单级好氧生物除磷工艺处理生活污水

采用SBR单级好氧生物除磷工艺处理生活污水,检验该工艺处理实际污水的可行性和稳定性,并与传统厌氧/好氧工艺进行比较.结果表明,当进水磷浓度为2~10mg/L时,SBR单级好氧生物除磷工艺能高效去除污水中的磷,经过长期运行去除效果稳定,去除率保持在90%以上,最高可达98.6%.该工艺对污水中的氨氮、TN、COD等污染物也具有良好的去除效果,平均去除率分别在92%、87%、90%以上,并可实现同步脱氮除磷.SBR单级好氧生物除磷工艺无厌氧段实现强化生物除磷,与传统厌氧/好氧工艺相比,除磷能力相当,但运行成本较低,经济性优势明显.     

生物接触氧化法和生物滤池组合处理工艺处理污水试验

采用软性填料的生物接触氧化器和生物滤池组合工艺处理生活污水,研究水力负荷、气水比和有机负荷对处理效果的影响。结果表明：生物膜和生物滤池联用的组合工艺可以大幅提高有机负荷并节能,系统COD,NH4＋-N去除率分别稳定在87%,82%以上。     

提供生物稳定饮用水的最佳工艺

研究由预处理、常规处理和深度处理组合而成的 7种不同工艺对饮用水源水中可生物同化有机碳 ( AOC)的去除效果 .试验表明 :生物陶粒预处理对 AOC具有较高的去除率 ,达到 45%左右 ,如果在它之前先经过预臭氧化 ,生物处理的去除率可增大到 58.4% ;常规处理对 AOC的去除非常有限 ,去除率平均在 2 0 %左右 ;新活性炭单元因其吸附作用对 AOC的去除效果稳定在30 %左右 ,如和臭氧氧化连用 ,去除效果能提高到 50 %以上 ;包括了常规处理、生物预处理、预臭氧和臭氧活性炭的组合工艺对AOC的去除效果最好 ,达到 86% .因此臭氧氧化、生物炭和生物处理是提高饮用水生物稳定性的重要手段 ,并以本试验结果为依据提出了对于不同的水源水所采用的最佳工艺 .     

EGSB-SBR组合工艺对城市污水脱氮除磷试验研究

采用EGSB-SBR组合工艺在常温下进行城市生活污水脱氮除磷的试验研究,试验结果表明:在6.3～14.9℃温度范围内,进水COD浓度为224.6～368.7mg/L时,COD总去除率约为94.9%,SS总去除率约为89.6%,TN总去除率约为73.2%,TP总去除率约为88.6%,其中TP出水指标<0.5mg/L。该工艺与常规脱氮除磷工艺相比较,投资和运行成本较低,处理效果较好,是一项高效、节能的新型城市污水处理技术。     

膜生物反应器组合工艺处理PTA废水的研究

采用膜生物反应器为核心的组合工艺对PTA废水进行处理,考察了组合工艺的处理效果。结果表明,该工艺对PTA废水有较好的处理效果,系统抗负荷冲击性强,出水水质好。在有机负荷为3.55kgCOD/m3d时,系统出水CODcr稳定在120mg/L以下,COD去除率高达95%以上。同时构建了MBR系统有机底物降解动力学模型,并对其进行了分析。     

ICAR-BF组合工艺处理猪粪废水的实验研究

采用有效容积为18L的内循环厌氧反应器(ICAR)和7.5L的生物滤池(BF)组合工艺处理猪粪废水,首先通过实验确定ICAR的水力停留时间(HRT),并使BF挂膜成功,在此基础上进行了组合工艺处理猪粪废水的研究。结果表明,在温度33±2℃I、CAR水力停留时间为6h、进水COD浓度为7000～8000mg/L时,组合工艺运行稳定;COD和NH3-N去除率分别在95%和93%左右,悬浮固体(SS)去除率在99%以上,是适于养殖场废水处理的一项新工艺。     

生物陶粒-硅藻土联合工艺脱氮除磷

试验采用硅藻土和生物接触氧化组合工艺处理污水处理厂出水,氨氮从10mg/L下降到0.5mg/L以下,去除率70～95%;硅藻土澄清池对总磷的去除率高于95%;且对浊度、色度均有良好的去除效果.     

