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生态系统健康及其评价指标和方法 总被引:135,自引:1,他引:135
生态系统健康是一门研究人类活动、社会经济组织、自然系统和人类健康的跨学科综合性学科。如果一个生态系统是稳定、持续和活跃的,能够维持其组织结构,受到干扰后能够在一段时间内自动恢复过来的话,则这个生态系统是健康和不受胁迫综合症影响的。生态系统健康的基本原理有动态性原理、层次性原理、创造性原理、相关性原理和脆弱积累性原理等5个原理。论文提出了包括活力、组织和恢复力在内的生态系统健康的8个评价指标,具体地介绍了生态系统健康的活力、组织结构和恢复力的评价方法。目前生态系统健康研究还处在发展的初始阶段,也存在不少的问题,在进一步发展生态系统健康理论的同时,需要依靠遥感和GIS等技术来对它进行定量化研究,以促进生态系统健康的发展。 相似文献
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喀斯特生态系统健康评价方法比较研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
"中国南方喀斯特"生态敏感度高,抗干扰能力弱,遭受破坏后生态系统很难恢复,开展喀斯特生态系统健康评价研究并进行相应调控具有十分重要的意义。文章分别采用模糊数学方法和灰色关联法构建评价模型对喀斯特生态系统健康进行比较研究。评价指标包括:结构功能、可持续利用能力、动态变化,综合反映喀斯特生态系统健康程度。选择桂林、昆明、毕节地区3个喀斯特地区带入评价模型进行实例研究。通过对评价方法比较,结果如下:毕节地区在两种评价结果中均列于最后一位,均处于亚健康状况。桂林和昆明两个地区的排序不定,在第一、二位之间变动,同属于健康状态。由此,了解两种方法的优缺点,找到评价喀斯特生态系统的适合的方法,对进一步进行喀斯特生态系统健康评价方法研究具有重要的参考意义,为喀斯特生态系统的保护提供科学依据。 相似文献
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城市生态系统健康评价方法及其应用研究 总被引:23,自引:1,他引:23
通过定性和定量分析建立了一套相对完整的评价指标体系,采用因子分析法赋予指标权重,应用模糊数学方法构建评价模型,并对重庆市城市生态系统健康状态进行了实例研究.结果表明,重庆生态系统健康在结构功能方面属于病态;可持续利用能力和动态变化方面属于亚健康状态,城市生态系统健康综合状况属于亚健康状态.以北京、天津、上海作为参比城市进行了对比评价,得出北京、天津和上海也均处于亚健康状态的结论;但4个城市生态系统整体健康状况排序为:上海、北京、天津、重庆.通过此评价,明确了重庆城市生态系统健康的状况及其影响因子,了解了重庆与其它3个直辖市的健康差距,为重庆城市生态规划与保护提供科学依据. 相似文献
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浑河沈阳段生态健康评价指标体系的研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
健康的河流生态系统已经成为公认的河流管理目标,采用河流生态系统健康理论来研究城市河流具有较强的理论和现实意义.本文以浑河沈阳段为例,将根据整体性原则、层次性原则、可操作性原则和定性与定量结合的原则,参考国内外河流生态系统健康评价的指标体系,结合浑河具体情况对河流生态系统健康的评价指标体系进行了探讨。 相似文献
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生态系统方法是自然保护与生态环境管理中的新思想,并被《生物多样性公约》各缔约国所广泛接受。生态系统方法的研究目前处于初期阶段,尚无一致的定义。在对生态系统的系统性和非线性特征分析的基础上,本文简述了生态系统方法在生态环境管理和调控中的必然性。通过两种典型概念的阐释,对生态系统方法的内涵与原则进行了综述和分析。由于其综合性以及对社会和生态的协同考虑,生态系统方法得到了广泛的应用,尤其是在物种多样性保护、水生态及水资源、渔业和森林等领域。在生态系统方法的分析框架上,视研究对象和目的的不同而异,其中生态系统方法的“菱形示意图”更为综合和概况。在目前的生态系统方法研究和实践中,尚存在几个关键问题亟需解决,主要包括:系统的界定、不确定性、与其他方法的冲突和重合、不同结构的协作以及相关研究方法。 相似文献
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This paper, based on the autonomy concept, continues to investigate hierarchical forms and spatial structure of ecosystems. The former can lead to limits for the selection of the component parts of an ecosystem and a distinction between its endogenous and exogenous variables; and the latter can be lead to a hypothesis of the space of an ecosystem: the space of an ecosystem = its habitat area + supporting area + impact area, and two characteristics of ecosystems, space-overlapping and the area of ecosystem space, have been further studied referring to human activities. 相似文献
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环境与生态系统资本价值评估的若干问题 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
近年来,环境与生态系统资本价值评估中的概念界定、系统价值认定及评价模式选择等之类的问题成为相关研究中有争议的议题.鉴于此,对环境与生态系统资本价值评估中的一些问题进行了探讨.①在肯定环境与生态系统资本价值评估意义的基础上,指出对于环境与生态系统的整体价值要予以充分估价;②针对目前评价模式单一的现状,提出了整合类型与区域评估的新模式;③在分析了环境与生态系统的资本价值在空间上流动之后,认为应对价值的积累和流动过程给予充分关注;最后,提出了几条具体的建议. 相似文献
