再制造产品评价指标体系与评价方法研究

再制造产业是我国节能环保战略新兴产业的重要组成部分,对于破解经济发展的资源和环境约束具有重要意义。本文系统调研和分析了国内外再制造标准的制定、修订现状,提出了再制造产品评价的现实需求;创新性地提出了再制造产品的评价指标体系,包括定性评价指标和定量评价指标;针对我国再制造产业的发展现状和阶段,提出了具有较强适用性的评价方法。本研究将为制定相关国家标准和产业政策提供技术依据和决策参考。     

碳税下回收品不同质量水平制造/再制造企业运作策略研究

在回收品不同质量水平的情况下,研究制造/再制造企业不同碳税下的最优运作。在多周期闭环混合系统中,需求由质量无差异的新产品和再制造品共同满足。假设回收品质量水平服从标准正态分布,回收成本、再制造成本、回收率是回收品质量水平的负指数函数,建立包含碳税成本(新产品和再制造品)在内的平均总成本模型,采用遗传算法(GA)、粒子群算法(PSO)验证模型的信度和效度。结果表明:企业可根据回收品的质量水平,合理安排再制造和制造批次来降低平均总成本;不同碳税水平下,合理的再制造和制造批次同样可降低总成本。该研究为企业在回收品不同质量水平下权衡碳排放因素降低总成本和政府制定合理的碳税政策提供参考。     

碳税下回收品不同质量水平制造/再制造企业运作策略研究CSSCI

在回收品不同质量水平的情况下,研究制造/再制造企业不同碳税下的最优运作。在多周期闭环混合系统中,需求由质量无差异的新产品和再制造品共同满足。假设回收品质量水平服从标准正态分布,回收成本、再制造成本、回收率是回收品质量水平的负指数函数,建立包含碳税成本(新产品和再制造品)在内的平均总成本模型,采用遗传算法(GA)、粒子群算法(PSO)验证模型的信度和效度。结果表明:企业可根据回收品的质量水平,合理安排再制造和制造批次来降低平均总成本;不同碳税水平下,合理的再制造和制造批次同样可降低总成本。该研究为企业在回收品不同质量水平下权衡碳排放因素降低总成本和政府制定合理的碳税政策提供参考。     

多生命周期制造初探

本文提出了多生命周期制造这一新的制造模式,多生命周期制造是面向转功能次制造的制造模式,在产品设计的过程中,就已经考虑了产品寿命结束后,在投人二次制造时,应具有的二次功能,使设计的产品具有两个甚至两个以上不同的生命周期。所谓的“转”,即转变功能,投入新使用领域;“次”是相对于第一次生产制造的第二次、第三次而言。本文还给出了这一制造模式的定义,初步分析了其与再制造、产品多生命周期工程的区别,并介绍了此制造模式的关键技术。最后,列出了部分该制造模式可进一步研究的方面,并对其将来的发展领域做了简单展望。     

面向绿色再制造的产品模块划分方案评价方法

将再制造思想和模块化设计方法相结合,能增加产品的回收次数和重复利用的机会,是制造业节约资源、保护环境的重要手段之一。针对面向绿色再制造的模块化设计方法无法得到唯一划分方案的问题,提出了考虑模块耦合的模块划分方案作为评价方法。通过对物理、环境和成本三方面零件间的关联关系分析,得到零件间的关联度矩阵。在零件间关联度矩阵的基础上,基于"高内聚、低耦合"的原则,以模块内平均聚合度、模块内聚合离散度和模块间的平均耦合度作为评价指标,使用复杂比例评价方法对模块划分方案进行评价,最后通过对某系列数控机床模块划分方案评价进行实例验证。该方法可有效在多个绿色模块化设计中选择最优方案,对制造企业开展绿色制造具有一定的参考价值。     

