产糖脂类生物表面活性剂菌株鉴定及发酵条件优化

从胜利油田污水中筛选出的产生物表面活性剂菌株Bbai-1,经过生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA系统发育学分析确定其属于类短短芽孢杆菌属(Brevibacillus parabrevis),由建立的该菌株的系统发育树可知菌株Bbai-1与其他类短短芽孢杆菌类同源性较低,是一个新的种.薄层色谱和红外光谱分析结果表明此菌株所产的生物表面活性剂为一种新型的糖脂类生物表面活性剂.通过产量和表面张力双重指标对菌株Bbai-1产生物表面活性剂的条件进行优化,确定了其最佳发酵温度为25℃、盐度为8 g/L、pH为7.5.在最佳发酵条件下,生物表面活性剂的产量可达0.9764 g/L.此糖脂类生物表面活性剂具有较高的降低表面张力能力,在浓度为其临界胶束浓度(120 mg/L)时,可将水溶液的表面张力从66.15 mN/m降低至27.62 mN/m.     

石油降解菌XD-1产表面活性剂的性能

从含油废水中筛选分离到1株原油降解菌XD-1,鉴定为假单胞菌(Pseuomonas sp.).初步实验表明菌XD-1具有较强的产表面活性剂乳化原油的作用,对该菌的产表面活性剂性能进行了研究.实验证明,菌XD-1所产表面活性剂为脂肽类物质,菌在生长对数期产表面活性剂,表面活性剂的产生为生长相关型;充足的碳源是产表面活性剂的必需条件,菌利用原油为碳源时能持续大量地产表面活性剂;原油和尿素为产表面活性剂的最适碳源和氮源,菌XD-1产表面活性剂的最佳营养培养基组成为葡萄糖10 g,尿素4 g,磷酸二氢钾1 g,微量元素液4 mL,水1 L,pH 8.0.     

石油降解菌XD-1产表面活性剂的性能

从含油废水中筛选分离到1株原油降解菌XD-1,鉴定为假单胞菌（Pseuomonas sp.）.初步实验表明菌XD-1具有较强的产表面活性剂乳化原油的作用,对该菌的产表面活性剂性能进行了研究.实验证明,菌XD-1所产表面活性剂为脂肽类物质,菌在生长对数期产表面活性剂,表面活性剂的产生为生长相关型;充足的碳源是产表面活性剂的必需条件,菌利用原油为碳源时能持续大量地产表面活性剂;原油和尿素为产表面活性剂的最适碳源和氮源,菌XD-1产表面活性剂的最佳营养培养基组成为葡萄糖10 g,尿素4 g,磷酸二氢钾1 g,微量元素液4 mL,水1 L,pH 8.0.     

生物表面活性剂合成条件的优化及提取方法

利用油平板筛选法和排油圈法从辽河某油田的土壤样品中分离筛选高效的生物表面活性剂产生菌,通过16S rRNA基因序列分析对所筛选菌株进行鉴定。采用L16(45)正交实验对所筛选菌株合成生物表面活性剂的条件进行优化。比较5种提取方法对发酵液中生物表面活性剂的提取效果。共分离得到17株菌,其中菌株A3、As和Y产表面活性剂的能力最强。16S rRNA基因序列分析表明,这3株菌均为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)。菌株A3、As、Y和A3-As混合菌的生物表面活性剂提取量较优化前有明显的提高,其产量分别是优化前的8.4倍、6.4倍、5.6倍和5.7倍,其中,菌株As的生物表面活性剂产量最高,可达20.55 g/L。对于3种纯菌和A3-As混合菌而言,5种提取方法中均以CHCl_3萃取的量最高;而对其他混合菌,5种提取方法的差别并不显著。菌株A3、As、Y均属于高效的生物表面活性剂产生菌,具有很好的应用前景。     

一株产生物表面活性剂耐盐碱菌株的分离及鉴定

从黄河三角洲石油污染盐渍土中分离获得产生物表面活性剂的耐盐碱菌株,用于治理该地区的土壤污染问题。采用富集培养方法,分离得到4株优势菌,其中菌株BG降表面张力的能力最强。经生理生化实验和16SrRNA序列分析,鉴定菌株BG属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)。对该菌株产生物表面活性剂的性能进行研究,结果表明:菌株BG在37℃、180r/min下振荡培养48h,可将发酵液的表面张力由初始的58.4mN/m降低至25.1mN/m;温度对菌株BG产生物表面活性剂的影响较大,最适温度是37℃,此温度下菌株BG有良好的耐盐碱特性,显著降低发酵液表面张力。采用酸沉法提取了菌株BG产生的生物表面活性剂,鉴定为一种脂蛋白类物质,其中脂类和蛋白质质量分数分别为64.7%、35.3%。     

