静态顶空-气相色谱法测定环境空气中甲醇和丙酮

本文建立了用纯水直接吸收环境空气的甲醇和丙酮,利用静态顶空进样,气相色谱进行定性定量测定。对顶空平衡温度、平衡时间、盐加入量等因素进行了优化,并对方法检出限、线性范围和加标回收率进行了测定。该方法最低检出质量浓度为甲醇0.04 mg/m~3,相对标准偏差为3.2%～5.0%,加标回收率为85.8%～102%;丙酮0.004 mg/m~3,相对标准偏差为3.8%～6.5%,加标回收率为87.4%～98.2%,适用于环境空气中甲醇和丙酮的测定。     

动态顶空气相色谱法测定水中极性水溶性有机物

采用动态顶空气相色谱FID法测定水中乙醛、丙酮、甲醇、丙烯醛、丙烯腈、乙腈、吡啶等7种极性水溶性有机物,通过优化动态顶空条件,使该方法在0．157mg／L～7．92mg!L之间线性良好。方法检出限在0．008mg／L～0．048mg／L之间,空白水样的加标回收率为103％～111％,RSD为5．4％～8．7％。用该方法测定某制药企业排口污水和地表水,只有污水中甲醇、乙腈、吡啶有响应值。     

顶空气相色谱法测定土壤中有机溶剂残留量

以HP-INNOWAX色谱柱(30 m×0.32 mm×0.25μm)为分离柱,火焰离子化检验,外标法定量,考察顶空平衡温度、平衡时间对土壤中有机溶剂残留量测定结果的影响。建立了土壤中正己烷、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、甲醇等有机溶剂残留量的顶空气相色谱分析方法。实验结果表明,在顶空平衡温度为90℃,平衡时间为30 min条件下获得较好的定量结果。正己烷的线性方程为Y=11.49X-4.806、乙酸乙酯为Y=4.997X-2.873、丙酮为Y=9.710X-1.556、甲醇为Y=9.316X-5.956;平均回收率范围为78%~97%,精密度(以相对标准偏差计,n=6)为2.8%~9.4%,检出限分别为0.9、0.2、0.6 mg/L和0.4 mg/L。利用该方法对实际样品土壤中有机溶剂残留量进行了检测。结果表明,该样品中含有正己烷和甲醇,其含量分别为1.9 mg/L和1.1 mg/L。本方法快速、灵敏、准确,适用于土壤中残留溶剂的检测。     

顶空-气相色谱法测定地表水中松节油

采用顶空-气相色谱法测定地表水中松节油,并对顶空瓶的平衡温度、平衡时间,盐析效应和取样量等顶空条件进行优化,使方法在0.200 mg/L~4.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.037 mg/L。实际样品2个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为89.3%~108%,RSD分别为5.8%和4.8%。     

影响顶空-气相色谱法测定水中吡啶准确度的关键因素探讨

通过试验,讨论盐析效应、顶空的平衡温度和平衡时间、水样的p H值、色谱条件等对顶空-气相色谱法测定环境水体中吡啶准确度的影响。优化上述条件后,方法在0 mg/L~3.95 mg/L范围内线性良好,检出限可达0.016 mg/L,测定下限为0.064 mg/L。用该方法对地表水和生活污水做3个质量浓度水平的加标回收试验,测定6次结果的RSD为1.7%~5.7%,回收率为93.9%~113%。     

甲醇等5种强极性有机物污染事故中的监测分析方法

建立了在突发性水污染事故中定量分析水样中甲醇、丙酮、乙腈、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和N,N-二甲基乙酰胺等5种极性有机物的实验室和现场应急监测分析方法。采用顶空-车载气相色谱质谱法用于现场快速定性定量分析;顶空-气相色谱法用于实验室准确定量分析。通过优化顶空及气相参数,在最佳实验条件下测得顶空-气相色谱质谱法中甲醇、丙酮、乙腈、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺等5种化合物的检出限分别为1.0、0.06、0.5、10.0、15.0 mg/L,平行测定7次结果的相对标准偏差分别为2.1%~3.8%,加标回收率为69.4%~104%;顶空-气相色谱法灵敏度高于气相色谱质谱法,检出限分别为0.08、0.01、0.03、1.7、1.7 mg/L,平行测定7次结果的相对标准偏差分别为2.5%~4.1%,加标回收率为78.1%~116%。     

顶空-毛细管气相色谱法同步测定水中吡啶丙酮乙腈

建立了顶空-毛细管气相色谱测定水中吡啶丙酮乙腈的方法,不用有机溶剂萃取和浓缩,减少了损失和对环境的污染,具有灵敏度高、检出限低、定量准确、操作简便等特点。当取样量为5ml时,检出限可达到0.006~0.03mg/L级,相对标准偏差为1.0%~2.3%,加标回收率在78.0%~100.2%之间,完全适合水中吡啶丙酮乙腈的测定。     

顶空-气相色谱法测定地表水中6种乙酸酯类化合物

采用顶空-气相色谱法测定地表水中乙酸酯类化合物,并对顶空瓶的加热温度、平衡时间进行优化。优化后,方法在6种乙酸酯类化合物质量浓度0.05~1.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为4.49~58.5μg/L,RSD为0.61%~2.51%,加标回收率为96.5%~104%,方法便捷、环保、经济,适用于地表水中乙酸酯类的检测。     

毛细管柱气相色谱法测定环境空气中的樟脑

采用毛细管柱气相色谱氢火焰离子化检测器测定环境空气中的樟脑,选择硅胶为吸附剂,甲醇/丙酮混合溶剂(体积比90∶10)为解析剂.方法在0.544 mg/L～109 mg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.06 mg/L,当采样体积为20 L时,最低检出质量浓度为0.003 mg/m3,标准溶液平行测定的RSD≤3.8％,空白...     

顶空进样-气相色谱法测定大气中吡啶的研究

采用硫酸溶液为吸收液,顶空进样气相色谱法测定大气中的吡啶,毛细管柱分离,FID检测器分析。吡啶标准溶液在0～98.3 mg/L范围内线性良好,当采样体积为30 L时,最低检出质量浓度为0.006 mg/m³,标准溶液平行测定的RSD≤3.1%,加标回收率为95.3%～99.6%。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.