氯酸钠生产中的"三废"处理

通过对工业氯酸钠生产中废水、废气、废渣的处理技术介绍，可以看出，“三废”治理的工艺合理，各类污染物均达到排放标准，原料有效成分利用率高，节约了资源，减少了二次污染。     

“十三五”如何发力“再制造”

正"你知道什么是再制造产品吗?"近日,笔者随机进行了一次街头调查,调查结果依然如两三年前一样,受访对象并不知道再制造产品是什么。自1988年中国工程院院士徐滨士提出"再制造"的概念,到国家发改委、工信部等相关部门的推动,将近20年的     

我国风电产业发展前景良好

我国风能资源丰富，开发潜力巨大。我国风电产业的发展始于上世纪80年代，经过20多年的发展，风电产业已形成了一定规模。到2005年底，全国共有59个风电场，分布在15个省（市、区），累计安装风电机组1854台，总装机容量126万千瓦，仅2005年就建成了50万千瓦。在国家风电设备国产化政策的有力推动下，风电设备零部件制造水平也有了较大提高，具备了齿轮箱、叶片、电机等关键零部件的制造能力，风电设备零部件已开始进入国际市场。     

加拿大的技术开发政策

据日本《JETRO 技术情报》杂志报道,最近加拿大联邦政府在强化研究开发政策中提出了三方面的设想:首先认为资源领域是创造就业机会的重要部门,例如粮食、能源在今后10年中,需求量将逐年增加,资源的加工深度不断提高。这样,资源部门列于包括高技术在内的各种机械设备和服务的需求增大,所以有必要重新调整制造行业.其次,根据加拿大的地势和气候条件,认为发展运输、宇航、通讯、能源等技术是     

中国循环经济发展评价与战略

正进入21世纪以来,我国循环经济实现了有序健康发展。国家在省市、园区、重点行业、重点领域,开展了资源综合利用、园区循环化改造、城市矿产示范基地建设、再制造产业化、固废综合利用、再生资源回收体系建设、餐厨废弃物资源化利用和无害化处理试点、水泥窑协同处置生活垃圾、工业产品生态设计、农作物秸秆综合利用及循环经济示范市县等试点;各地也开展了各方面的相应试点,以     

Development pattern and enhancing system of automotive components remanufacturing industry in China

Along with the increasing number of automotive output and End-of-Life vehicles (ELVs) in China, resources shortage and environmental pollution are aggravating, so the tremendous need to reuse automotive components gives birth to the industry. The Chinese government becomes to realize that it is necessary to build a conservation-oriented and environment-friendly harmonious society. As the ultimate form of recycling, remanufacturing will be an effective method to promote the development of Chinese circular economy. The automotive remanufacturing industry in China is just at the preliminary stage, this paper presents some problems before remanufacturing, during remanufacturing and after remanufacturing, and then it points out several barriers, such as restrictive policies and regulations, consumer acceptance, scarcity of technologies, etc. Like many other developed countries, Chinese remanufacturing industry will also experience the primary stage, growth stage and developed stage. while the emphasis of resources input will not be the same. By analyzing the resources input characteristics at different development stages, three development patterns, such as the Government Incenting Pattern, Technology Driving Pattern and Market Leading Pattern, are put forward. At present, the cooperation of the government, industry, universities and research institutes, etc, will jointly construct the enhancing system of automotive components remanufacturing industry in China. Finally, it concludes with a summary and some suggestions in the field.     

Quantitative sustainability assessment of remanufacturing waste reinforcing steel

Construction is a major contributor to the solid waste stream globally and various recycling strategies are being evaluated to recover valuable resources. As a novel strategy, remanufacturing waste reinforcing steel bar (rebar) pieces from concrete waste to produce nails was applied on an industrial scale to prove the technical feasibility, where a group of alternatives were developed based on commercially available industrial machinery. The calculated economic and environmental feasibility values are sufficiently high for industrial application, and the most appropriate remanufacturing technological alternative was identified. The sustainability equation was solved to find the social feasibility and overall remanufacturing sustainability index. Rebar waste remanufacturing has a high triple-bottom-line sustainability index of 0.885. Based on the proposed process, small remanufacturing companies can be developed, thereby aiding employment and human development by earning profit of 1904–8880 USD/day. The findings of this study are beneficial to decision makers in government and industry and are globally relevant because concrete waste is ubiquitous worldwide.     