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Land-use planning is an important determinant for green space policy in cities. It defines land covers and hence the structure and function of urban ecosystems and the benefits these provide to humans, such as air purification, urban cooling, runoff mitigation, and recreation. The ecosystem service approach has helped to attract policy attention to these benefits but the concept remains poorly implemented in urban policy and governance. To address this gap, we advance a framework to bridge ecosystem services into policy processes through Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) as decision support tool. The paper is organized in three main parts. First, we conduct a systematic literature review to assess state-of-the-art knowledge on ecosystem service assessments through MCDA. Next, we build on insights from the literature review to develop the ‘ecosystem services policy-cycle’, a conceptual framework that merges the ‘ecosystem service cascade’ and ‘policy cycle’ models to reinforce the link between ecosystem service assessments and practical applications in urban policy and governance. Next, we illustrate the applicability of the proposed framework along an example about conflicting interests on land use and green space planning following the closure of the Airport Tempelhof in Berlin, Germany. Our results highlight the scope of MCDA as a decision support tool for integrating ecosystem service assessments in green space governance. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of different methodological choices in the use of MCDA in ecosystem service assessments and note that a key strength of this tool in informing green space policies lies in its capacity to accommodate conflicting stakeholder perspectives and to address trade-offs between ecological, social and economic values. 相似文献
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基于能值分析的大坝生态效应评价——以尼尔基大坝为例 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
能值分析可提供客观真实的统一量化平台,在自然、经济系统整合分析方面具有显著优越性.将能值分析方法引入大坝生态效应评价,提出基于能值分析的大坝生态效应评价概念框架,绘制库区生态系统能值流图,构建包括生态系统运行效率、生态系统组织结构、生态系统功能维持和生态系统环境安全4方面共9个指标的能值综合评价指标体系.对尼尔基大坝建设前后库区生态系统变化进行对比性评价,结果表明,生态系统的运行效率、功能维持能力有较大提升,组织结构出现不平衡,环境负荷较高,可持续发展能力受损,需减少因流域水土流失与塌岸导致的库区泥沙淤积,以控制不可更新资源能值输入. 相似文献
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南充市城市生态系统健康评价 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
城市生态系统是一个综合性、复杂性的大系统,涉及到城市自然环境、社会经济、人群健康状况、资源状况、环境状况和城市基础设施等各个方面,健康的城市生态系统是人类所向往的目标.从生态系统健康的内涵出发,依据城市生态系统的特殊性,建立了城市生态系统健康评价指标体系;运用AHP法确定了城市生态系统健康评价各指标要素之间的权重;采用模糊数学法的原理建立城市生态系统健康评价模型.将该模型方法应用于南充市城市生态系统健康评价,通过评价得出:南充城市生态系统健康状况为"亚健康"状态,其隶属度为0.329. 相似文献
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流域水生态功能区概念、特点与实施策略 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:5
我国正处在从传统的水质管理向水生态管理转变的关键阶段,水生态功能区是实施流域水生态系统管理的基本单元. 结合区划理论的发展,对国内外区划研究进展进行了系统总结,界定了水生态功能区的基本概念,提出了水生态功能区的基本特点及其在环境管理中的主要作用,辨析了水生态功能区与水功能区、生态功能区和主体功能区的关系,提出了水生态功能区实施的政策保障体系. 结果表明,水生态功能区是开展水生态系统健康评估、识别水生态功能和确定水生态保护目标的基本单元,具有基于流域单元进行划分、以水生态系统等级结构为主线、区域区划与类型区划相统一、陆地与水体保持一致性等特点;不同功能区在基本概念、法律和政策依据、分区目的、分区体系、分区指标和方法及其在管理中的作用等方面差异显著,水生态功能区是对上述功能区的发展、补充和完善;作为一个崭新概念,水生态功能区的实施需要从法律、机构、政策和技术等方面全面保障,在此基础上构建流域水环境综合管理技术体系,支撑流域生态文明建设. 相似文献
