Prioritization of Sustainable Groundwater Management Needs: The Case of the Israel's Stressed Coastal Aquifer

On-going population growth and resulting domestic demand for water require rapid and effective decision-making as regards groundwater management and control of the various sources of salinization and pollution in Coastal aquifers. Sustainability of water resources for utilization by future generations must therefore be a high priority, not only for the purpose of fulfilling needs for water usage but also for bringing people into harmony with their ambient natural environment.The objective of this paper is to propose an empirical approach for prioritization of the needs involved for sustainable aquifer management. The approach involves a schematic format to:(1) develop a global understanding of an aquifer's hydrological and environmental properties in order to delineate appropriate eco-hydrological scenarios and recommend corresponding operational management activities; and(2) emphasize the importance of educating and increasing the awareness of the population involved as to the need for and viability of socially acceptable measures for sustainable management of groundwater and other resources.The psychologist Abraham Maslow utilized a pyramid to illustrate that until people's most basic needs were fulfilled, higher levels of needs would remain irrelevant. This paper postulates a comparable pyramid prioritizing hydrological needs required for progressing towards sustainable groundwater resources. Two sub-regions of Israel's Coastal aquifer in the Sharon region have been presented as representative areas, each characterized by different stress of exploitation. In assessing these sub-regions situation, specific measures have been recommended for achieving and/or maintaining sustainable groundwater resources in light of the ambient environment, and the level of the population on the pyramidal hierarchy of groundwater needs.     

An agent-based model of groundwater over-exploitation in the Upper Guadiana, Spain

Irrigated agriculture is a main user of groundwater. Achieving a sustainable use of groundwater will often require agricultural land-use changes such as shifting to entirely different kinds of crops and/or technologies. Enhanced understanding of land-use change is hence required for developing policies for a sustainable water future. We use an agent-based model to investigate the history of irrigated agriculture in the Upper Guadiana Basin, Spain, in order to learn about the influence of farmers’ characteristics on land-use change and associated groundwater over-use. A shift from vineyards and cereals to horticultural crops would provide a possibility for higher income with less water use. Such a shift cannot be observed historically. The model results suggest that risk aversion and path dependency are insufficient to explain this observation, and the organisational set-up of farms limiting the maximum labour force needs to be considered as additional explanatory factor. Furthermore, it is shown that different types of farms existing in the UGB can be expected to exhibit distinct responses to drivers of land-use change such as agricultural policies. It is concluded that a sound understanding of the social system making use of a resource is required to solve problems of resource over-use. This article demonstrates that agent-based models can be useful tools to enhance such an understanding even in situations of scarce and uncertain data that are often encountered when dealing with resource-use problems.     

江汉平原东部地区地下水资源的开发利用与保护

根据国家科技攻关的结果，论证了江汉平原东部地区地下水资源的分区和地下水单元的富水性，水质，含水层的水文地质地征，地下水开发利用合理井距，单井开采水量，提出了地下水资源开发利用中的保护对策。     

江苏盐城地区地下水水化学特征及形成机理

为了查明江苏盐城地区深层地下水咸化的主要影响因素,采集了不同类型水样(河水、浅层地下水、深层地下水和海水),通过对该地区不同水体的水化学特征、离子比值以及氘氧氚同位素组成进行分析,研究了盐城地区深层地下水水化学特征的形成机理。结果表明:浅层微咸水主要是溶解地层盐分和蒸发作用形成,而滨海港镇的部分地区受到一定程度的现代海水入侵影响。深层地下水总体为淡水,水化学演化以正常的水-岩作用为主,而深层微咸水主要分布在两个地区,一是东部滨海地区的灌河口至大丰一带,二是内陆地区的大丰市及其周边一带。滨海地区的深层微咸水主要是淋滤古海相地层盐分形成,黄沙港镇部分地区则受到轻微的现代海水入侵影响,而内陆地区的深层微咸水主要是浅层咸水下渗造成的。因此,盐城东部沿海矿化度增高的区域应大力加强对地下水的保护,特别是随着全球变暖,黄海海平面有上升的趋势,东部的滨海港镇等受海水入侵影响较大的区域更应引起高度重视。     

