猪粪降解液改性沸石、膨润土的制备研究

采用湿法工艺用猪粪降解液对沸石、膨润土进行有机改性,通过单因素法分别改变猪粪降解液的加入量、体系pH值、反应温度和反应时间4个因素,研究其对水样中Cu2+吸附性能的影响.结果表明,当猪粪与钙基膨润土的质量比为1∶1,pH值为9.0,反应温度为60 ℃,搅拌反应时间为2.5 h时,制备的改性膨润土对160 mg*L-1的Cu2+水样中Cu2+的去除率达91.29%;当猪粪与沸石的质量比为1∶2,pH值为7.0,反应温度为60 ℃,搅拌反应时间为2.0 h时,制备的改性沸石对160 mg*L-1的Cu2+水样中Cu2+的去除率达92.01%;在最佳制备条件下,改性沸石与改性膨润土对Cu2+的去除率相差不大.     

CTMAB改性沸石及其对对硝基苯酚吸附效果的研究

为提高沸石对水体中有机污染物的吸附效果,采用酸热活化-十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)改性沸石,研究了改性沸石吸附对硝基苯酚的能力,探讨了改性条件对沸石吸附能力的影响和改性沸石吸附对硝基苯酚的适宜条件.结果表明,改性溶液中CTMAB的量低于沸石阳离子交换量时,沸石负载表面活性剂的量越大,所得到的有机沸石对对硝基苯酚的吸附能力越强; 改性溶液pH值增大,所获得的有机沸石吸附对硝基苯酚的能力也增强.CTMAB溶液的质量分数为1.1%,改性时间为2 h所制备的有机沸石对对硝基苯酚有较高的去除率.在利用已制备的有机沸石处理污水中对硝基苯酚的实际应用中,有机沸石投加量为25 g/L,对硝基苯酚溶液在pH值为6,振荡50 min的条件下,有机沸石对对硝基苯酚的去除率可达98.3%.     

改性沸石处理氨氮废水的研究进展

通过分析天然沸石不同的改性、再生方式,总结了物理单一、化学单一和物化复合等3种改性方式对氨氮废水的吸附效果及物理法、化学法、生物法和电化学法等4种再生方法对沸石的再生效果。研究表明:钠盐和阴离子表面活性剂单一改性对氨氮废水具有较好的吸附效果,钠盐+微波复合改性较单一改性效果更好,微波+化学试剂法是一种高效快速的再生方法。     

痕量邻苯二甲酸酯在有机沸石上的等温吸附研究

用一定量的阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵和阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠混合对天然沸石改性,制备了CTMAB改性沸石和SDS/CTMAB改性沸石两种有机改性沸石.采用静态吸附法研究了水中痕量邻苯二甲酸酯在天然沸石、CTMAB改性沸石、SDS/CTMAB改性沸石上的等温吸附情况和吸附机理.结果表明,天然沸石对邻苯二甲酸酯的吸附等温线呈非线性,为表面吸附;两种有机沸石的等温吸附曲线呈线性,主要为分配作用所致,分配作用的大小与有机碳含量、改性的表面活性剂种类有关.     

改性沸石去除水中氟化物性能研究

以盐酸和氯化铁溶液为活性剂,用高温活化的方法将天然斜发沸石进行改性,对模拟含氟废水进行静态吸附试验,研究改性沸石对水中氟化物的吸附性能,考察了沸石粒径、投加量、吸附时间、pH值、初始质量浓度对氟化物处理效果的影响.结果表明,在活化沸石粒径为0.25～0.38 mm,用量为1.0g/100 mL,不调节酸碱度的条件下,常温下吸附2h,氟化物的去除率可达83％.绘制的吸附等温线较好地符合Langmuir吸附等温方程.     