一株生物表面活性剂产生菌的鉴定及发酵条件优化

从新疆克拉玛依油田含油污水中筛选获得一株生物表面活性剂产生菌BM-9,经过16S r DNA鉴定,该菌株为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)。紫外光谱和红外光谱分析结果表明,菌株BM-9所产的生物表面活性剂为一种糖脂类生物表面活性剂。以表面张力(ST)和乳化指数(E24)为指标对菌株BM-9的发酵条件进行优化,得到最佳发酵碳源为2%葡萄糖、初始p H值为7.0、发酵温度为35℃。在最佳发酵条件下,提纯获得生物表面活性剂为淡黄色固体粉末,产量为108.7 mg/L,临界胶束浓度为85.82 mg/L,能将水溶液的表面张力降至26.6 m N/m,对柴油的乳化指数为72.6%,具有较大的工业应用价值。     

一株产表面活性剂石油降解菌筛选及其特性

为了从含有原油的样品中筛选出降解性能良好的产生表面活性剂菌株。利用富集、驯化培养、不同配方培养基筛选和排油活性测定,筛选出产高效生物表面活性剂的菌株。在形态特征和生理生化鉴定的基础上,对其16S rDNA序列进行了分析,并分别采用称重法和薄层层析法(TLC)测定其原油降解率和鉴别其表面活性剂的类型。进一步考察了不同种类的碳源和氮源、不同梯度的温度、盐度、酸碱度对其生长和排油活性的影响。筛选出一株高效脂肽类生物表面活性剂的菌株A-08,对其进行形态学、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列同源分析,此菌株为荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)。A-08最适条件为碳源是食用油和液体石蜡,氮源为(NH_4)_2SO_4,温度40℃,盐度20%,pH 7.0,培养7 d后原油降解率为40.37%。实验筛选的菌株能适应较广泛的环境条件,可以对石油污染进行有效生物修复,具有较好的意义和应用价值。     

初始pH值对皂苷强化污泥生产短链挥发性脂肪酸的影响

近年来,应用化学表面活性剂强化污泥厌氧生产短链挥发性脂肪酸得到广泛地关注。相较于化学类的表面活性剂,生物表面活性剂具有能够降解,对环境污染小的优点。报道了一种新型的生物表面活性剂皂苷,并用皂苷强化污泥厌氧发酵。实验结果表明,皂苷的最佳投放量为0.2 g·g-1干污泥,相应的最大产酸量为2 149 mg·L~(-1)此外还探究了初始pH值对皂苷强化污泥产酸的影响,实验表明最佳的初始pH为11。机理研究发现初始pH=11能够加速污泥的水解,抑制甲烷产生进而提高了短链挥发性脂肪酸的含量。     

产表面活性剂菌筛选及其对柴油降解影响研究

运用微生物培养方法,从饭店排污口污泥中筛选了7株产表面活性剂菌株。为了研究产表面活性剂菌在柴油降解过程中所产生的影响,分别将这些菌株与柴油降解菌(实验室提取的另一株假单胞菌)共同作用,其中一株(B_(26))不但可以将降解诱导期从6 d缩短至4 d,而且能将降解率由原来的71.1%提高至80.6%,具有较大的研究价值。实验着重对B_(26)的作用机理、柴油降解的影响因素等进行了分析研究。经形态学和生理生化实验鉴定,B_(26)属于芽孢菌属,其代谢过程中产生脂肽类表面活性剂,利用冷冻干燥法提取生物表面活性剂产量为1.57 g/L。     

初始pH值对提油后藻渣发酵制氢的影响

提油后藻渣的利用和处理对于微藻生物柴油产业的发展具有重要意义.采用批次实验研究了初始pH值(pH值范围为5～9)对提油后藻渣发酵产氢的影响.研究结果表明,提高初始pH值引起累积产氢量和氢气产量逐渐下降.初始pH值从5增加到6.5引起氢气产生速率逐渐增加,而初始pH值从6.5增加到9时,氢气产生速率则逐渐下降.在pH 5...     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.