咪唑烟酸在土壤中的残留分布与消解动态

以亚热带坡地毛竹林地为试验背景,结合室内控制条件下的降解试验,研究咪唑烟酸在土壤中的分布与归趋,以指导咪唑烟酸在类似地区的安全使用。结果表明,实验室条件下,咪唑烟酸在土壤中的微生物降解较缓慢,降解半衰期为77 d,可能是因为纯毛竹林地土壤中可降解咪唑烟酸的微生物较少或活性较低所致。田间条件下,咪唑烟酸残留主要分布在0～20 cm深度土层。当施用前期咪唑烟酸浓度较高时,随降水作用咪唑烟酸淋溶现象明显,径流损失也较严重;施用后期土壤中咪唑烟酸浓度较低时,其消解受降水影响较小,主要表现为微生物降解作用。咪唑烟酸在土壤中具有一定的移动性和稳定性,在降水量较大的山区使用时,应注意其对下游水源和环境生物的影响。     

TiO2对毒死蜱在土壤表面光降解的催化作用

以太阳光为光源研究了TiO2用量、毒死蜱初始浓度、土壤厚度对毒死蜱在土壤中的光解行为的影响.结果表明:毒死蜱的光解符合准一级动力学方程,且随添加TiO2用量从0 mg·kg-1增加到200 mg·kg-1,毒死蜱的一级光解动力学常数也增大,其中最快的降解速率是最慢的1.51倍.在含有TiO2的土壤中,添加浓度相对较低的情况下,毒死蜱的降解较快;毒死蜱在不同厚度土壤中的光解速率不同,土壤厚度较大的情况下.毒死蜱的半衰期也比较大.     

异菌脲在土壤中的降解和移动性研究

为明确异菌脲在土壤中的迁移和归趋特征,采用室内模拟方法研究异菌脲在4种不同类型土壤中的降解和移动性以及不同因素对异菌脲降解的影响。结果表明,异菌脲在不同类型土壤中的降解顺序为东北黑土青海草甸土南京黄棕壤江西红壤,降解半衰期分别为7.2、8.6、12.7和16.9 d,异菌脲在4种土壤中均属于易降解农药。土壤湿度越大,异菌脲降解越快,渍水条件下降解速率加快,说明厌氧微生物对异菌脲降解起重要作用。微生物和有机质对异菌脲在土壤降解过程中有一定的促进作用,在微生物、有机质存在的条件下异菌脲降解速率分别提高1.8倍、3.7倍。薄层层析试验表明,异菌脲在南京黄棕壤、东北黑土、江西红壤和青海草甸土的比移值(R_f)分别为0.19、0.17、0.29和0.17,异菌脲在4种土壤中均属于不易移动,土柱淋溶试验结果表明,异菌脲在4种土壤中均属于难淋溶,不易通过淋溶作用造成地下水污染。     

热带亚热带多雨湿润区旱地土壤氮肥淋溶损失模拟研究

用土柱研究旱地土壤60cm土体夏季的氮肥淋溶损失,结果表明,在土壤施尿素后35d内淋水350mm,在不产生泾流的条件下,淋失率平均为25．5％。还探讨了氮肥淋溶过程中的氮形态变化,以及施氮量和土层深度对氮肥淋浴损失的影响。     

涕灭威农药污染地下水的影响因子分析

农药在土壤中的淋溶受许多因子的影响与制约。本文根据农药在土壤中的环境行为，建立了农药土壤残留动态与淋溶归宿的计算机模型，并用此模型计算了模拟各种不同环境条件下涕灭威农药在土层中的淋溶情况。结果表明：农药的使用量、土层中农药的降解半衰期、施药地区土壤的质地、降水或灌溉水量及其距施药后的时间对涕灭威在土层中的淋溶有较大的影响，而土壤有机碳含量则影响不大；地下水埋深对农药地下水污染的影响颇大。地下水埋深不足１ｍ的地区，极易受农药的污染。     

菠菜对土壤中毒死蜱残留的吸收研究

农田土壤中农药污染是农产品质量全程控制的重要环节。采用盆栽法研究菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.spinach)对土壤中毒死蜱的吸收情况。结果表明土壤中的毒死蜱能够被菠菜吸收,吸收量与土壤中的残留量呈一定的线性关系,r2=0.9538。土壤中毒死蜱残留量为3.74～67.7mg·kg-1时,菠菜中毒死蜱残留量为0.006～1.098mg·kg-1。毒死蜱在土壤中的残留量不同,其降解速率也不同,半衰期从15.4d到44.4d不等。土壤中高毒死蜱残留时能够影响菠菜产量,造成单株重量下降;但不影响菠菜的出苗率,处理间没有显著差异。试验结果表明即使土壤中含有毒死蜱残留,在正常情况不会对菠菜中毒死蜱残留造成很大影响,产品符合我国食品中规定毒死蜱在叶菜类为0.1mg·kg-1的标准要求,但是蔬菜加工出口企业要关注土壤中毒死蜱残留问题,以免生产出不符合进口国要求的菠菜产品。该试验研究为农产品全程质量控制和农田农药污染指标的设定提供一些理论依据。     