生物接触氧化-滴滤工艺处理水产养殖废水的效能研究

为了高效处理水产养殖废水,采用了生物接触氧化-滴滤(以陶粒为滤料)组合工艺,并对该组合工艺的处理效果进行考察。以生物接触氧化池中组合填料的密度、停留时间以及滴滤的水力负荷作为研究对象,通过对CODMn、氨氮、TN等参数的分析,得到了该组合工艺的处理效果。研究表明:当工艺中组合填料密度(组合填料与废水的体积比)为9.24%,生物接触氧化水力停留时间为0.85 h,滴滤的水力负荷为27.2 m3/(m2·d)时,CODMn、氨氮、TN、TP的去除率可分别高达55.31%、34.31%、57.64%和20.25%。证明采用该组合工艺净化水产养殖废水具有可行性。     

A2/O耦合生物曝气滤池强化污水脱氮除磷

为了强化污水脱氮除磷性能,采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧(A~2/O)耦合生物曝气滤池(BAF)组合工艺,考察其对营养盐和有机物去除效果,并进一步探究温度的潜在影响。结果表明:A~2/O耦合BAF能实现有机物和氮、磷的同步深度去除,有机物、TN和TP去除率分别高达90%、85. 2%和93%。温度为15,25,35℃时COD去除率变化不大,基本维持在90%以上,45℃时略低于其他温度。NH_4~+-N去除率随温度的升高呈现上升趋势,NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N去除效果在35℃时最佳,厌氧释磷量和缺氧、好氧吸磷量也在35℃达到最大值。可见,A~2/O耦合BAF系统最佳脱氮除磷温度为35℃。     

生物吸附/MBR/硫铁自养反硝化组合工艺运行特性及蛋白质源污泥增量研究

为实现污水处理的深度脱氮除磷及蛋白质源污泥增量,进行了生物吸附/MBR/硫铁自养反硝化组合工艺处理城镇污水的试验研究.结果表明,生物吸附池可以快速富集进水中的大部分有机物,COD平均去除率为55.1%,剩余污泥采用厌氧发酵方式处理,用于生产优质碳源.通过组合工艺系统中的硝化、硫自养反硝化及铁屑除磷作用,出水氨氮、总氮和总磷分别达到1、5和0.4 mg·L~(-1)以下.优质碳源投加到MBR工艺段,碳源环境的改善使得污泥增长率从0.17 g VSS/g COD提高至0.49 g VSS/g COD,进水中总氮的同化比例从40%提高至59%.此外,污泥中蛋白质及氨基酸含量也显著增长,增长率分别为18.3%和19.7%.组合工艺在获得高排放标准水质的同时,实现了高蛋白质源污泥的增量,可为污泥资源化利用提供优质原料.     

运用水质指数法评价南水北调中线水源地丹江口水库水质

丹江口水库是南水北调中线工程水源地,水库水质的好坏直接影响工程效益的发挥. 根据2005年雨季和枯季的水质监测数据,参照GB3838-2002中Ⅱ类水质标准,将21项水质监测指标分为难处理的毒性指标(ρ(As),ρ(Hg),ρ(Cd),ρ(Cr),ρ(Pb)和ρ(Se))、易净化的污染指标(pH,ρ(DO),I_Mn,ρ(BOD₅)和ρ(NH₃-N))及其他指标(ρ(DP),ρ(DIN),ρ(F-),ρ(Cl-),ρ(SO₄2-),ρ(NO₃--N),ρ(Cu),ρ(Zn),ρ(Fe)和ρ(Mn))3类,首先计算单项水质指数,然后分类别计算分类指数,最后得到综合水质指数(WQI). 结果表明:①重金属Hg,Se,Cd和Pb危及库区水质安全;②易净化污染指标及其他指标的WQI值小于20,但氮已对水质构成极大威胁;③水库水质在枯季好于雨季;④水质空间格局为汉江库区好于丹江库区,丹江库区好于库区下游. 对于水源地,在评价有毒重金属时应结合地表水环境标准和饮用水标准. 另外,就污染物成因及水资源保护措施进行了初步探讨.      

三峡水库支流汝溪河河口水体汞的时空变化特征

为探究三峡水库水位调度过程中支流河口汞的变化特征,选取三峡库区腹心地带的典型支流汝溪河河口为研究区域,设置4个断面,分别于蓄水期(9～10月)、淹没期(11～12月)、退水期(2～3月)及落干期(5～6月)这4个时期分层采集水样,分析了水样中的总汞(THg)、颗粒态汞(PHg)、溶解态汞(DHg)、活性汞(RHg)、总甲基汞(TMeHg)及溶解态甲基汞(DMeHg).结果表明,汝溪河口区域THg和TMeHg的质量浓度与中国其它水库或天然水体相接近.不同深度水体中DHg和TMeHg的质量浓度存在显著性差别,其原因是水体中的DHg和TMeHg可能来源于沉积物的再悬浮.对比同时期不同断面各形态汞质量浓度的差别,发现蓄水期长江干流来水方向的不同将导致河口区域THg和PHg的质量浓度分布不均;退水期河口水体中的颗粒物会吸附并携带大量的PHg,导致水体中THg的质量浓度明显高于其它时期.水位较为稳定的淹没期和落干期TMeHg的质量浓度明显高于其它两个时期,表明稳定的水位可能更有利于水体中甲基汞的积累,而水体的剧烈扰动会明显降低水体中TMeHg的质量浓度.     

