深水型水库水质因子与藻类群落垂向演替及水华爆发机制分析

将莆田市东圳水库垂向划分为表层、中层、和深层,研究其藻类群落的分布特征及其受环境因子影响的演变规律,进而明晰“水华”爆发机制。结果表明,水库中共检出浮游藻类7门39属,群落结构主要以蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻和隐藻为主,在不同季节沿水库垂向分布呈现显著差异性。表层和中层水体中优势藻类为绿藻门和蓝藻门,受水温、光照、DO和TN影响;深层水体优势藻类为硅藻和隐藻,主要受水温和TN影响。对水库中营养盐分析结果表明,东圳水库N/P平均值达到32.4,呈典型磷限制性特征,水库氮污染主要来自农业面源输入和内源释放。底泥中氮类物质易于在夏季分层期发生释放,并与DO结合发生形态转化后输入至上层水体,由此导致“水华”现象的发生。针对东圳水库水华防范与治理,需严格防控点源和农业面源污染,并建设水力扰动设施以及增设原位修复装置等措施,全方位防控水华现象的发生。本研究通过分析东圳水库藻类功能组时空演替,有助于确定东圳水库藻类爆发机制,可为水库藻类治理、水环境生态保护提供参考。     

再生水补水景观湖浮游藻类群落结构特征及与环境因子的关系

在2014年6月至2015年5月,对以再生水为补水水源的天津临港生态湿地公园景观湖区的浮游藻类和水质指标进行逐月监测,应用典范对应分析(CCA)研究了浮游藻类与环境因子之间的关系,评价了湖区的水环境状况。结果表明:共鉴定出浮游藻类7门67属115种(包括变种),硅藻门种类最多,其次为绿藻门和蓝藻门,浮游藻类丰度范围为3.5×106~49×106cells·L~(-1),平均丰度为25.7×106cells·L~(-1),优势藻种主要为链状假鱼腥藻、梅尼小环藻、四尾栅藻、颤藻、项圈藻和卵形隐藻;多样性分析显示,藻类物种多样性一般,结合优势指示种评价水体为中污染富营养型水体;典范对应分析表明,水温、盐度、TN/TP等是影响临港再生水补水景观湖藻类群落结构的主要因素。     

梯级电站作用下北江河流秋季藻类水华特征及关键因子分析

为探究梯级电站作用下北江河流藻类水华的关键因子,采集了北江非水华和水华期间水质监测数据,通过相关性和冗余分析探讨北江藻类水华暴发与影响因子之间的关系。结果表明,北江水华正相关影响因子为水温、pH、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数和总磷,负相关影响因子为总氮、氨氮和流速及流量。在营养盐满足条件的情况下,秋季水温上升,梯级电站作用下水体流动慢,水体分层明显,导致具备悬浮能力的微囊藻处于有利的理化环境,成为绝对优势种,并大量聚集从而发生蓝藻水华。     

再生水补水河道中流速对浮游藻类生长影响的模拟实验

以再生水为主要补给水源的城市河道中,避免藻类水华是河道调控的重点之一。实际调控中,在控制藻类数量增长的同时,还应关注藻类群落的多样性,降低由于优势藻种的生长而导致水华的可能。在3种水深下各设置7组流速条件,利用环形水槽模拟研究不同组合条件下河道单元水体中浮游藻类的生长情况,通过计算藻类比生长率和藻类群落的香浓-威纳(Shannon-Wiener)指数描述藻类增长速率和群落生物多样性,从而对浮游藻类生长情况进行综合评价。实验结果显示,相同水深下浮游藻类比生长率在0.05~0.08 m·s~(-1)流速范围内出现最大值,而适当降低水深有利于提高水体浮游藻类的群落多样性。综合分析比生长率和多样性得到,在0~0.05 m·s~(-1)流速附近产生水华的潜势较高。     