降解毒死蜱曲霉Y的分离和降解效能测定

毒死蜱在灭菌土壤、施用过和未施用过毒死蜱的土壤中的降解速率测定表明：土壤中的微生物在毒死蜱的降解中起着重要的作用。同时，毒死蜱在连续使用后，降解速度大大加快，说明毒死蜱可诱发降解菌的产生，从连续使用毒死蜱的土壤中分离了1株可降解毒死蝗的真菌曲霉Y。测定了曲霉Y在不同接菌量、不同温度、不同毒死蜱浓度及不同碳源浓度下对毒死蜱的降解能力，同时，还测定了曲霉Y其他杀虫剂的降解能力。图6参13。     

人工甜味剂在不同类型土壤中的淋溶行为研究

人工甜味剂(artificial sweeteners)是一类人工合成或半合成的蔗糖替代品,广泛应用于食品、药物、个人护理品和饲料中,但是大多数人工甜味剂在人和动物体内几乎不被代谢而随尿液和粪便直接进入环境。在天津污水河沿线及甜味剂厂附近不同深度土层中检测到安赛蜜、糖精、甜蜜素和三氯蔗糖。为探讨人工甜味剂在土壤中的移动性及其对地下水污染的风险,应用土柱淋溶实验研究了安赛蜜和三氯蔗糖在2种土壤中的淋溶行为,并观测了人工甜味剂淋溶对土柱淋出液的溶解性有机质(DOM)、pH以及电导率(EC)的影响。结果表明安赛蜜和三氯蔗糖在2种土壤中表现出较强的移动性,超过87%的甜味剂均被淋出,只有不到13%的甜味剂被土壤截留或损失,因此对地下水具有较大的风险。安赛蜜和三氯蔗糖能够促进土壤溶解性有机质的溶出,但对淋出液的pH和电导率无显著影响。     

毒死蜱农药环境行为研究

研究了毒死蜱农药在环境中的水解、土壤吸附和土壤消解行为。实验结果表明,毒死蜱在水体中降解较慢,半衰期为 ２５．６ ｄ;土壤具有较强的吸持毒死蜱农药的能力;该农药在土壤中的消解也较慢。     

高尔夫球场土壤和水中毒死蜱农药残留的测定

介绍了土壤和水样中毒死蜱农药残留的测定方法 ,并应用该方法调查了某地高尔夫球场使用毒死蜱农药后对周围土壤和地表水的污染影响。测定结果表明 ,在调查区范围内 ,地表水中毒死蜱农药的浓度小于 0 .4μg/L。参照国外有关标准 ,它低于美国健康与福利部 (MHW)制定的高尔夫球场饮用水中允许的残留值 (毒死蜱 :4μg/L )。     

Epiphyte metapopulation dynamics are explained by species traits, connectivity, and patch dynamics

The colonization-extinction dynamics of many species are affected by the dynamics of their patches. For increasing our understanding of the metapopulation dynamics of sessile species confined to dynamic patches, we fitted a Bayesian incidence function model extended for dynamic landscapes to snapshot data on five epiphytic lichens among 2083 mapped oaks (dynamic patches). We estimate the age at which trees become suitable patches for different species, which defines their niche breadth (number of suitable trees). We show that the colonization rates were generally low, but increased with increasing connectivity in accordance with metapopulation theory. The rates were related to species traits, and we show, for the first time, that they are higher for species with wide niches and small dispersal propagules than for species with narrow niches or large propagules. We also show frequent long-distance dispersal in epiphytes by quantifying the relative importance of local dispersal and background deposition of dispersal propagules. Local stochastic extinctions from intact trees were negligible in all study species, and thus, the extinction rate is set by the rate of patch destruction (tree fall). These findings mean that epiphyte metapopulations may have slow colonization-extinction dynamics that are explained by connectivity, species traits, and patch dynamics.     

Ungulate population dynamics and optimization models

Optimal harvesting strategies for an ungulate population are estimated using stochastic dynamic programming. Data on the Llano Basin white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population were used to construct a 2-variable population dynamics model. The model provided the basis for estimating optimal harvesting strategies as a feedback function of the current values of the state variables (prefawning older deer and juveniles). Optimal harvest strategies were insensitive to assumptions about the probability distributions of the stochastic variable (rainfall). The response of the population components to harvesting and the returns obtained from applying optimal strategies were explored through simulation. Mean annual harvest is about 15% of the population. Simplified harvesting strategies based on age-ratios as well as a simplified version based on optimal strategies—but assuming persisting equilibrium juvenile deer density—were compared to optimal strategies through examining values of information. Simplified harvesting strategies lead to a lower harvest over a 50-year simulation period.     

Chaotic dynamics in a multispecies community

Environmental and Ecological Statistics - It is shown that community dynamics is neither haphazard nor completely directed. This is quite clear from our examination of a concrete example where...     