Soil degradation and agricultural sustainability: an overview from Iran

During the past six decades, agriculture as a main sector in Iran’s economy has been affected by economic development, land-use policies, and population growth and its pressures. From the 1940s until 2010, the percentage of the total urban population of Iran increased from about 21?% to around 72?%. Urbanization, industrialization, and intensive cultivation have dramatically affected soil and water resources. The exploitation of groundwater has been increased around fourfold from the 1970s to the mid-2000s. Total water resources per capita reduced around 23?% from 1956 to 2008. The average annual decrease in the groundwater table in Iran during the last two decades is 0.51?m. In 2008, the groundwater table fell around ?1.14?m in average in Iran. The average use of chemical fertilizers increased from around 2.1?million tons in 1990s to about 3.7?million tons in 2009. During that period, fertilizer use efficiency decreased from around 28?% to around 21?%. Approximately 77?% of the agricultural land under irrigation suffers from different levels of salinity. According to the quantification of four indices, such as soil erosion, fall in groundwater levels, salinity, and use of chemical fertilizer, that are directly related to agricultural land use, the results show that agricultural management in Iran needs special attention to reach sustainable conditions. The total cost of soil and water degradation and use of fertilizers in agriculture are estimated around than US $12.8?billion (about 157,000?billion IRRials)—approximately 4?% of the total gross domestic product (GDP) and approximately 35?% of the GDP of the agricultural sector in Iran.     

九江市地下水易污性评价——基于DPASTIC指标的模糊综合评价模型

从污染物入渗土壤-包气带-含水层的过程出发，以地质、地貌、水文地质条件为主控因素，选取地下水埋深〖WTBX〗(D)、降雨入渗补给量(P)、含水层岩性(A)、土壤类型(S)、地形坡度(T)、非饱和带介质(I)及含水层渗透系数(C)〖WTBZ〗7个指标，建立了九江市地下水易污性评价DPASTIC指标体系。结合模糊数学理论和方法，建立了基于DPASTIC指标的模糊综合评价模型。该模型克服了指标参数级别划分定额差异和指标值不连续性变化的缺陷，寻求出最优的级别定额划分状态和指标值的连续性变化情况；在指标级别定额划分上，引用了指标标准特征值的概念，根据实测参数数据资料，建立了10个级别的指标标准特征值矩阵，确定指标参数的最优相对隶属度。结合MAPGIS软件得出最后的地下水易污性分区，评价结果与规划区的实测及预测的水环境质量相吻合。     

农业节水和南水北调对华北平原可持续水管理的影响

针对华北平原可持续水管理中存在的问题,采用MIKE SHE模型和SD模型耦合的方式,设定现状保持、农业节水和南水北调等3种情景,模拟2014~2028年农业节水和南水北调对华北平原可持续水管理的影响。结果表明：（1）农业节水的实施对华北平原可持续水管理有一定影响,模拟期末的缺水指数下降15.8%,非充分灌溉和减少灌溉量分别使得地下水储量恢复约0.06和0.12 m;（2）南水北调显著降低缺水指数（下降50.7%）,地下水水位和含水层储量出现较大的恢复（含水层储量恢复1.12 m）;（3）华北平原短期内无法解决缺水问题,但通过多种途径结合,倡导节约用水,提高用水效率,引入区域外的水,可以有效地缓解华北平原的缺水问题,保证水资源的可持续利用和发展。     

Groundwater in the Limpopo Basin: occurrence,use and impact

The Limpopo River Basin is underlain by an alluvial aquifer along the main river stem and fractured water-bearing units in tributary catchments. Notwithstanding that development priorities in parts of the basin in South Africa have historically preferred surface water sources for irrigation and domestic supply, water resources auditing suggests that groundwater presents the only viable alternative source of cost-effective supply to meet future requirements. However, while aquifer yields are favourable in places, averaging 16.7 l/s for main-stem alluvium, groundwater is already extensively used. Between 1995 and 2002, total groundwater use in the area rose by almost 40%, increasing from 98 to 136 million m³ per year. In all catchments, groundwater use grew by varying proportions, reaching a rather high 200% in the Mogalakwena catchment. In the particular case of commercial irrigation, over-exploitation of groundwater has been recorded in a number of places, especially in the northwest where drawdowns of more than 50 m have resulted from decades of intense agricultural water use. Although groundwater use for mining is still low at 4% of total usage in the study area, the region is currently witnessing a surge in mining operations, and a significant growth in water requirements is envisaged for mining development. Further, domestic water supply to the predominantly rural dwellers in the area is relatively low, even in terms of meeting the basic need of 25 l/day per person, underscoring the fact that groundwater will remain a critical source of community drinking water in the foreseeable future. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