Reuse rate of treated wastewater in water reuse system

A water quality model for water reuse was made by mathematics induction. The relationship among the reuse rate of treated wastewater（R）, pollutant concentration of reused water（ Cs ）, pollutant concentration of influent（ C0）, removal efficiency of pollutant in wastewater（ E）, and the standard of reuse water were discussed in this study. According to the experiment result of a toilet wastewater treatment and reuse with membrane bioreactors, R would be set at less than 40%, on which all the concerned parameters could meet with the reuse water standards. To raise R of reuse water in the toilet, an important way was to improve color removal of the wastewater.     

抚河南昌段重金属空间分布特征及来源分析

为分析抚河南昌段流域水体中重金属空间分布特征及可能来源,2019年08月在抚河南昌段共采集了23个地表水样及8个地下水样,对水体中的重金属V、Mn、Ba、Fe、Sr、Zn及类金属元素As进行了测定.结果表明,水体中不同重金属空间分布特征总体趋势一致,即中下游地区高于上游地区,污染特征空间差异性为中等及以上.地表水中V、Fe、Mn的平均浓度超过《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）集中式生活饮用水特定项目标准限值;地下水中类金属元素As平均浓度超过《地下水质量标准》（GBT14848-2017）Ⅲ类水质标准.多元统计分析表明Sr、Ba、Mn可能主要来源于人类生产、生活污染物的排放,Fe、V、Zn可能主要来源于农业渔业及交通污染,类金属元素As主要来源于沿岸及河流底部淤泥及岩石碎屑.     

Succession of aquatic microbial communities as a result of the water quality variations in continuous water

The changes of structural and functional parameters of aquatic microbial communities in continuous water on campus of Tsinghua University, China are investigated by polyurethane foam unit(PFU) method. The measured compositions of the communities include alga, protozoa, and some metazoa (such as rotifers). The measured indicators of water quality include water temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen (DO), potassium permanganate index(CODMn), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP) and chlorophyll- a(Chla). The trophic level, expressed by the trophic level indices(TL/c), is assessed with analytic hierarchy process and principal component analysis (AHP-PCA) method. The changing trends of the structural and functional parameters of aquatic microbial communities, such as Margalef index of diversity(D), Shannon-weaver index of diversity (H), Heterotropy index (HI), number of species when the colonization gets equilibrium(Seq), colonizing speed constant(G) and time spent when 90 percent of Seq colonized in PFU ( T90% ), are also analyzed. The experimental results showed the succession of aquatic microbial communities along the water flow is consistent with the water quality changes, so the parameters of microbial community can reflect the changes of water quality from the ecological view.     

Occurrence and formation potential of nitrosamines in river water and ground water along the Songhua River, China

The presence of mutagenic and carcinogenic nitrosamines in water is of great concern. In this study, seven nitrosamines including N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPyr), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPip), N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA), and N-nitrosodi-n-butyl-amine (NDBA) were investigated in river water and ground water samples collected from 5 representative cities (Jilin, Songyuan, Harbin, Jiamusi and Tongjiang) along the Songhua River. The total concentrations of nitrosamines in ground water were n.d. (not detected) to 60.8 ng/L, NDMA was the most frequently detected nitrosamines in ground water, followed by NDEA and NPip. Relatively high detected frequency and concentrations of NDMA were also observed in river water samples, and the total nitrosamines'' concentration at midstream is always higher than that at upstream and downstream. After 24 hr chlorination, concentration of NDMA, NDBA was obviously increased but NDEA was reduced. Furthermore, UV₂₅₄ showed a better relationship with NDMA-FP rather than dissolved organic carbon (DOC), NH₄-N, and TDN.     

