京津冀大气污染联防联控区域细分与等级评价

联防联控已成为区域大气污染有效应对战略,确定联防联控的范围和等级是其关键所在。根据各城市污染物长期监控数据,运用相关性分析、线性回归、聚类分析等方法确定联防联控子区域;其次,构建了联防联控子区域大气污染水平、平均人口密度、对区域整体污染的影响程度和污染治理弹性4个等级评价指标,并利用优劣解距离(TOPSIS)-灰色关联综合评价模型对联防联控子区域进行等级评价;最后,把该方法应用到京津冀区域13个城市的PM2.5和O3污染联防联控的实证案例。结果表明,京津冀区域可划分为4个PM2.5联防联控子区域、6个O3联防联控子区域,这些联防联控子区域的治理优先等级与实际相符,验证了新方法的科学性和合理性,为全国区域大气污染联防联控提供了决策依据。     

树林对大气污染扩散的影响

城市的大气监测网络按社会功能区设点,其中,大气质量背景(或清洁区对照)监测点,传统上设在风景区,且总是设在树林比较繁茂的地点。近年来,随着环境保护科学的发展,城市大气环境质量地面自动监测站逐渐增多。按各功能区设自动监测子站,监测仪采样器架在子站屋顶上,清洁区的采样器为避免树蓬的遮掩,一般置于和树顶齐平的高度。然而,清洁区对照点出现了始料不到的情况。     

大气污染对交通民警健康影响的调查

交通民警是城市中接触汽车最多 ,长年累月呼吸着城市污染空气的特殊职业人群。杭州市自 90年代以来 ,车流量大为增加 ,堵车现象逐步升级 ,而所用汽油大都含四乙基铅 ,因此 ,交通污染相当严重 ;另外 ,城市人流的增加和城市基本建设的兴起 ,又加剧了城市空气污染。那么 ,有必要对交通民警健康情况进行调查以了解大气污染对其健康影响 ,本次调查选择血铅水平、外周血淋巴细胞微核率和耳鼻喉炎 3项指标。　　1　交通民警血铅水平调查本次调查选择 60名交警 ,均系工龄较长而不吸烟者 ,工龄最长为 3 8年 ,最短也有 7年。其中城区交警为 2 9人 ,西…     

唐山市工业区大气污染对小学生肺功能的影响

探讨了工业区大气污染对小学生肺功能的影响。在唐山市工业区和相对清洁区选取452名小学生为研究对象,进行肺功能的测定和问卷调查。用多元回归分析建立模型后,以实测值占预计值的百分比为统计量进行分析。调查结果显示小学生肺功能指标中MVV、V25污染区低于对照区,VC、FEV、V25、V50的异常率高于对照区,且与大气中SO2的浓度有关。     

基于插值模型的京津冀平原区典型月份AOD变化

以2009-2013年每年10月份京津冀平原区的MODIS气溶胶光学厚度数据（AOD）为基础,建立时间序列插值模型,插值得到更加系统完整的AOD日数据;进一步以日数据为基础,运用算术平均值计算方法得到AOD月均值图像,并且提取京津冀平原区10个城市每年10月份的AOD月均值。研究结果表明：就整个研究区而言,在时间变化上,AOD值呈现逐渐增大的趋势,2012年10月达到最大,2013年10月略有减小;在空间分布上,西北部区域AOD值较小,东南部区域AOD值较大。就10个城市而言,在时间变化上,有5个城市AOD值呈现增大趋势,5个城市呈现波动特征;在空间分布上,西部的3个城市为AOD低值城市,东北部的4个城市为中值城市,东南部的3个城市为高值城市。     

大气污染对南京市麒麟镇麒麟石刻的风化影响

南京市麒麟镇麒麟石刻是重要文物遗迹六朝石刻之一,其表面风化严重.探讨了麒麟石刻的风化原因,并利用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射和热重分析等手段对其外表面层、断面层和内部新鲜岩石作了测试.结果表明,麒麟石刻属于石灰岩,主要由方解石和石英组成;在长期的风化作用下,麒麟石刻的外表面层、断面层和内部新鲜岩石的化学成分有明显差异,其外表面层和断面层加入了环境中某些污染成分.对麒麟石刻附近的环境空气进行了监测,并利用电感耦合等离子光谱和离子色谱分析了空气中TSP的水溶性元素和雨水中主要化学物质和元素.结果显示,NO2和TSP浓度均超过<环境空气质量标准>(GB 3095-1996)一级标准,雨水pH均值为4.7,麒麟石刻附近道路扬尘严重.     

