芬兰的水质自动监测

芬兰是北欧的一个多湖国家,全境有大小湖泊六万多个,水系纵横,内陆水域占全国总面积百分之九以上。芬兰又是一个森林之国,森林复盖面积达百分之七十八。利用森林资源,芬兰大力发展造纸及木材加工等工业,由此也引起水质污染问题。为了保护水源,芬兰国家水源局从1972年开始研究发展水质自动监测技术。1975年,世界银行向芬兰贷款两千万美元,用于水质保护科学研究,其中主要研究项目就是建立水质自动监测系统。从1974年至1980年,芬兰水源局水质研究所先后在中部及南部Kokemaeiljoki和Kymijoki河系上建立自动水质监测站、网,目的是监测和防止工业废水、废料、城市污水向水系排放,并研究水质变化规律。经过几年的运行和改进,取得了较好的效果,积累了一定的经验。     

光纤传感技术在环境科学中的应用

本文对近年来光纤传感技术在环境科学领域中的应用,分为水质、气体、放射性监测和其他等四个部分作了介绍和评述。     

太湖蓝藻水华的遥感监测研究

随着太湖蓝藻水华的日益严重,实现藻类的时空动态监测成为湖泊水质保护亟待解决的问题.利用遥感技术可以快速、直观地获取整个水域水质的时空变化情况,为实现藻类的动态监测提供了有效的途径.在太湖蓝藻水华遥感监测研究结果的基础上,总结分析了现有研究中所使用的遥感数据源、遥感监测方法以及遥感反演的水质参数,讨论了现有研究中存在的问题,并对将来的发展趋势进行了展望.     

基于通用分组无线服务系统的远程汽车尾气排放实时监测系统设计探讨

汽车尾气是最主要的大气污染源,传统的汽车尾气年检制度与数据管理难以实现对汽车尾气的系统化、自动化、智能化和规范化检测与管理。将车载汽车尾气检测系统(PEMS)、通用分组无线服务系统(GPRS)和计算机技术结合,可以实现对汽车尾气排放数据的自动化采集和智能化管理,是未来汽车尾气监管手段的发展方向。提出了基于PEMS和GPRS技术的远程汽车尾气排放实时监测系统的总体设计思路和系统架构,论述了系统的开发目标和功能需求,并对各个功能模块及实现的关键技术进行了探讨。     

湖泊蓝藻水华预警监测技术的应用研究

湖泊蓝藻水华已经成为社会公众和政府共同关注的重要环境问题之一。为确保湖泊生态安全以及其周边地区饮用水安全,提高政府应对蓝藻水华的能力,对湖泊蓝藻进行预警监测是判断蓝藻水华发展趋势以及制定相应对策的重要手段。文中从简单的人工观测到实验室分析技术,发展到综合运用多种现代科学技术进行卫星遥感、视频监控、在线监测和水质垂直剖面自动监测系统（无线浮标监测系统）等,全面阐述了蓝藻水华监测技术中的宏观观测和微观分析技术,初步研究了目前湖泊蓝藻预警监测技术的应用。     

美国水质监测发展历程及其对中国的启示

美国水质监测经历了一百多年的历史,其做法和经验长期处于国际领先地位。基于大量文献调研,从领导机构、监测项目、监测方法、质量保证/质量控制(QA/QC)和监测范围等方面系统研究了美国水质监测发展从初级阶段—发展阶段—过渡阶段—发达阶段整个过程。结果表明:美国水质监测的领导机构实现了由协会主导向政府主导的更迭;监测项目完成了由常规项目向优先控制污染物的重点转移;分析测试手段由化学分析为主逐步发展到以仪器分析为主的新格局;QA/QC越来越得到重视;监测范围由局部区域向全美范围逐步拓宽。借鉴美国水质监测的先进经验,结合中国的客观实际,提出了未来中国水质监测的若干建议。     

基于Web GIS的饮用水水源地水质安全监控系统的研究

基于Web GIS的饮用水水质监控系统,利用Internet/Intranet技术、GIS技术、数据库技术和环境保护技术,建立了完善的水污染监测与管理网络体系,实现了水源地污染空间信息、属性信息的综合管理.首先介绍了此系统的需求目标,进一步阐述了系统的体系结构、数据库设计和主要功能.     

全球水质监测规划简介

规划目的全球水质监测规划(简称GEMS Water)是由联合国环境规划署(简称UNEP)主办、世界卫生组织(简称WHO)经办的与健康有关的监测五项规划之一,属于《全球环境监测系统》的组成部分。为了提供全球水质变化的信息,1974年WHO开始筹划发展全球卫生监测中有关水质监测的规划。其目的为: 1.建立全球水质监测网; 2.提高成员国之间水质资料的正确性和可比性; 3.长期监测持久性毒物,以评价污染的影响和趋势。     

湖泊连通河道蓝藻通量自动监测方法

湖库中蓝藻细胞一旦形成表层颗粒细胞团形式的水华,就会具有较强的漂移扩散能力,并能对水体景观形成明显影响,成为河湖环境管理的重点关注对象.如何快速高效监测蓝藻颗粒的迁移通量,已成为湖库连通河道水质管理的技术难点.为满足蓝藻水华较重湖泊连通河道蓝藻通量实时监控需求,以太湖梅梁湾连通河道—梁溪河为例,于2019年6-8月蓝藻水华季节,监测了景宜桥断面蓝藻空间分布且逐日监测叶绿素a浓度,并结合岸基式水质和蓝藻自动监测系统,构建了人工监测蓝藻通量与自动监测参数之间的换算关系,开发了梁溪河蓝藻通量的高频自动监测方法并分析了影响因素.结果表明,在U型断面的流通河道中,景宜桥断面的蓝藻在空间分布上呈表层高、底层低、滨岸带略高的特征,近岸表层采样的自动监测系统获得的水体叶绿素a浓度比整个河道断面平均值高出30％;通过建立的蓝藻通量监测方法对比,发现自动与人工监测蓝藻通量逐日变化整体上保持一致,且总量与人工相当,比值为1.07,精确反映了整个河道蓝藻通量的变化规律;2种监测方式的差异性分析表明,原位水质和蓝藻自动监测系统对梁溪河蓝藻通量的实时监控有良好的效果,此系统的应用实现了河道蓝藻通量的实时在线监测,为蓝藻水华应急处置管理提供了关键技术支撑.     

活性污泥系统中微型动物与水质净化效果的相关分析

活性污泥系统中微型动物的种类、数量和变化情况与活性污泥状况和出水水质密切相关.在某大型炼油厂污水处理车间曝气池活性污泥系统中,通过微生物镜检监测出30多种微型动物.实验研究发现,固着型纤毛虫的种类最多,出现频率也较高.对微型动物密度与曝气池出水水质和污泥指标的相关性分析表明,小口钟虫可作为曝气池混合液DO浓度的指示生物,小口钟虫密度越大,DO浓度越高;小口钟虫、八钟虫和转轮虫可作为曝气池出水COD的指示生物,其数量增加是水质净化程度提高的标志.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.