上海城区地面沉降及其对地下水采灌量的响应

上海城区地面沉降主要是由超采地下水、松散沉积地层压实等因素共同作用导致的,并引发多种次生灾害。F4分层标监测数据指示的地面沉降情况,显示上海城区地面沉降表现为总体具有非线性变化的规律,特别是1980年代以来,表现出垂向逐渐增大的特点,在空间上也不断扩展,直至2001年才始有缓和的趋势。在不同时段,随地下水开采量及开采层次的变化,上海城区地面沉降表现出不同的特征。结合1990~2009年20年内第四含水层地下水采灌量数据,得出地面沉降对地下水采灌量的响应关系为:地下水开采量增加,地层沉降量增大;地下水开采量减少,地层沉降量减小,但地面沉降相对于地下水开采具有滞后性;随着逐年的回灌,地层沉降量减小,且地下水回灌效果与回灌层位有直接关系。     

Perspectives and limitations of indicators in water management

This paper addresses the issue of indicators for water management by considering why we need them, what the characteristics of a good indicator should be, how they can add value to policy and decision-making, and what are their limitations. There are a vast quantity of data available on water in Europe from which a range of basic trend indicators has been derived. Most of these indicators address "what is happening?"-type questions. Some indicators go further and address "does it matter?" questions by assessing trends against prescribed standards and targets. There have been some interesting developments in indicators which help to understand the demand side of water management and to assess the relative efficiencies of resource usage in different socio-economic sectors. More effort is needed to bring together relevant social, economic and environmental information interactively to define indicators that address questions about the sustainability of water use and the contribution of the water environment to our overall quality of life. The development of indicators to date has concentrated on making the best use of available information. However, we now need to move from a position of "best available information" towards "best needed information". This will require better communication between information users and providers. It will also require a rethinking of exactly what our priority knowledge needs are to support policy-making and environmental management. This is essential if we are to obtain the best value from limited monitoring resources by eliminating the current redundancy in reporting requirements and refocusing programmes to deliver priority information needs. Electronic Publication     

流域水资源管理中政府角色与各国经验借鉴

以流域为单元进行水资源综合管理已经成为学术界和各国政府的共识,我国流域水资源管理面临的严峻形势,要求尽快建立行之有效的管理体系。首先归纳了流域水资源管理的四大目标,探讨政府在其中的角色,即水安全保障需政府主导、高效配置需政府协调、公平分配需制度保障、可持续利用需政府调控;然后通过比较各国实践,总结了适用于我国的经验：（1）完善立法是推动流域水资源管理的核心步骤;（2）建立利益主体间的协调机制是提高管理效率的关键前提;（3）灵活的水价政策是平衡公平与效率的重要手段;（4）促进公众参与能提高管理有效性,也是未来发展的重要趋势。最后从这4个方面提出了完善我国流域水资源管理体系的具体建议     

环境资源配置低效率及自然资本"富聚"现象剖析

根据技术效率、经济效率、自然效率、社会效率之间的关系，探讨了四个效率背离所导致的资源配置效率丧失以及由此引发的社会福利损失问题。在分析价格信号在资源配置过程中的作用的基础上，探讨了市场失效和价格背离现象。进一步指出了中国经济转型时期存在着自然资本富聚现象，并进一步分析其根源。包括：政府有效干预不足、现行经济增长方式和经济效率实现以对自然资本的低成本占用、机会导向型的资源配置方式、资本的价值取向、对经济财富以及单一行为人的效率追逐、产权缺位等。强调需要强化环境管理的公共管理属性，并对环境资源的权益主体的权利、责任和利益进行有效的界定和实施，通过制度和政策变革，干预和规范市场运作，促进资源的高效和公平配置。     

核磁共振方法在湖北某地找水的效果

应用核磁共振技术找水是核磁共振技术应用的新领域,核磁共振找水是一种直接探测地下水的地球物理方法。本文介绍了在贫水地区一个指定范围内探测地下水例子。比较所做的三个僚共振测点的工作结果,确定出含中水情况较好部位,配合做了率对四极测探,其工作结果指示出一低阻区域,是地下水富集带。在设计的钻井位置钻探探打出了优质 下水,验证了核磁共振找水方法的推断结果。在对该磁共振找水方法研究和实践的基础上,指出：核磁共     

