不同曝气方式下SBR亚硝化的实现及NO2--N积累效果

研究不同曝气方式下亚硝化的实现以及基质浓度、曝气频率和温度对NO-2-N积累效果的影响。以实际污泥脱水液为研究对象,控制进水NH+4-N浓度在50~80 mg/L范围内,温度为27℃,pH值为7.8~8.2,DO浓度为0.5~1.0mg/L,分别采用连续曝气和间歇曝气2种方式启动SBR亚硝化反应器,并考察了在不同基质浓度、曝气频率和温度条件下NO-2-N累积情况。实验研究结果表明,经过40 d左右的运行,在2种不同曝气方式下SBR均成功实现了亚硝化,稳定运行阶段,NO-2-N积累率分别达到95%和85%。经SEM扫描电镜观察发现,在驯化成熟的活性污泥中,亚硝化细菌多呈球状和杆状,大小不同,外形饱满。当进水氨氮浓度小于200 mg/L,曝气频率为曝气15 min/停曝15 min,温度为27℃时,NO-2-N积累效果最佳,平均积累率可达90%以上。间歇曝气可以有效促进亚硝化细菌富集,有利于实现较高浓度的NO-2-N积累。基质浓度、曝气频率和温度对NO-2-N积累效果的影响显著。     

基于曝气方式控制的碳捕获预处理黑水部分亚硝化工艺

短程硝化是短程生物脱氮工艺的前提与难点,通过曝气控制实现短程硝化具有操作灵活、成本低等优点.本文采用序批式活性污泥反应器,对比分析了高氧持续曝气、间歇曝气和低氧持续曝气3种曝气方式实现碳捕获预处理黑水短程硝化的效果和微生物群落结构的差异.结果表明:相对于高氧持续曝气和间歇曝气,低氧持续曝气工况亚硝态氮累积率(NAR)更...     

间歇曝气条件下短程硝化的实现及影响因素研究

研究间歇曝气条件下短程硝化的实现及温度、pH值和DO对实验效果的影响。以城市生活污水为研究对象,采用间歇曝气方式进行短程硝化实验,利用接种法培养驯化亚硝化细菌。实验研究结果表明,经过22 d的培养驯化,成功获得了亚硝化细菌,亚硝酸盐的积累率达到90％左右。在温度为25℃、pH为7.5、DO＜1 mg/L的条件下,亚硝酸...     

实时控制序批式膜生物反应器处理养猪废水的短程硝化

采用实时控制序批式膜生物反应器(sequencing batch membrane bioreactor,SMBR)工艺处理某种猪场的养殖粪尿污水,通过pH实时曲线上的"氨谷点"对曝气时间进行实时控制实现短程硝化。小试反应器10个月的连续运行结果表明,利用曝气时间实时控制实现了稳定的亚硝态氮累积。短程硝化启动后,SMBR对COD和TN的平均去除率分别达到95.5%和92.4%,亚硝态氮积累率可维持在85%以上。高通量测序与OTU分类的结果表明,实时控制下SMBR内NOB逐渐被淘洗,而AOB得到了富集。从反应器启动初期到获得稳定短程硝化(反应器运行200 d),AOB丰度提高了55倍,而对应的NOB丰度降低了2倍。此外,AOB的绝对数量与DO呈显著负相关(r=-0.846,0.01p0.05),而与出水NH+4-N浓度呈显著正相关(r=0.45,0.01p0.05),表明较低的DO及NH+4-N的积累有利于AOB的富集。因此,利用曝气时间实时控制实现短程硝化是一种面向群落结构优化的控制方法,有利于短程硝化系统长期稳定的运行,具有实际应用价值和工程意义。     

MFC强化同步短程硝化反硝化工艺的启动

微生物燃料电池(MFC)可在阴极实现反硝化、短程反硝化和同步硝化反硝化并产生电能,但在MFC阴极实现同步短程硝化反硝化的研究尚未见到报道。为了探讨MFC阴极同步短程硝化反硝化工艺的性能,将双室曝气阴极MFC与A/O脱氮工艺结合处理人工模拟低碳氮比废水。通过静置运行15 d使得MFC阴极室亚硝态氮得以积累,氨氧化菌得以富集。随即改为连续运行后第21天成功启动同步短程硝化反硝化MFC;阴极出水氨氮浓度为0.3 mg/L,亚硝态氮浓度为15.9 mg/L,硝态氮浓度为0.6 mg/L,亚硝化率达到95%以上,阴极电极自养反硝化去除率达到50%以上,COD去除率达到85%以上。结果表明,将MFC与同步短程硝化反硝化工艺结合,通过阴极室中氧气得电子获得高p H,可以强化同步短程硝化反硝化工艺,完成生物脱氮的同时回收电能,并具有减少外加碱度的优势。     

