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1.
Spatial distributions of the leaf area index (LAI) needed for carbon cycle modeling in Xingguo County, China were estimated based on correlations between the field-measurements and vegetation indices (VIs). After making geometric and atmospheric corrections to two Landsat ETM+ images, one in January 2000 and the other in May 2003, three VIs (SR, NDVI, and RSR) were derived, and their separate correlations with ground LAI measurements were established. The correlation with RSR was the highest among the three VIs. The retrieved LAI values for January 2000 were lower than those for May 2003 because of a small seasonal variation in the coniferous forests (predominantly masson pine) and the decrease in the understorey vegetation during winter. 相似文献
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文章利用1989、1994、2000和2005年的4期Landsat/TM,ETM+遥感影像,在几何校正、辐射定标、大气校正的基础上计算了归一化植被指数(NDVI),建立最小二乘法线性回归方程对多时相NDVI进行同化处理,基于二分模型提取植被覆盖度并转换成荒漠化指数(DI),对理塘县城附近约103.1km2范围的分类研究结果表明:(1)分为无沙化、轻度、中度、重度和严重沙化5级,其中2005年中度、重度和严重沙化面积分别为2.562km2、2.925km2和1.576km2;中度沙化比1989年减少9.69%,重度和严重沙化分别增多35.79%和161.8%;(2)2005年中度以上沙化面积比1989年增加1.470km2,增加了26.3%,年增加率为1.47%;(3)沙化面积呈前期小、中期大幅增加、后期增加减缓的总体趋势;(4)降水量和风速因子的变化趋势有利于缓解沙化,气温变化趋势没有反映出对沙化的促进作用。人类活动是造成沙化趋于恶化的主要因素;(5)沙化增加趋势与同类研究结果一致。 相似文献
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Mapping wetlands in the Lower Mekong Basin for wetland resource and conservation management using Landsat ETM images and field survey data 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Mekong River Basin is considered to be the second most species rich river basin in the world. The 795,000 km(2) catchment encompasses several ecoregions, incorporating biodiverse and productive wetland systems. Eighty percent of the rapidly expanding population of the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB), made up in part by Lao PDR, Thailand, Cambodia and Viet Nam, live in rural areas and are heavily reliant on wetland resources. As the populations of Cambodia and Lao PDR will double in the next 20 years, pressure on natural resources and particularly wetlands can only increase. For development planning, resource and conservation management to incorporate wetland issues, information on the distribution and character of Mekong wetlands is essential. The existing but outdated wetland maps were compiled from secondary landuse-landcover data, have limited coverage, poor thematic accuracy and no meta-data. Therefore the Mekong River Commission (MRC) undertook to produce new wetland coverage for the LMB. As resources, funding and regional capacity are limited, it was determined that the method applied should use existing facilities, be easily adaptable, and replicable locally. For the product to be useful it must be accepted by local governments and decision makers. The results must be of acceptable accuracy (>75%) and the methodology should be relatively understandable to non-experts. In the first stage of this exercise, field survey was conducted at five pilot sites covering a range of typical wetland habitats (MRC wetland classification) to supply data for a supervised classification of Landsat ETM images from the existing MRC archive. Images were analysed using ERDAS IMAGINE and applying Maximum Likelihood Classification. Field data were reserved to apply formal accuracy assessment to the final wetland habitat maps, with resulting accuracy ranging from 77 to 94%. The maps produced are now in use at a Provincial and National level in three countries for resource and conservation planning and management applications, including designation of a Ramsar wetland site of international importance. 相似文献
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Since intensive farming practices are essential to produce enough food for the increasing population, farmers have been using
more inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. Agricultural lands are currently one of the major sources of non-point
source pollution. However, by changing farming practices in terms of tillage and crop rotation, the levels of contamination
can be reduced and the quality of soil and water resources can be improved. Thus, there is a need to investigate the amalgamated
hydrologic effects when various tillage and crop rotation practices are operated in tandem. In this study, the Soil Water
Assessment Tool (SWAT) was utilized to evaluate the individual and combined impacts of various farming practices on flow,
sediment, ammonia, and total phosphorus loads in the Little Miami River basin. The model was calibrated and validated using
the 1990–1994 and 1980–1984 data sets, respectively. The simulated results revealed that the SWAT model provided a good simulation
performance. For those tested farming scenarios, no-tillage (NT) offered more environmental benefits than moldboard plowing
(MP). Flow, sediment, ammonia, and total phosphorus under NT were lower than those under MP. In terms of crop rotation, continuous
soybean and corn–soybean rotation were able to reduce sediment, ammonia, and total phosphorus loads. When the combined effects
of tillage and crop rotation were examined, it was found that NT with continuous soybean or corn–soybean rotation could greatly
restrain the loss of sediments and nutrients to receiving waters. Since corn–soybean rotation provides higher economic revenue,
a combination of NT and corn–soybean rotation can be a viable system for successful farming. 相似文献
