新型碳源驯化的SRB去除酸性矿山废水中SO_4~(2-)最佳反应条件

针对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)处理酸性矿山废水缺乏有效有机碳源问题,运用生活污水、鸡粪和锯末质量比80∶7∶3混合物的发酵液作为新型有机碳源驯化硫酸盐还原菌SRB,并研究SRB以该新型有机碳源作为营养物质在不同COD/SO2-4(C/S)值、pH值、初始硫酸根(SO2-4)浓度、重金属离子(Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+和Zn2+)浓度条件下对SO2-4的去除效果,以确定SRB去除SO2-4的最佳反应条件。实验结果表明,在厌氧环境SRB接种量8%、生长温度35℃、转速50 r/min、C/S为1.5~2.0、pH值6~7、初始SO2-4浓度≤3 000 mg/L、Fe2+在100~300 mg/L、Mn2+为35 mg/L时反应条件最佳,SO2-4去除率均可达90%以上;其中Fe2+浓度≤500 mg/L、Mn2+浓度≤140 mg/L时均会促进SRB对SO2-4的还原,当Fe2+浓度≥600mg/L时会严重抑制SRB,Mn2+浓度140 mg/L时会抑制SRB;Cu2+、Zn2+的存在对SRB均有影响,当Cu2+浓度15 mg/L时、Zn2+浓度45 mg/L时对SRB均有抑制作用。新型有机碳源可作为SRB的优良有机碳源,同时可实现以废治废的目的。该成果为实际应用提供了参考。     

玉米芯为碳源铁屑协同生物麦饭石活化颗粒的硫酸盐还原动力学及其锰离子响应实验

利用聚乙烯醇和饱和硼酸,添加30%SRB污泥、5%玉米芯、2%铁屑和3%麦饭石包埋制备内聚营养源的SRB固定颗粒,将完全活化的SRB颗粒作为研究对象,探究活化颗粒对SO2-4反应动力学过程及其对高浓度Mn2+离子响应机制。结果表明:活化颗粒还原SO2-4的过程符合一级动力学模型,最大还原速率为94.88 mg/(L·h);高浓度Mn2+可抑制活化颗粒的p H提升能力,延缓碳源的水解速率及SO2-4的还原速率,而不会抑制水解过程并延长缓滞期,更不能降低最终去除效果。可见,以玉米芯为碳源的铁屑协同生物麦饭石颗粒处理煤矿酸性废水是有效并可行性的。     

甘蔗渣为缓释碳源负载SRB处理模拟矿山淋滤水

以甘蔗渣为缓释碳源及载体,负载硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)处理含低浓度Cu~(2+)离子的模拟矿山淋滤水,研究了缓释碳源、p H、ORP、SO2-4、COD等对矿山淋滤水中Cu~(2+)去除效果的影响,并探讨了处理过程中铜元素的形态及归趋模式。结果表明:在处理过程中p H呈现缓慢升高趋势,ORP全部降至-100 m V以下;硫酸根还原率可达92.4%;甘蔗渣作为缓释碳源释放稳定,COD可稳定保持200~300 mg/L之间;负载在甘蔗渣载体上的菌群可耐受高浓度Cu~(2+)的毒性抑制,并利用缓释碳源甘蔗渣释放出的小分子物质将硫酸根持续还原;至实验期结束,20 mg/L的Cu~(2+)浓度降至0.5 mg/L以下,较高浓度的Cu~(2+)拟通过多级反应器串联进行逐级去除;SO2-4和Cu~(2+)的反应速率比表明,SRB每还原约15 mg SO2-4,就有1 mg Cu~(2+)得到去除;Cu~(2+)主要是以硫化物的形式得以去除。     

ABR处理硫酸盐有机废水的BP神经网络建模

通过厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理硫酸盐有机废水的实验数据对BP神经网络进行训练,建立了ABR处理硫酸盐有机废水的BPNN模型,通过测试对比,找出了较优训练函数为traingda,较优训练次数为1 900.利用分割连接权值法(PCW)对影响出水SO42-和COD的主要因素进行分析,结果显示进水COD、SO42-、pH、COD/SO42-和HRT对出水SO42-和COD均产生一定影响,其中进水pH对出水SO42-和COD的影响最大,相对重要性(RI)指数分别为30.79％和23.44％;并通过样本试验数据分别建立了对SO42-和COD去除率的限制因子仿真模型,为预测硫酸盐有机废水的厌氧处理过程提供指导.     

IC反应器处理高浓度硫酸盐废水的启动研究

采用木糖生产废水,进行了(IC)反应器处理高浓度硫酸盐有机废水的启动研究.结果表明,接种厌氧颗粒污泥,当进水COD/SO2-4值约为3.5时,控制COD负荷提高幅度为每次20%左右,经过26 d的驯化培养,COD和SO2-4负荷分别可达20 kg/(m3·d)和5.5 kg/(m3·d),COD去除率达到80%以上,硫...     