鄱阳湖区地下水位动态及其与湖水侧向水力联系分析

基于野外定点监测数据,运用统计学方法解析鄱阳湖区地下水位年内分布特征和动态变化,辨析湖水和典型区地下水之间的侧向水力联系与程度。统计结果表明,不同洲滩地下水埋深变化范围约–8.1~–0.1 m,洲滩地下水和湖水在6~9月份保持完全水力连通。湖水位和洲滩地下水位动态变化呈现高度一致性,表明了洲滩地下水和湖水具有密切的侧向水力联系。湖岸带不同典型区的地下水埋深变化范围介于–10~–2.2 m。湖岸带地下水位与湖水位并不具有日时间尺度变化上的高度一致性,但两者却很好呈现了月尺度上的较好一致性,表明了湖岸带地下水与湖水之间具有一定的相互关系和水力联系。小波分析得出,湖水位和洲滩、湖岸带不同典型区的地下水位均在60 d尺度的周期上存在着极大可能的显著相关,总体上两者呈正相关关系变化,表明湖水和洲滩地下水具有密切的水力联系,但与湖岸带地下水的侧向水力联系可能体现在个别典型时段。为今后鄱阳湖地下水方面的相关研究奠定基础,也为鄱阳湖湿地生态环境保护、水资源评价等方面提供科学依据和参考。     

Potential for the desalination of a brackish groundwater aquifer under a background of rising sea level via salt intrusion prevention river gates in the coastal area of the Red River Delta,Vietnam

Additional freshwater sources are required in many parts of the world, including the coastal areas of the Red River Delta (RRD), where the groundwater (GW) is generally brackish. Determining a feasible method for desalinating brackish aquifers would help provide additional freshwater sources. However, substantial desalination of brackish aquifers cannot be achieved under the natural conditions of GW flow and precipitation recharge. Although rainfall recharge to the shallow Holocene aquifer has occurred for hundreds of years, the aquifer still remains brackish since the natural hydraulic conditions do not allow a complete mixing between the fresh recharged water and aquifer salinized water or the discharging of the aquifer salinized water. The planned salt intrusion prevention gates in the Red River, Tra Ly River and Hoa River in the RRD coastal area, combined with increased GW abstraction and associated aquifer recharge with fresh river water, could result in the gradual desalination of the shallow Holocene aquifer. These effects would help improve the area’s resilience to freshwater shortages and sea level rises and would allow for the creation of a long-term sustainable water resource development plan to manage the salinization of water resources caused by sea level rises. Finite element (FE) modeling of GW flow, solute transport via GW flow and dynamic programming (DP) have been used to study the potential desalination of brackish aquifers, the magnitude of GW abstraction quantities and the spatial and temporal aspects of desalination. FE modeling of GW flow coupled with DP was utilized to identify the magnitude of sustainable abstraction quantities and the GW flow field, which is required in salt transport models. Multiple sizes of elements and time steps were used to adapt to the unsteady state of GW flow and hydraulic head variables between the elements in the FE meshes in order to ensure reasonable accuracy of numerical modeling. The GW flow and salt transport modeling and DP allowed determining quasi-steady-state GW abstraction rates and aquifer salinity levels for conditions that did and did not include the shallow Holocene unconfined aquifer recharge from rainfall. The aquifer modeled domain which is supposed to serve the pumping well field is 1.5 km². The results showed that the Holocene aquifer may provide a stable abstraction rate of 100 m³/day starting in the 6th year (for the worst-case scenario with zero aquifer recharge from rainfall) to 130 m³/day starting in the 3rd year (for the scenario with aquifer recharge equal to 3% of the rainfall levels). During the first years of GW abstraction, the desalination of the brackish upper Holocene aquifer will mainly occur in the area close to the river, and at the 18th year of abstraction, almost the entire area between the river and line of pumping wells would be desalinized. From the 10th year of abstraction, the abstracted water has a total dissolved solids content lower than 0.5 g/l for the worst-case scenario with zero aquifer recharge from rainfall and lower than 0.42 g/l for the scenario with aquifer recharge equal to 3% of the rainfall. The modeling results indicate the simulated process by which abstraction of groundwater adjacent to the Tra Ly River could desalinize the brackish aquifer via freshwater recharge from the river.     

九江市地下水易污性评价——基于DPASTIC指标的模糊综合评价模型

从污染物入渗土壤-包气带-含水层的过程出发,以地质、地貌、水文地质条件为主控因素,选取地下水埋深(D)、降雨入渗补给量(P)、含水层岩性(A)、土壤类型(S)、地形坡度(T)、非饱和带介质(I)及含水层渗透系数(C)7个指标,建立了九江市地下水易污性评价DPASTIC指标体系.结合模糊数学理论和方法,建立了基于DPASTIC指标的模糊综合评价模型.该模型克服了指标参数级别划分定额差异和指标值不连续性变化的缺陷,寻求出最优的级别定额划分状态和指标值的连续性变化情况;在指标级别定额划分上,引用了指标标准特征值的概念,根据实测参数数据资料,建立了10个级别的指标标准特征值矩阵,确定指标参数的最优相对隶属度.结合MAPGIS软件得出最后的地下水易污性分区,评价结果与规划区的实测及预测的水环境质量相吻合.     