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Morrice JA Danz NP Regal RR Kelly JR Niemi GJ Reavie ED Hollenhorst T Axler RP Trebitz AS Cotter AM Peterson GS 《Environmental management》2008,41(3):347-357
A better understanding of relationships between human activities and water chemistry is needed to identify and manage sources
of anthropogenic stress in Great Lakes coastal wetlands. The objective of the study described in this article was to characterize
relationships between water chemistry and multiple classes of human activity (agriculture, population and development, point
source pollution, and atmospheric deposition). We also evaluated the influence of geomorphology and biogeographic factors
on stressor-water quality relationships. We collected water chemistry data from 98 coastal wetlands distributed along the
United States shoreline of the Laurentian Great Lakes and GIS-based stressor data from the associated drainage basin to examine
stressor-water quality relationships. The sampling captured broad ranges (1.5–2 orders of magnitude) in total phosphorus (TP),
total nitrogen (TN), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), total suspended solids (TSS), chlorophyll a (Chl a), and chloride; concentrations were strongly correlated with stressor metrics. Hierarchical partitioning and all-subsets
regression analyses were used to evaluate the independent influence of different stressor classes on water quality and to
identify best predictive models. Results showed that all categories of stress influenced water quality and that the relative
influence of different classes of disturbance varied among water quality parameters. Chloride exhibited the strongest relationships
with stressors followed in order by TN, Chl a, TP, TSS, and DIN. In general, coarse scale classification of wetlands by morphology (three wetland classes: riverine, protected,
open coastal) and biogeography (two ecoprovinces: Eastern Broadleaf Forest [EBF] and Laurentian Mixed Forest [LMF]) did not
improve predictive models. This study provides strong evidence of the link between water chemistry and human stress in Great
Lakes coastal wetlands and can be used to inform management efforts to improve water quality in Great Lakes coastal ecosystems. 相似文献
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A Water Quality Index Applied to an International Shared River Basin: The Case of the Douro River 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A Water Quality Index (WQI) is a numeric expression used to evaluate the quality of a given water body and to be easily understood
by managers. In this study, a modified nine-parameter Scottish WQI was used to assess the monthly water quality of the Douro
River during a 10-year period (1992–2001), scaled from zero (lowest) to 100% (highest). The 98,000 km2 of the Douro River international watershed is the largest in the Iberian Peninsula, split between upstream Spain (80%) and
downstream Portugal (20%). Three locations were surveyed: at the Portuguese–Spanish border, 350 km from the river mouth; 180
km from the mouth, where the river becomes exclusively Portuguese; and 21 km from the mouth. The water received by Portugal
from Spain showed the poorest quality (WQI 47.3 ± 0.7%); quality increased steadily downstream, up to 61.7 ± 0.7%. In general,
the water quality at all three sites was medium to poor. Seasonally, water quality decreased from winter to summer, but no
statistical relationship between quality and discharge rate could be established. Depending on the location, different parameters
were responsible for the episodic decline of quality: high conductivity and low oxygen content in the uppermost reservoir,
and fecal coliform contamination downstream. This study shows the need to enforce the existing international bilateral agreements
and to implement the European Water Quality Directive in order to improve the water quantity and quality received by the downstream
country of a shared watershed, especially because two million inhabitants use the water from the last river location as their
only source of drinking water. 相似文献
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随着近年工业的发展,工业对电需求量急剧增加。永定县小水电站无节制开发,已对永定河水体造成一定的污染。监测结果表明,小水电站所在的河段水质比永定河其它断面污染严重,已经满足不了永定水环境功能区划的要求。 相似文献
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Assessment of the Water Quality and Ecosystem Health of the Great Barrier Reef (Australia): Conceptual Models 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Haynes D Brodie J Waterhouse J Bainbridge Z Bass D Hart B 《Environmental management》2007,40(6):993-1003
Run-off containing increased concentrations of sediment, nutrients, and pesticides from land-based anthropogenic activities
is a significant influence on water quality and the ecologic conditions of nearshore areas of the Great Barrier Reef World
Heritage Area, Australia. The potential and actual impacts of increased pollutant concentrations range from bioaccumulation
of contaminants and decreased photosynthetic capacity to major shifts in community structure and health of mangrove, coral
reef, and seagrass ecosystems. A detailed conceptual model underpins and illustrates the links between the main anthropogenic
pressures or threats (dry-land cattle grazing and intensive sugar cane cropping) and the production of key contaminants or
stressors of Great Barrier Reef water quality. The conceptual model also includes longer-term threats to Great Barrier Reef
water quality and ecosystem health, such as global climate change, that will potentially confound direct model interrelationships.