Emerging drivers and business models for equipment reuse and remanufacturing in the US: lessons from the biotech industry

While regulations have advanced product take-back in some markets, challenges to increasing product reuse and remanufacturing remain. Most research to date has focused on original equipment manufacturers taking back and remanufacturing their products, which is often problematic. The present study demonstrates that there are emerging opportunities for small companies with innovative business models to enter the market and advance product end-of-life (EoL) management. The paper examines the biotechnology industry – a growing sector with high spending on lab equipment and relatively short lifespans of research and development instruments. Building on previous research and analysis of industry practices and emerging drivers for product reuse and remanufacturing, the authors propose a framework for sustainable EoL management that includes five managerial drivers: financial benefits, space, ease/convenience, information, and sustainability goals. The paper concludes with discussion of the lessons learned and practical implications for managers in charge of purchasing or disposing of surplus equipment.     

Integrating waste, manufacturing and industrial symbiosis: an analysis of recycling, remanufacturing and waste treatment firms in Texas

The continually increasing volume of the waste stream has led to numerous calls for strategies to close the loop on material use through industrial symbiosis strategies which direct used material and products (wastes) back to production processes. By use of a survey of recycling, remanufacturing and waste treatment firms in Texas, this paper asks if these firms can operate as a bridge between production and consumption/waste to efficiently increase the flow of used materials and products back to production processes at the local level. The results suggest that while most materials and used products are collected locally, only some can be re(consumed) locally. Moreover, the firms face negative perceptions about their activities from industry and the public at large that likely slow both the rate of entry of new firms into these markets and the expansion possibilities of existing firms. In addition, the types of conventions that characterize the interactions of more successful firms are not well developed in this sector(s). It is unlikely that recycling, remanufacturing and waste treatment firms can become central players in the production, consumption and waste cycle loop until society develops production design, marketing and consumption philosophies that include recycling and remanufacturing at a fundamental level.     

Integrating waste,manufacturing and industrial symbiosis: an analysis of recycling,remanufacturing and waste treatment firms in Texas

The continually increasing volume of the waste stream has led to numerous calls for strategies to close the loop on material use through industrial symbiosis strategies which direct used material and products (wastes) back to production processes. By use of a survey of recycling, remanufacturing and waste treatment firms in Texas, this paper asks if these firms can operate as a bridge between production and consumption/waste to efficiently increase the flow of used materials and products back to production processes at the local level. The results suggest that while most materials and used products are collected locally, only some can be re(consumed) locally. Moreover, the firms face negative perceptions about their activities from industry and the public at large that likely slow both the rate of entry of new firms into these markets and the expansion possibilities of existing firms. In addition, the types of conventions that characterize the interactions of more successful firms are not well developed in this sector(s). It is unlikely that recycling, remanufacturing and waste treatment firms can become central players in the production, consumption and waste cycle loop until society develops production design, marketing and consumption philosophies that include recycling and remanufacturing at a fundamental level.     

Optimal production and pricing policy for a closed loop system

A closed loop system is investigated, in which the manufacturer has two channels to satisfy the demand: manufacturing brand-new products and remanufacturing returns into as-new products. Remanufactured products have no difference from brand-new products and can be sold in the same market at the same price. The demand is uncertain and sensitive to the selling price, while the return is also stochastic and sensitive to the acquisition price of used products. A mathematical model is developed to maximize the overall profit of the system by simultaneously determining the selling price, the production quantities for brand-new products and remanufactured products, and the acquisition price of used products. Some properties of the problem are analyzed, based on which a solution procedure is presented. Through a numerical example, the impacts of the uncertainties of both demand and return on the production plan, selling price, and the acquisition price of used products are analyzed.     