蓄水型备用水源地藻类生长趋势及控藻技术研究

为了探明以洪泽湖为原水的某蓄水型备用水源地藻类生长情况，探索原位控藻方法，进行了为期1年的藻类数量测定，并进行了遮光控藻实验和清浑混合控藻实验。结果表明，备用水源地优势藻类为硅藻门(Diatom)的针杆藻属(Synedra),持续全年；7—8月出现蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)的微囊藻属(Microcystis)。藻细胞数量夏季多、冬季少，在7—8月达到峰值(2.09×10⁷个/L),1月达到谷值(9.23×10⁶个/L)。藻类在复合湿地区比进水口下降约4.8%,在深水净化区比进水口增加0.3%。藻类在0.5 m水深处最多，表面、3.0 m水深处藻类数量分别是0.5 m水深处的92.1%和89.9%。遮盖率为40%、60%、80%、100%的水体稳态控藻率分别为24.2%、41.4%、47.0%、61.1%,稳态高锰酸盐(I_Mn)削减率分别为24.8%、36.5%、41.6%、47.7%。建议采用太阳能发电板遮蔽水面控藻，遮盖率取60%。清浑混合体积比为6∶4、7∶3、8∶2、9∶1的水体稳态控藻率分别为33.2%...     

三峡水库泄水期香溪河库湾营养盐动态及干流逆向影响

为了研究水库干流对支流库湾营养盐动态的影响,于2009年春季三峡水库汛前泄水期,通过监测分析了库湾水流特点及叶绿素a、总氮、总磷和溶解性硅酸盐的时空动态。研究发现:三峡水库汛前泄水期,库湾水体表现为分层异向流动,干流水体以异重流形式倒灌入库湾;特定的水流特性为泄水期库湾营养物质运移提供了水动力基础,水库干流对库湾营养盐的补给及水华暴发范围有明显逆向作用;受干流影响,氮和硅自河口至回水末端呈递减趋势,磷主要受上游来水影响,空间分布趋势与氮、硅相反;叶绿素a浓度峰值向上游移动,水华范围向上游收缩,河口处叶绿素a浓度的时间均值明显低于回水末端,表明三峡水库泄水期香溪河库湾下游水体水华受到干流逆向影响的抑制。     

于桥水库秋季浮游植物群落结构与水质因子的关系

针对于桥水库秋季藻类大量爆发引发的富营养化所导致的供水安全问题,研究了浮游植物群落结构与水质因子的关系,找出影响浮游植物群落结构的主要水质因子和富营养化的主控因子.结果显示,2009年秋季于桥水库共有浮游植物110种,隶属于7门52属,平均丰度为3.46×105个/L,优势种为弯形尖头藻、圆柱鱼腥藻、双头针杆藻、尖针杆...     

海河干流天津段氮磷对藻类生长的影响及动力学分析

本实验以海河干流天津段水体为对象,对其中四种典型共存藻类(即铜绿微囊藻、小球藻、卵囊藻和席藻)在不同氮磷营养盐环境条件下的响应生长规律进行了过程表征及动力学研究。实验结果表明,N/P在10~40范围适宜藻类生长,N/P为10时藻类比增长率最大;氮浓度水平在2.0~15 mg·L~(-1)、磷浓度水平在0.2~1.5 mg·L~(-1)内,藻类比增长率随着氮磷浓度的升高而增大,当氮浓度为15 mg·L~(-1),磷浓度为1.5 mg·L~(-1)时达到最大,优势藻为卵囊藻;通过Monod藻类生长动力学分析得出,藻类最大比增长率为0.050 8,半饱和常数为0.157,表明目标河段水华暴发风险相对较低,且磷是藻生长限制性因子。     

生物制剂法治理藻类水华

在广州市黄埔区某公园池塘进行现场围隔对比实验,通过投加固定化生物催化剂(IBC)治理藻类水华。结果表明,在IBC中细菌的直接或间接杀藻的作用下,水体中的藻类生物量迅速降低,叶绿素a去除率达到81.5%;微生物的快速生长及酶和酶活因子的协同作用下,水中污染物被快速降解,使水体中的总氮、氨氮和COD的浓度快速下降,去除率分别达到81.9%、80.3%和65.3%,并维持在低水平,进一步抑制了藻类水华的形成和发展,加快水体的净化。     