改性沸石对2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附性能研究

采用溴化十六烷基三甲铵(HDTMAB)制备了改性沸石，并研究了其吸附性能的影响因素，包括HDTMAB的加入量、有机污染物的初始质量浓度、溶液的pH值等，绘制了改性沸石吸附2，4-DCP的吸附等温线并得到了饱和吸附容量。结果表明，改性沸石对2，4-二氯苯酚(2，4-DCP)具有很好的吸附效果，实验条件下对2，4-DCP的去除率可达90％以上。     

改性沸石对印染废水深度处理的试验研究

采用改性沸石对印染废水进行深度处理,考察了沸石投加量、pH值、反应时间和振荡速度对改性沸石吸附效果的影响.结果表明:最佳吸附条件为沸石投加量2 g,振荡速率130 r/min,振荡时间60min,废水pH值9.33.正交试验可得,在沸石投加量、pH值、振荡时间3个影响因素中,振荡时间影响最大.     

HDTMA改性沸石同步去除氨氮和磷酸盐的效果及规律研究

天然沸石具有去除阳离子氨氮的作用,但不具有去除阴离子的作用.用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)对天然沸石进行改性.在静态条件下,利用天然沸石及改性沸石对模拟污水中氮磷的去除效果和规律进行了研究.结果表明,天然沸石对氨氮的去除率在75％以上,对磷几乎没有去除.HDTMA改性后的沸石对氨氮的去除率有所下降,但在5％之内;对磷酸盐的去除有明显提高,最佳改性剂质量浓度为30 g/L.随污染物质量浓度增加,改性沸石的吸附量增大,最后缓慢趋于平衡;吸附平衡数据与Langmuir等温吸附模型十分吻合.正交试验结果显示,混合溶液中各目标污染物之间没有相互干扰作用.氨氮的绝对浓度是改性沸石对氨氮吸附最主要的影响因素,表面活性剂质量浓度是改性沸石吸附磷酸盐最重要的影响因素.在污染物配比、污染物浓度级别、改性剂质量浓度分别为30:5、1和30 g/L时,改性沸石对磷酸根的去除率最大,为56.6％,同时氨氮的去除率高达93.6％.     

剩余污泥制备活性炭吸附剂及其应用研究

以城市污水厂剩余污泥为原料,采用不同活化方法制备活性炭吸附剂,同时对比不同活化剂活化效果,并对影响活化产物吸附性能的因素进行了研究.结果表明,化学活化法制备的活性炭吸附剂性能较好,最佳活化剂为ZnCl2与H2S04复配试剂.其最佳制备条件为:活化剂ZnCl2与H2SO4浓度均为5 mol·L-1(ZnCl2与H2SO4复配比例为2:1),活化温度550℃,固液比1:2.5,活化时间2 h.制备的活性炭吸附剂碘吸附值为488.02 mg·g-1,得率为86.6%.活性炭吸附剂比表面积为144.47m2·g-1,孔体积为0.05 mL·g-1,微孔体积为0.02 mL·g,平均孔径为38.51 nm.热分析干污泥在244.62℃失重(约为34 19%),失重成分主要是污泥中的有机物挥发组分.采用制备的活性炭吸附剂处理城市污水,COD去除率较高,污水色度也有了较大改善.     

磷酸改性油茶壳活性炭吸附水中的氨氮研究

水体中氨氮的过量容易导致水体富营养化,对自然环境造成极大的破坏。以磷酸为活化剂,按照不同的实验条件改性制备了油茶壳活性炭,利用所制备的油茶壳活性炭对水体中的氨氮进行了吸附,探讨了活化温度、活化剂浓度、吸附时间、氨氮初始浓度对吸附效果的影响,并进行了吸附热力学和动力学分析。结果表明:活化温度550℃,磷酸质量浓度50%时制备的油茶壳活性炭吸附水中氨氮的效果最佳。吸附过程在6 h左右时达到平衡,符合准二级动力学模型。吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,对氨氮的实际最大吸附量可达到12.51 mg/g。0.1 g的磷酸改性油茶壳活性炭对初始质量浓度为4 mg/L的氨氮废水中氨氮的去除率可以达到90.5%,吸附效果良好。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。