Environmentally conscious manufacturing and product recovery (ECMPRO): A review of the state of the art

Gungor and Gupta [1999, Issues in environmentally conscious manufacturing and product recovery: a survey. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 36(4), 811–853] presented an important review of the development of research in Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing and Product Recovery (ECMPRO) and provided a state of the art survey of published work. However, that survey covered most papers published through 1998. Since then, a lot of activity has taken place in EMCPRO and several areas have become richer. Many new areas also have emerged. In this paper we primarily discuss the evolution of ECMPRO that has taken place in the last decade and discuss the new areas that have come into focus during this time. After presenting some background information, the paper systematically investigates the literature by classifying over 540 published references into four major categories, viz., environmentally conscious product design, reverse and closed-loop supply chains, remanufacturing, and disassembly. Finally, we conclude by summarizing the evolution of ECMPRO over the past decade together with the avenues for future research.     

The economics of tire remanufacturing

The world market for tires is described to identify the current material flow from raw materials to tires and the used tire disposal problem. Then, I describe the value-adding operations in the tire production process and in the tire retreading process. Once retreading is identified as the only recovery alternative that maximizes tire utilization, I explain why heat generation is the only recovery alternative, when retreading is not technically feasible. The economic values of heat generation in electric plants and in cement kilns are discussed. The paper culminates with the case of retreading, the tire remanufacturing process and the recommendation of a simple decision rule for selecting the number of times a tire should be retreaded to maximize its utilization.     

An optimization model for product returns using genetic algorithms and artificial immune system

Current environmental issues emerging in the world are reflected in the environmental legislation of several countries. Because environmental issues are important, industries actively seek ways in which to reduce their environmental footprint. One effective method is through the use of reverse logistics. Reverse logistics is the concept of reusing used products in order to reduce wastes and to increase an industry's environmental performance and resulting profits. Stock selection, transportation, centralized collection, data collection, refurbishing, and remanufacturing are some of the more commonly utilized reverse logistic operations. An effective reverse logistics network is essential for increasing the flow of goods from customers to producers. The objective of this paper is to develop a multi-echelon reverse logistics network for product returns to minimize the total reverse logistics cost, which consists of renting, inventory carrying, material handling, setup, and shipping costs. Industries need to give more attention to the task of collecting used products from customers and establishing collection facilities. In this study, a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) model is developed to find out the number and location of initial collection points and centralized return centers required for an effective return and collection system, and also the maximum holding time (collection frequency) for aggregation of small volumes of returned products into large shipments. Two solution approaches, namely genetic algorithm and artificial immune system, are implemented and compared. The usefulness of the proposed model and algorithm are demonstrated via an illustrative example.     

Material efficiency: A white paper

For most materials used to provide buildings, infrastructure, equipment and products, global stocks are still sufficient to meet anticipated demand, but the environmental impacts of materials production and processing, particularly those related to energy, are rapidly becoming critical. These impacts can be ameliorated to some extent by the ongoing pursuit of efficiencies within existing processes, but demand is anticipated to double in the next 40 years, and this will lead to an unacceptable increase in overall impacts unless the total requirement for material production and processing is reduced. This is the goal of material efficiency, and this paper aims to stimulate interest in the area. Four major strategies for reducing material demand through material efficiency are discussed: longer-lasting products; modularisation and remanufacturing; component re-use; designing products with less material. In industrialised nations, these strategies have had little attention, because of economic, regulatory and social barriers, which are each examined. However, evidence from waste management and the pursuit of energy efficiency suggests that these barriers might be overcome, and an outline of potential mechanisms for change is given. In bringing together insights into material efficiency from a wide range of disciplines, the paper presents a set of 20 open questions for future work.