滇池铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa Küitz)毒素及其在水体中的变化

本文研究了昆明市滇池富营养化所形成水华的主要藻类———铜绿微囊藻 (MicrocystisaeruginosaK櫣ｉｔｚ)的毒素及其在水体的变化。经研究 ,滇池铜绿微囊藻的提取液有一个毒峰出现 ,用双波长紫外分光光度计测定 ,发现于 2 4 0nm出现一个毒峰。用色质谱联用扫描得出 ,其分子离子峰为1 0 4 0 M/Z。用小白鼠注入藻类提取液进行试验 ,发现其肝脏肿大 ,并呈紫褐色。再将肝脏匀浆提取液用高压液相色谱测定 ,发现有毒峰出现。在不同季节、不同地点 ,采取湖水 ,经过滤后 (去除藻类和碎屑 )进行测定 ,结果得出 :在藻类生长旺季及生长繁茂的地点 ,水体中藻毒素的含量较高。而在藻类生长淡季及分布较少的地点 ,水中藻毒素含量则较少。但总的看来 ,经过过滤后的湖水 ,其中藻毒素含量少     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

Phytoextraction of lead-contaminated soil using vetivergrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vetiveria zizanioides</Emphasis> L.), cogongrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Imperata cylindrica</Emphasis> L.) and carabaograss (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum conjugatum</Emphasis> L.)

Background, Aims and Scope The global problem concerning contamination of the environment as a consequence of human activities is increasing. Most of the environmental contaminants are chemical by-products and heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Lead released into the environment makes its way into the air, soil and water. Lead contributes to a variety of health effects such as decline in mental, cognitive and physical health of the individual. An alternative way of reducing Pb concentration from the soil is through phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is an alternative method that uses plants to clean up a contaminated area. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the survival rate and vegetative characteristics of three grass species such as vetivergrass, cogongrass and carabaograss grown in soils with different Pb levels; and (2) to determine and compare the ability of the three grass species as potential phytoremediators in terms of Pb accumulation by plants. Methods The three test plants: vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.); cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.); and carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum L.) were grown in individual plastic bags containing soils with 75 mg kg⁻¹ (37.5 kg ha⁻¹) and 150 mg kg⁻¹ (75 kg ha⁻¹) of Pb, respectively. The Pb contents of the test plants and the soil were analyzed before and after experimental treatments using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was laid out following a 3 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results On the vegetative characteristics of the test plants, vetivergrass registered the highest whole plant dry matter weight (33.85–39.39 Mg ha⁻¹). Carabaograss had the lowest herbage mass production of 4.12 Mg ha⁻¹ and 5.72 Mg ha⁻¹ from soils added with 75 and 150 mg Pb kg⁻¹, respectively. Vetivergrass also had the highest percent plant survival which meant it best tolerated the Pb contamination in soils. Vetivergrass registered the highest rate of Pb absorption (10.16 ± 2.81 mg kg⁻¹). This was followed by cogongrass (2.34 ± 0.52 mg kg⁻¹) and carabaograss with a mean Pb level of 0.49 ± 0.56 mg kg⁻¹. Levels of Pb among the three grasses (shoots + roots) did not vary significantly with the amount of Pb added (75 and 150 mg kg⁻¹) to the soil. Discussion Vetivergrass yielded the highest biomass; it also has the greatest amount of Pb absorbed (roots + shoots). This can be attributed to the highly extensive root system of vetivergrass with the presence of an enormous amount of root hairs. Extensive root system denotes more contact to nutrients in soils, therefore more likelihood of nutrient absorption and Pb uptake. The efficiency of plants as phytoremediators could be correlated with the plants’ total biomass. This implies that the higher the biomass, the greater the Pb uptake. Plants characteristically exhibit remarkable capacity to absorb what they need and exclude what they do not need. Some plants utilize exclusion mechanisms, where there is a reduced uptake by the roots or a restricted transport of the metals from root to shoots. Combination of high metal accumulation and high biomass production results in the most metal removal from the soil. Conclusions The present study indicated that vetivergrass possessed many beneficial characteristics to uptake Pb from contaminated soil. It was the most tolerant and could grow in soil contaminated with high Pb concentration. Cogongrass and carabaograss are also potential phytoremediators since they can absorb small amount of Pb in soils, although cogongrass is more tolerant to Pb-contaminated soil compared with carabaograss. The important implication of our findings is that vetivergrass can be used for phytoextraction on sites contaminated with high levels of heavy metals; particularly Pb. Recommendations and Perspectives High levels of Pb in localized areas are still a concern especially in urban areas with high levels of traffic, near Pb smelters, battery plants, or industrial facilities that burn fuel ending up in water and soils. The grasses used in the study, and particularly vetivergrass, can be used to phytoremediate urban soil with various contaminations by planting these grasses in lawns and public parks. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Willie Peijnenburg (wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nl)