城镇化进程中的江苏水资源承载力研究——基于组合赋权和升半Γ型分布函数

水资源承载力评价是把水资源利用和生态环境问题综合考虑的一种研究手段,其结果可以用来清晰判断一个区域经济社会的发展潜力。在层次分析法和变异系数法组合赋权的基础上,运用基于PSO优化的升半Γ型分布指数,对2003~2013年江苏省的水资源承载力进行评估。结果表明,太湖蓝藻事件爆发是促进江苏水资源承载力提高的重要转折点,2003~2008年江苏水资源承载力处于Ⅱ级承载力水平,均值为0.414,2009年起提升至Ⅲ级水平,此后承载力水平虽略有波动,但始终处于Ⅲ级的最高状态。对比江苏城镇化进程,认为注重两型社会和生态文明建设的城镇化进程可以较大幅度提升水资源的承载力。据此,提出通过供给侧改革转变经济发展模式、全员参与推进节水型社会建设以及统筹协调加强太湖流域管理等对策。     

中国水资源管理适应气候变化的研究综述

以全球变暖为特征的气候变化已成为当今科学界、各国政府和社会公众普遍关注的最重要议题之一。气候变化对水资源管理的影响是具有重要学术价值的新兴研究方向,目前的重点研究领域主要包括:气候变化背景下水资源综合管理方式与集成研究,气候变化下水资源适应性管理机制,中国面临的水资源均衡性管理,公众参与水资源适应性管理的政策制定,对减缓措施与水资源可持续发展的认识。主要的研究方法包括:适应气候变化的定性分析方法(多尺度适应综合分析方法)、成本效益分析方法等。适应性管理是目前应对气候变化伴随的不确定性问题的有效策略,未来应在分析中国各流域水资源不确定性问题的基础上,建立气候变化情景下适应气候变化的水资源适应性管理体制机制。     

Climate change adaptation,flood risks and policy coherence in integrated water resources management in England

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) assumes coherence between cognate aspects of water governance at the river basin scale, for example water quality, energy production and agriculture objectives. But critics argue that IWRM is often less ‘integrated’ in practice, raising concerns over inter-sectoral coherence between implementing institutions. One increasingly significant aspect of IWRM is adaptation to climate change-related risks, including threats from flooding, which are particularly salient in England. Although multiple institutional mechanisms exist for flood risk management (FRM), their coherence remains a critical question for national adaptation. This paper therefore (1) maps the multi-level institutional frameworks determining both IWRM and FRM in England; (2) examines their interaction via various inter-institutional coordinating mechanisms; and (3) assesses the degree of coherence. The analysis suggests that cognate EU strategic objectives for flood risk assessment demonstrate relatively high vertical and horizontal coherence with river basin planning. However, there is less coherence with flood risk requirements for land-use planning and national flood protection objectives. Overall, this complex governance arrangement actually demonstrates de-coherence over time due to ongoing institutional fragmentation. Recommendations for increasing IWRM coherence in England or re-coherence based on greater spatial planning and coordination of water-use and land-use strategies are proposed.

     

Parametric uncertainty analysis on hydrodynamic coefficients in groundwater numerical models using Monte Carlo method and RPEM

Groundwater resources are the only source of water in many arid and semi-arid regions. It is important to manage these resources to have a sustainable development. However, there are many factors influencing the accuracy of the results in groundwater modeling. In this research, the uncertainty of two important groundwater model parameters (hydraulic conductivity and specific yield) were considered as the main sources of uncertainty in estimating water level in an unconfined aquifer, in Iran. For this purpose, a simple method called Rosenblueth Point Estimate Method (RPEM) was used to assess groundwater modeling parametric uncertainty, and its performance was compared with Monte Carlo method as a very complicated and time-consuming method. According to calibrated values of hydraulic conductivity and specific yield, several uncertainty intervals were considered to analyze uncertainty. The results showed that the optimum interval for hydraulic conductivity was 40% increase–30% decrease of the calibrated values in both Monte Carlo and RPEM methods. This interval for specific yield was 200% increase–90% decrease of the calibrated values. RPEM showed better performance using the evaluating indices in comparison with Monte Carlo method for both hydraulic conductivity and specific yield with 43% and 17% higher index values, respectively. These results can be used in groundwater management and future prediction of groundwater level.