长三角区域大气污染防治协作机制会议召开

正由沪苏浙皖长三角三省一市和国家八部委组成的长三角区域大气污染防治协作机制,12月1日下午在上海召开第二次工作会议。中共中央政治局委员、上海市委书记韩正主持会议。会议在总结2014年工作的基础上,形成《长三角区域大气污染防治协作2015年重点工作建议》。韩正在会议总结时指出,2014年协作机制在联动治污上已迈出了坚实一步。2015年的工作,要坚持围绕一个总纲,即《长三角区域落实大气污染防治行动计划实施细则》;聚焦三项重点,即重点污染物治理、污染源头治理、共性问题研究。2014年是长三角区域大气污染防治协作的开局年,三省一市和国家八部委深入贯彻中央要求,以共识、共治、共赢     

反应沉淀一体式矩形环流反应器处理城市污水的影响因素研究

通过中试研究了不同溶解氧浓度、有机负荷、HRT条件下,反应沉淀一体式矩形环流反应器(RPIR)对深圳市南山污水处理厂低C/N城市污水的处理效果。结果表明,在控制溶解氧浓度为1 mg/L、COD容积负荷小于2.5 kg/m3.d、NH4+-N容积负荷不超过0.2 kg/(m3.d)、HRT为4 h时,COD平均去除率可达90%,NH4+-N平均去除率超过80%。RPIR在处理该城市污水过程中具有良好的抗冲击负荷能力,污染物去除效率高,运行稳定。     

嘉兴市大气污染特征及区域传输影响研究

对嘉兴市2013—2017年的大气污染特征进行了分析,同时研究了区域传输对其PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂和SO₂的影响和嘉兴市O₃生成的主要原因。结果表明,自2013年以来嘉兴市PM2.5逐年下降,重度污染及以上天数逐年减少,环境空气质量总体呈逐年好转趋势。截至2017年,PM₁₀、NO₂、SO₂和CO均已达到《环境空气质量标准》（GB 3095—2012）二级标准,但PM_2.5和O₃仍未达标。2017年,周边地区（苏州市、湖州市、上海市、杭州市、绍兴市和宁波市）对嘉兴市PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂和SO₂的传输贡献分别为36.2%、31.9%、25.6%、26.7%,季节差异较大,建议根据区域传输的季节性变化,制定针对性的联防联控措施。嘉兴市O3污染主要受挥发性有机物（VOCs）控制,应重点控制VOCs排放,辅以控制NO_x排放。     

我国大气污染化学研究进展

本文综述了我国大气污染化学研究的概况。阐明了大气颗粒物（气溶胶）的表征研究,包括颗粒物的物理化学特性和环境化学行为;大气污染物的迁移、转化和归宿的规律,包括化学过程和大气化学模式的研究等。介绍了某些大气污染物的特殊分析测试方法和采样技术,对今后发展大气化学的展望和战略作了讨论。     

河北廊坊地区大气污染物变化特征与来源追踪

为了解河北省廊坊地区大气污染水平、变化特征以及污染物来源,2009年7月—2010年6月对该地区大气中NO、NO_x（NO_x=NO+NO₂）、O₃、SO₂和PM₁₀进行了连续在线观测,并用统计方法和后向轨迹模拟对所获数据进行分析。结果表明,一次污染物NO、NO_x、SO₂和PM₁₀浓度具有相似的季变化和日变化,冬季浓度最高,季节日均值分别为（57±53）、（127±84）、（69±340）和（181±129）μg/m³;二次污染物O₃夏季浓度最高,日小时均值最高值季节日平均为（99±39）μg/m³。一次污染物浓度日变化呈早晚双峰型,冬季,变化幅度最大;二次污染物日变化为单峰型,最大值出现在夏季午后。夏季受东南气流影响,往往造成该地区O₃超标;冬季,廊坊和天津污染具有较高一致性,出现区域性大气复合污染。廊坊地区大气污染除受本地排放影响,还受到周边地区污染物输送的影响,其在京津两大城市间对大气污染的缓冲作用也不可小觑。     

地下水循环井V1.0场地应用效果分析

地下水循环井作为一种原位修复技术,因其对含水层扰动小、结构简单、修复成本较低等优点,逐渐成为修复污染含水层的重要手段。但我国目前尚缺乏循环井技术实际运行实例。以数值模拟为指导,基于模拟结果设计了循环井V1.0系统,建设了循环井系统,并通过野外现场试验对循环井的水流循环特征及溶质运移效果进行了评估。研究表明,溶质运移范围与循环井运行时间及循环井的抽注量呈正相关关系,同时水流及溶质运移范围也受到水平渗透系数与垂直渗透系数的影响。循环井的抽注量越大,上筛段水位下降及下筛段水位上升的幅度越大。使用高锰酸钾作为示踪剂时,随着循环井运行时间的增加,示踪剂能够以较高浓度被输送到更远的地方。     

Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in fish from lakes of the Tibetan Plateau and the implications