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Judgments of adverse environmental impact from cooling water intake structures need to be preceded by an appreciation of what is normal. In its report, Return to the River, the Independent Scientific Group (now called the Independent Scientific Advisory Board) — the scientific peer review arm of the Northwest Power Planning Council — advanced the notion of a ‘normative river ecosystem’ as a new conceptual foundation for salmonid recovery in the Columbia River basin. With this perspective, the sum of the best scientific understanding of how organisms and aquatic ecosystems function should be the norm or standard of measure for how we judge the effects of human activities on aquatic systems. For the best likelihood of recovery, key aspects of altered systems should be brought back toward normative (although not necessarily fully back to the historical or pristine state); new alterations should be judged for adversity by how much they move key attributes away from normative or what might be considered normal. In this paper, I ask what ‘normative’ is for the setting of cooling water intake structures and how this concept could help resolve long-standing disputes between groups interested in avoiding damage to all organisms that might be entrained or impinged and those who take a more population or community perspective for judging adverse environmental impact. In essence, I suggest that if a water intake does not move the aquatic ecosystem outside the ‘normative’ range, based on expressions of normalcy such as those discussed, then no adverse impact has occurred. Having an explicit baseline in normal or normative would place 316(b) analyses on the same conceptual foundation as 316(a) analyses, which strive to demonstrate the continuation of a balanced, indigenous community of aquatic organisms at the power station location. 相似文献
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Ewa Liwarska-Bizukojc Marcin Bizukojc Andrzej Marcinkowski Andrzej Doniec 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2009,17(8):732-741
The necessity to follow the rules of sustainable development in the everyday industrial practice has led to the formulation of the concept of an industrial ecosystem mimicking the natural ecosystem. Following this analogy, the conceptual model of an eco-industrial park, which is an organised form of the industrial ecosystem, was presented in this paper. The model comprises of (1) the structure of the ecosystem, (2) the classification of the enterprises as producers, consumers and decomposers, (3) mass and energy flows and (4) types of interactions. The classification of the enterprises introduced here as well as the analysis of mass and energy flows indicates that the diversity of the enterprises in eco-industrial parks is desired. Furthermore, the minimal condition to create the symbiotic relationships between the enterprises is established, claiming that at least one industrial producer or decomposer must be involved in the eco-industrial park. The application of this model will facilitate the design and development of eco-industrial parks and enable the identification of symbiotic relationships between the entities of such a park and other types of industrial ecosystems. In order to show the applicability of the proposed model and its potential for the practical implementation two case studies are presented. 相似文献