10-0.27 ng.kg-1 soil.day-1 over a 17 days period, generally followed by a decline with time of incubation.     

运用Jayaweera-Mikkelsen模型对太湖地区水稻田稻季氨挥发的模拟

运用密闭气室通气法测定了太湖地区典型水稻田lysimeter实验中肥料施用后的稻季氨挥发动态变化和总损失量,并使用Jayaweera-Mikkelsen氨挥发模型验证了测定结果.田间测定结果表明,施用普通尿素和控释尿素后的氨挥发显著不同,在水稻生育期普通尿素的氨挥发损失达施入N量的29%～35%,不同施N水平间差异显著;而不同用量的控释尿素的氨挥发损失则相对一致,仅为施入N量的5%.模型高估了生育期的氨挥发总量,特别是在普通尿素高挥发时期造成了较大偏差.对尿素处理,模型预测值与实测值的比率为2.95～4.19;对控释尿素处理,预测值对实测值有正负偏差,比率为1.19～1.40.运用预测值与实测值的级数商评价了模型的实用性.通过灵敏度分析,对模型中的参数NH 4-N的浓度进行了修正,引入了限制条件.修正后的模型能够很好地满足对高挥发量的预测,模拟结果比率为1.12～1.28.实测田面水中的NH 4-N浓度不能代表模型中参与计算的实际浓度,可能原因是藻类活动对NH 4-N浓度和氨挥发过程产生的影响.     

海滨景观环境污染的经济损失估算

本文应用调查评价法理论，对烟台芝罘湾海滨景观遭受环境污染的程度，进行了经济损失估算。调查问卷中设计了一些问题，其结果给出了不同人群的支付愿望和经济损失价值。