pH和C:N对厌氧氨氧化耦合短程反硝化脱氮性能的影响

以低DO和逐渐降低亚硝态氮浓度的方式运行厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)上流式污泥床(AUASB)反应器,第57天实现稳定运行,氨氮去除率保持在85%以上,采用高通量测序技术分析发现ANAMMOX污泥中主要功能菌转变为Candidatus kuenenia,丰度为8.85%,好氧氨氧化菌(AOB)Nitrosomonas的丰度为1.48%,短程反硝化菌Thauera丰度为0.66%。将AUASB反应器中污泥接种在ANAMMOX序批式反应器(ASBR)后,通过外加有机碳源的方式使ASBR拥有了短程反硝化的能力,然后研究了不同C:N(质量比)和不同pH条件下亚硝态氮积累情况和氮素转化特性,结果表明:当C:N为3.2:1.0时,亚硝态氮积累率最高为84%,但有部分亚硝态氮被还原。当pH为7.8时,ANAMMOX菌活性最高,氨氮去除率为95%。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察到ANAMMOX菌为球状,短程反硝化菌为短杆状。     

城市生活污水短程硝化系统的恢复与启动

为了实现主流的短程硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化,设计了基于pH-DO和阀ON-OFF间歇曝气的在线控制系统,搭建了中试级别的短程硝化SBR,在高DO条件下基于城市生活污水恢复种泥活性后,加入反硝化稳定短程,最后接入厌氧氨氧化滤池实现全过程自养脱氮。将脱氮率、NO-2-N积累率等作为考察指标,研究了系统的启动过程和稳定性。结果表明:控制SBR(sequencing batch reactor)中DO=2~2.5 mg·L~(-1)、HRT=8~10 h、SRT=4~5 d、T=25℃,启动恢复3个月后,系统能保持90%以上的NO-2-N积累率、NO-2-N/NH+4-N=0.96±0.18;短程硝化反硝化能达到50%左右的NH+4-N去除率,60%左右的TIN去除率;短程硝化接厌氧氧氨氧化能保证90%左右的NH+4-N去除率和TIN去除率,出水达一级A标准。由实验结果分析,系统在高DO条件下能恢复短程硝化污泥的活性,基于pH-DO和阀ON-OFF间歇曝气的在线控制系统稳定性高,能保证短程硝化系统的稳定运行;恢复活性后,后接厌氧氨氧化滤池能实现中试级别的全过程自养脱氮。     

短程硝化处理炼油催化剂废水

炼油催化剂生产过程中产生的高盐度、高无机质的高氨氮废水难以处理。研究将短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术应用于该种废水的处理。实验同时控制反应器温度(31℃)、溶解氧(≤1.5 mg/L)、pH值(7.8~8.7)和污泥龄(30 d),较快地实现催化剂废水短程硝化污泥的驯化,亚硝酸盐平均积累率达到了97.4%。在此基础上,结合在线监控ORP、pH值变化情况及短程硝化反应动力学研究,较好地实现了炼油催化剂废水的短程硝化。     

DO对好氧颗粒污泥短程同步硝化反硝化脱氮的影响

以模拟城市污水为处理对象,研究了不同溶解氧下序批式活性污泥反应器（SBR）的短程同步硝化反硝化过程特征及处理效果。试验结果表明,溶解氧浓度是实现短程同步硝化反硝化的一个重要控制参数。在亚氮积累阶段,控制温度为28～32℃,pH值为7.5～7.8,当进水NH⁺₄-N为30 mg/L左右,COD为250 mg/L左右时,亚硝酸盐氮的积累率达到96%～98%。在试验阶段,常温下控制溶解氧在0.5～1.0 mg/L,可保证氨氮的去除率达到95%～97%,总氮的去除率达到82%～85%。     

启动方式对养殖废水短程脱氮低温运行的影响

采用优化控制SBR工艺,建立短程硝化反硝化过程,对北京某种猪场的养殖粪尿污水进行脱氮处理研究.在2个平行的SBR中,分别通过优化曝气时间和控制自由氨累积的方式实现短程硝化反硝化的过程,在温度由25 ℃逐步降低至15℃的情况下,考察这2个SBR活性污泥系统对温度变化的稳定性.结果表明:通过优化曝气时间建立的短程硝化反硝化过程,亚硝化率在30％左右,在温度降低至1 5℃时,亚硝化过程受到严重影响;通过控制自由氨累积建立的短程硝化反硝化过程,亚硝化率可达到80％左右,在温度降低至15℃时,亚硝化过程仍较为稳定.采用聚合酶链式反应—变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术对两反应器生物相变化的分析结果表明,低温运行条件下2种启动方式的生物相呈现较大差异.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.