硫酸盐还原菌SRB除砷的影响因素

环境中砷的存在往往对人类健康产生不利影响,从而一直受到人们的广泛关注。在厌氧条件下硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)利用有机物还原硫酸根生成硫化物,进一步通过硫化物与溶液中砷反应产生沉淀从而实现砷的最终去除。为了探讨不同因素对SRB除砷的影响,该实验研究了在不同初始pH值、碳源和初始砷浓度条件下的SRB活性及其对砷的去除效果。提取在UASB反应器中长期驯化的富含SRB的厌氧污泥进行批次实验。研究表明,在选取乳酸、乙酸、葡萄糖作为不同外加碳源的对比实验中,微生物利用乳酸作为基质反应相对缓慢(COD分解速率低),SRB具有较高的反应活性(对硫酸根去除率最高),同时保持较好的砷去除率(大约60%);SRB利用不同有机物反应过程中产生碱度导致系统内pH逐渐升高,其中以乳酸作为碳源时系统内pH升高到8.5左右;随着初始pH的升高,砷的去除效果降低,硫化砷沉淀在弱酸性条件下更易稳定存在;随着初始砷浓度的增加,SRB的活性受到抑制,当初始砷浓度达到40 mg·L~(-1)时,SRB基本失去反应活性;利用驯化污泥除砷过程中,部分砷价态发生了变化。     

PS高级氧化-离子沉淀-V型砂滤组合工艺深度处理AO7染料废水应用研究

采用Fe2+活化PS高级氧化-离子沉淀-V型砂滤组合工艺对模拟印染废水进行深度处理。以AO7为模型污染物,模拟COD约100 mg/L的废水,考察了PS、Fe SO4投加量和摩尔比对COD去除率、体系剩余SO2-4浓度和SS去除率的影响。结果表明,该组合工艺能有效处理AO7废水,当PS∶Fe2+∶AO7摩尔比为30∶15∶2时,COD去除率可达最大的80.6%,处理成本5元/m3;当PS∶Fe2+∶AO7摩尔比为30∶15∶4时,COD去除率可达77.6%,SO2-4去除率高达60.6%,出水SO2-4浓度124.4 mg/L,处理成本2.7元/m3;当PS∶Fe2+∶AO7摩尔比为30∶20∶8时,COD去除率可达64.7%,SO2-4去除率达42.4%,出水SO2-4浓度110.5 mg/L,SS10 mg/L,处理成本为最低的1.5元/m3。组合工艺中高级氧化塔为COD去除的关键环节;离子沉淀池可以有效去除反应过程中产生的SO2-4。     

SRB固态发酵条件优选及动力学方程建立

为解决利用微生物法处理酸性矿山废水中菌种扩大培养、菌种保存和接种等问题,研究利用固态发酵法制备硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)固定化产品。实验以亚硫酸盐还原酶(SiR)作为菌种活性检测指标,进行生物质粒径、初始含水率、接种量单因素实验,响应面法确定各生物质载体固态发酵的最优条件并验证;用固载产品处理模拟酸性矿山废水数据按照Lineweaver-Burk作图法,建立SRB菌去除SO2-4的反应动力学方程。结果表明,以玉米芯为载体最佳发酵条件为:粒径8~20目、含水率70%、接种量10%,优化后SiR酶活为2.7385 U/g;木屑:粒径1~8目、含水率80%、接种5%,优化后SiR酶活为2.4863 U/g;甘蔗渣:8~20目、含水率75%、接种10%,优化后SiR酶活为4.2960 U/g。固载产品处理模拟酸性矿井水SO2-4,以1/v对1/[s]作图,玉米芯固载SRB菌的图相关性最好y=1176.9x+0.6034,R2=0.9199,建立玉米芯固载SRB菌的处理SO2-4动力学方程为V=1.657[s]/(1950.45+[s])。     

基于硫酸盐还原菌的气提内循环反应器处理酸性矿山废水

针对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)处理酸性矿山废水(AMD)易受酸、重金属、代谢产物硫离子等多重毒性抑制的问题,采用气提内循环反应器对AMD进行处理,研究了反应器内涉硫组分的演变、产碱效率、微生物群落结构、重金属的去除效果。结果表明:气体内循环反应器可有效解除多重毒性抑制,体系中硫酸盐去除率由36.5%提升至91.24%;且其产碱效率提升了3倍,明显优于传统反应器,脱硫弧菌属的相对丰度也由48%提升至73%;硫化氢与重金属反应得到金属硫化物纯度可达98.12%,出水中Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)浓度分别为0和2 mg·L~(-1),可达到《污水综合排放标准》二级标准。以上结果可为SRB生物技术处理AMD的高效控制提供参考。     

Fenton氧化-序批式膜生物反应器耦合处理干法腈纶废水

采用Fenton氧化-序批式膜生物反应器(SBMBR)组合工艺处理干法腈纶废水。结果表明,在废水初始pH值为3.0,H2O2投加量为90.0 mmol/L,Fe2+投加量为20.0 mmol/L,反应时间为2.0 h的条件下,Fenton氧化预处理对腈纶生产废水的COD去除率达到47.0%以上,COD由1 091 mg/L降至560 mg/L,废水的BOD5/COD由0.32升至0.69,废水的可生化性得到显著提高。Fenton处理出水与丙烯腈废水等比例混合后,采用SBMBR进行生化处理,在水力停留时间为24 h,90 min缺氧/150 min好氧交替运行的条件下,COD、NH4+-N和TN的平均去除率分别为71.7%、97.2%和47.4%,碳源不足是限制TN去除效果的主要影响因素。在无外加碳源的条件下,组合工艺处理后出水COD和NH4+-N浓度分别为117 mg/L和1.7 mg/L,出水水质可以稳定达到国家一级排放标准(GB8978-1996)。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.