广西会仙岩溶湿地典型抗生素污染特征及生态风险评估

为确定会仙岩溶湿地不同介质中抗生素的污染特征及来源,利用液相色谱串联质谱联用仪分析了磺胺类(SAs)、氟喹诺酮类(FQs)和四环素类(TCs)三大类20种抗生素的含量.结果表明,研究区内水土介质监测的抗生素中共检出12种,检出浓度范围为n.d～106 ng·L~(-1),其中,甲氧苄氨嘧啶(TMP)的浓度最高.各环境介质中,以养殖用水和地表河水中检出的抗生素种类相对较多,分别为10种和8种,溶潭水和土壤中则检出的抗生素种类较少.因子分析结果显示,会仙湿地水体中的典型抗生素来源可归为两类,一类以受外源污染为主,从而导致地表河水中磺胺氯达嗪(SCP)、磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)、磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)、诺氟沙星(NOR)、氧氟沙星(OFL)检出浓度较高,一类受湿地内养殖污染,从而造成水土介质中磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SMD)、甲氧苄氨嘧啶(TMP)和金霉素(CTC)检出.水体中检出的抗生素主要受溶解氧(DO)影响,此外,甲氧苄氨嘧啶(TMP)、恩诺沙星(ENR)和强力霉素(DOX)与NH~+_4存在一定的协同污染关系.风险评估结果表明,恩诺沙星(ENR)处于高风险的范围内,磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)、诺氟沙星(NOR)和氧氟沙星(OFL)处于中等风险,中等风险的抗生素主要集中在地表河水中,高风险抗生素则在养殖用水中.整体来看,研究区水体中抗生素存在一定的风险.因此,针对这一现象应减少存在生态风险抗生素的使用,并对有潜在风险的抗生素加以防范.     

抚河南昌段重金属空间分布特征及来源分析

为分析抚河南昌段流域水体中重金属空间分布特征及可能来源,2019年08月在抚河南昌段共采集了23个地表水样及8个地下水样,对水体中的重金属V、Mn、Ba、Fe、Sr、Zn及类金属元素As进行了测定.结果表明,水体中不同重金属空间分布特征总体趋势一致,即中下游地区高于上游地区,污染特征空间差异性为中等及以上.地表水中V、Fe、Mn的平均浓度超过《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）集中式生活饮用水特定项目标准限值;地下水中类金属元素As平均浓度超过《地下水质量标准》（GBT14848-2017）Ⅲ类水质标准.多元统计分析表明Sr、Ba、Mn可能主要来源于人类生产、生活污染物的排放,Fe、V、Zn可能主要来源于农业渔业及交通污染,类金属元素As主要来源于沿岸及河流底部淤泥及岩石碎屑.     

Characteristics of phosphorus fractionated from the sediment resuspension in abrupt expansion flow experiments

Phosphorous (P) fraction characteristics in sediment resuspension were investigated under adequately hydrodynamic conditions. Four forms of P in overlying water, including dissolved inorganic P, dissolved total P, total P, and particulate P, and six fractions of P in suspended particulate matter (SPM), including loosely sorbed P (NH4Cl-P), redox-sensitive P (BD-P), aluminum-bound P (Al- P), organic P (NaOH-nrP), calcium-bound P (Ca-P) and residual P (Res-P), were quantified, respectively. Di erent hydrodynamic conditions resulted in di erent P form changes. Four states could be ascribed: (1) P desorption by sediment and SPM, and P adsorption by overlying water; (2) P desorption by SPM, and P adsorption by overlying water; (3) P adsorption by SPM, and P desorption by overlying water; and (4) P equilibrium between SPM and overlying water. The contents of P in overlying water acquired peak values in the middle position of the vertical P distribution due to the combined actions of SPM and sediment. P fractions in SPM were in the following order: BD-P > NaOH-nrp > Ca-P > Al-P > Res-P > NH4Cl-P. BD-P in SPM frequently exchanged with P forms in overlying water. Resuspension was favorable to forming Ca-P in SPM.     

Effect of water matrices on removal of veterinary pharmaceuticals by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes

This study explored the removal of five veterinary pharmaceuticals (VPs) (sulfamethoxazole (SMETOX), trimethoprim (TMP), ciprofloxacin (CIPRO), dexamethasone (DEXA) and febantel (FEBA)) from different water matrices (Milli-Q water, model water, tap water and real pharmaceutical wastewater using four types of nanofiltration (NF) membranes (NF90, NF270, NF and HL) and two reverse osmosis (RO) membranes (LFC-1 and XLE). All VPs were added to different water matrices at a concentration of 10 mg/L. Rejections of VPs and water flux were measured. The rejection increased with increase of molecular weight. The highest rejections were obtained with RO membranes (LFC-1, XLE) and tight NF (NF90) membrane. In general, the rejection of VPs was higher in model water and tap water than in Milli-Q water, but the water flux was lower. This was mainly explained by ion adsorption inside the membranes pores. Narrower pore size counteracted the effect of presence of low concentration of natural organic matter (NOM) in tap water. The NOM was assumed to enhance the adsorption of VPs onto membrane surface, increased the size exclusion and electrostatic repulsion also appeared during the transport. Investigated water matrices had influence on water flux decline due to their complexity.