Computer simulation of barren-ground caribou dynamics

This paper describes a simulation model of a Canadian caribou population. The model was constructed by an interdisciplinary team of field biologists, managers, and systems ecologists. Population dynamics are represented in terms of age structure, with age-dependent survival and fecundity. Biomass dynamics of the major food species are also simulated, and the food dynamics interact with the caribou population through a foraging submodel that explicitly considers snow depth, seasonal migrations, and total area of useable winter habitat. The model was used to examine two hypotheses regarding the abundance of barren-ground caribou. It was shown that there is no reason to suspect that food supply currently limits the population size; instead, hunting pressure appears to be the critical variable. The implications of this finding for population management are discussed.     

Spatial dynamics of Mediterranean coastal regions

During recent decades the northern shores of the Mediterranean have experienced a rapid transformation; mainly due to touristic development. At present, more than 25% of the worldÕs hotel accommodation is found in the Mediterranean. This paper presents some figures illustrating the related growth of different sectors of coastal economy, such as housing, tourism, industry and traffic. A better control of these developments is urgently needed. To this end a spatial planning policy should be elaborated which fully incorporates environmental issues. The concept of integrated coastal (zone) management has only recently been introduced in regional and national policies. A classification of spatial dynamics including settlement-environment relationships can stimulate the implementation of integrated planning policies in the coastal belt of the Mediterranean region.     

Uncertainty analysis of transient population dynamics

Two types of demographic analyses, perturbation analysis and uncertainty analysis, can be conducted to gain insights about matrix population models and guide population management. Perturbation analysis studies how the perturbation of demographic parameters (survival, growth, and reproduction parameters) may affect the population projection, while uncertainty analysis evaluates how much uncertainty there is in population dynamic predictions and where the uncertainty comes from. Previously, both perturbation analysis and uncertainty analysis were conducted on the long-term population growth rate. However, the population may not reach its equilibrium state, especially when there is management by harvesting or hunting. Recently, there has been an increased interest in short-term transient dynamics, which can differ from asymptotic long-term dynamics. There are currently techniques to conduct perturbation analyses of short-term transient dynamics, but no techniques have been proposed for uncertainty analysis of such dynamics. In this study, we introduced an uncertainty analysis technique, the general Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST), to study uncertainties in transient population dynamics. The general FAST is able to identify the amount of uncertainty in transient dynamics and contributions by different demographic parameters. We applied the general FAST to a mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) matrix population model to give a clear illustration of how uncertainty analysis can be conducted for transient dynamics arising from matrix population models.     

Simulation of wetlands forest vegetation dynamics

A computer program, SWAMP, was designed to simulate the effects of flood frequency and depth to water table on southern wetlands forest vegetation dynamics. By incorporating these hydrologic characteristics into the model, forest vegetation and vegetation dynamics can be simulated. The model, based on data from the White River National Wildlife Refuge near De Witt, Arkansas, “grows” individual trees on a 20 x 20-m plot taking into account effects on the tree growth of flooding, depth to water table, shade tolerance, overtopping and crowding, and probability of death and reproduction. A potential application of the model is illustrated with simulations of tree fruit production following flood-control implementation and lumbering.     

The dual nature of ecosystem dynamics

Mechanistic simulation modeling has not generally delivered on its promise to turn ecology into more of a “hard” science. Rather, it appears that deeper insights into ecosystem functioning may derive from a new set of metaphysical assumptions about how nature functions. Force laws from physics are fundamentally incompatible with the heterogeneity and uniqueness that characterizes ecosystems. Instead, coherence, selection and centripetality are imparted to ecological systems by concatenations of beneficial processes—a generalized form of autocatalysis. These structure-enhancing configurations of processes are opposed by the ineluctable tendency of structure to decay (as required by the second law of thermodynamics). The dual nature of this agonism can be quantified using information theory, which also can be used to measure the potential of the system for further evolution. The balance point for these countervailing tendencies seems to coincide with the state of maximal potential for the system to evolve. In an ostensible paradox, the same locus seems to attract stable, persistent system configurations.     

Population dynamics and production of euphausiids

Seasonal changes in abundance, size and aspects of the population structure of Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars) and Nyctiphanes couchi (Bell) are described from samples taken with the Continuous Plankton Recorder at 10 m depth over a 2 yr period (1966 and 1967) in the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. M. norvegica lived for a maximum of just over 2 yr, and adults of both year-classes spawned during a limited breeding season in the spring or summer. N. couchi spawned over a prolonged breeding season, giving rise to a complex of cohorts with overlapping size ranges. It was concluded that 3 or 4 cohorts were spawned in each year and that the maximum life span was probably greater than 1 yr, although maturity may be attained in less than a year. Estimated annual production at 10 m depth for M. norvegica ranged from 0.80 to 18.74 mg m^-3yr^-1 and for N. couchi from 0.67 to 8.23 mg m^-3yr^-1. P:B ratios ranged from 1.3:1 to 6.3:1 for M. norvegica and 4.0:1 to 5.5:1 for N. couchi.