The model recognises that system-specific attributes, such as monsoonal wind direction, rainfall intensity, and flood plume
residence times, will act as system filters to modify the effects of any water-quality system stressor. The model also summarises
key ecosystem responses in ecosystem health that can be monitored through indicators at catchment, riverine, and marine scales.
Selected indicators include riverine and marine water quality, inshore coral reef and seagrass status, and biota pollutant
burdens. These indicators have been adopted as components of a long-term monitoring program to enable assessment of the effectiveness
of change in catchment-management practices in improving Great Barrier Reef (and adjacent catchment) water quality under the
Queensland and Australian Governments’ Reef Water Quality Protection Plan. 相似文献
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青竹江水环境耗氧污染物含量分布特征及质量评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文对青竹江水环境中耗氧污染物(CODCr、BOD5和NH3-N)含量分布特征进行了探讨,并对青竹江的水质质量进行评价。结果表明,青竹江从上游到下游水体中污染物含量为增加趋势,在时间上也存在一定的变化,枯水期水体中污染物含量高于平水期和丰水期,目前青竹江综合水质可满足Ⅱ类水质标准要求。 相似文献
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深入考察水环境质量变化的情况、分析水环境质量变化的规律,需要比较分析水环境质量的变化及与社会经济发展、自然条件的相关性,才能更准确地把握水环境的变化轨迹。对常州市"十一五"期间水环境环境质量变化与社会经济发展及水资源量等指标进行比较和相关性分析。结果表明:"十一五"期间,常州市通过大力开展主要污染物减排,调整产业结构,加强污水集中处理力度等有效措施,主要污染物排放量明显下降,水环境质量明显改善。 相似文献
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Modeling biological oxygen demand of the Melen River in Turkey using an artificial neural network technique 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are being used increasingly to predict and forecast water resources' variables. The feed-forward neural network modeling technique is the most widely used ANN type in water resources applications. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the abilities of an artificial neural networks' (ANNs) model to improve the accuracy of the biological oxygen demand (BOD) estimation. Many of the water quality variables (chemical oxygen demand, temperature, dissolved oxygen, water flow, chlorophyll a and nutrients, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate) that affect biological oxygen demand concentrations were collected at 11 sampling sites in the Melen River Basin during 2001-2002. To develop an ANN model for estimating BOD, the available data set was partitioned into a training set and a test set according to station. In order to reach an optimum amount of hidden layer nodes, nodes 2, 3, 5, 10 were tested. Within this range, the ANN architecture having 8 inputs and 1 hidden layer with 3 nodes gives the best choice. Comparison of results reveals that the ANN model gives reasonable estimates for the BOD prediction. 相似文献
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对武汉市某小型浅水人工湖泊水质进行一年的理化监测并分析,结果显示:COD、BOD5均有季节性变化的规律;气温的变化影响湖水及底泥中微生物的活性;天然降水量不同对湖水稀释程度不同;底泥的污染物释放量受温度影响;该水体可生化性差。据此,提出保护湖水的措施。 相似文献
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