High mountains may play significant roles in the global transport of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This work aims to investigate the levels, patterns and distribution of semi-volatile organoclorine pollutants and to improve the understanding of the long-range atmospheric transport and fate of contaminants on the Tibetan Plateau. A total of 60 fish samples were collected from eight lakes located between 2813 and 4718 m above sea level across the Plateau. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were measured in fish muscle. The results showed that concentrations of DDT, HCH and HCB were comparable to or lower than those found in remote mountains of Europe, Canada and US, while PCB concentrations in fish were, on average, about 4-150 times lower on Tibet than at other mountain areas. The transport and fate of contaminants in the Plateau are significantly influenced by the unique climatological and meteorological conditions, particularly by the summer Indian monsoon and winter westerly jet stream.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and mercury in fish from lakes of the Tibetan Plateau

High mountains may act as cold traps for globally transported persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and mercury (Hg). In the present study, 60 fish samples were collected from eight alpine lakes across the Tibetan Plateau. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), total mercury (HgT) and methyl mercury (MeHg) were quantified in the fish muscle tissues to improve the understanding of pollution status and factors regulating the transport and fate of these contaminants on the Plateau. The results showed that lake-averaged ∑₁₄PBDEs concentration was between 0.09 ng g⁻¹ dw and 4.32 ng g⁻¹ dw, which was lower than those reported for European mountains. The total mercury concentration in individual fish ranged from 243 to 2384 ng g⁻¹ dw, and that of MeHg from 131 to 1610 ng g⁻¹ dw, which is much higher than those reported in other mountain fish. The spatial variation of PBDEs and mercury in the Plateau is largely controlled by the specific meteorological patterns.     

Distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in conifer needles in the southeast Tibetan Plateau

Twenty-nine conifer needles in mountain-valley areas from the southeastern Tibet were collected with altitude span from 1520 to 4340m above sea level (m.a.s.l.). They were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including hexachlorocyclohexanes (alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDT) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Concentrations of OCPs in samples ranged from 0.69 to 4.3 ng/g, from 0.39 to 4.9 ng/g and from 1.9 to 20.5 ng/g (dry weight) for HCB, total HCHs and DDTs, respectively. The levels of DDTs found here were noticeably higher than those from other high mountainous regions. Composition of HCH isomers and DDTs was analyzed, and it was found that the high ratio of o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT might be caused by the application of dicofol in adjacent regions. A number of environmental factors controlling the distribution of OCPs in regional scale were also discussed in this paper.     

太原市近地面臭氧浓度变化规律及其与气象要素的关系

臭氧(O3)是城市大气污染和气候变化促进的重要因子,对于城市大气污染与防治研究具有重要意义。本研究选取太原城区10个国控点O3日浓度变化,分析了其与相关气象因子(能见度、室外温度、室外湿度、风速和风向)的关系。研究结果表明,夏季O3浓度最高;春季O3浓度变化次之,冬季变化最小;城市新兴繁荣区和传统重工业区高浓度O3变化的时间跨度要明显高于过渡区域。城区O3和相关气象因子存在显著季节性变化特征。小波分析结果显示,城区O3时间序列相对较高能量的变化周期为主要以pp3浓度影响频率达50%;而夏季受此影响频率高达60%,秋季西西北风和西北北风对O3浓度的影响频率相近(约40%)。研究结果将有助于为北方城市大气污染防治提供理论参考和实践指导。     

Norwegian Meteorological Institute’s real-time dispersion model snap (Severe Nuclear Accident Program): Runs for ETEX and ATMES II experiments with different meteorological input

The Norwegian Meteorological Institute (DNMI) has developed and implemented for operational use a real-time dispersion model Severe Nuclear Accident Program (SNAP) with capability for predicting concentrations and depositions of the radioactive debris from large accidental releases. SNAP has been closely linked to DNMI’s operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models.How good are these predictions? Participation in ETEX has partly answered this question. DNMI used SNAP with LAM50S giving meteorological input for these real-time dispersion calculations. LAM50S Limited Area Model with 50 km grid squareswas DNMI’s operational NWP model in 1994 when ETEX took place.In this article we report on how SNAP performed in the first of the ETEX releases in near-real-time mode, using LAM50S—and in hindcast mode for ATMES II, using “ECMWF 1995: ETEX Data set (ATMES II)”as meteorological input data. These two input data sets came from NWP models with quite different characteristics but with similar resolution in time and space.The results from these dispersion simulations matched closely. Deviations early in the simulation period shrank to insignificant differences later on. Since both input data sets were based on “weather analysis” and had similar resolution in space and time, SNAP described the dispersion of the released material very similar in these two simulations.     

Exchange of sulfur pollution between Bulgaria and Greece

The EMAP model (Eulerian Model for Air Pollution) is applied for calculating the sulfur concentration and deposition fields for 1995 as based upon Bulgarian and Greek sources. The country-to-country budgets show that about 4% of the sulfur oxides emitted by Bulgaria are deposited over Greek territory, estimated at 28 kt S. Only 2% of sulfur compounds emitted by Greece are deposited over Bulgaria, estimated at 6.2 kt S for 1995. This data is in agreement with EMEP/MSC-W estimates and provides more details concerning time and space. The results can be used in decision-making, negotiating and the development of contamination strategies.