共混比对氯化聚氯乙烯(CPVC)/聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)共混超滤膜的影响

为了改善氯化聚氯乙烯(CPVC)超滤膜的亲水性,通过溶液共混的方法将亲水性的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)与CPVC共混,制备了CPVC/PVB超滤膜。探讨了共混比对CPVC/PVB超滤膜的微观结构、水通量、截留率、亲水性、机械性能及耐污染性等性能的影响。研究结果表明,CPVC/PVB共混比为9∶1时,PVB在CPVC/PVB超滤膜表面的质量百分含量达到43.41%,表明CPVC/PVB共混超滤膜较CPVC超滤膜的亲水性有显著的改善。该共混比下,CPVC/PVB超滤膜的纯水通量较CPVC超滤膜提高了一倍,耐污染性和污水通量较CPVC超滤膜均有显著提高。     

用于污水处理的PVC/TPU共混中空纤维膜研制

将聚氯乙烯与热塑性聚氨酯共混,以二甲基乙酰胺为溶剂,用干-湿纺法制备中空纤维膜.主要研究了PVC与TPU的相容性,并考察了共混比、添加剂及芯液组成对共混膜的结构和性能的影响.通过测定孔隙率及扫描电镜来测试PVC/TPU的孔结构及其多孔性,通过测定水通量和牛血清蛋白的截留率来评价共混膜的性能.实验表明,适当控制膜液的组成,可以得到水通量较大、截留率高、抗冲击性能优良的膜.改变芯液组成,可获得断面及皮层结构有很大差异的中空纤维膜.     

PVDF/PMMA与PVDF/TPU共混膜抗污染性能研究及应用

观察新型五孔PVDF共混改性纤维膜SEM形貌特征,采用逐级通量法测定PVDF/PMMA和PVDF/TPU共混改性膜的临界通量,研究在次临界和超临界通量下A(PVDF/PMMA)与B(PVDF/TPU)2种管式膜组件的过滤和抗污染性能,并在次临界通量下处理地表水。结果表明,PVDF共混改性膜具有优良的微观结构,且膜B性能较好;膜A、B的临界通量分别为12 L/(m2.h)和10 L/(m2.h);膜组件B比膜组件A抗污染性能好。次临界通量下膜组件的运行比超临界通量下的稳定。与采用单独超滤处理某市地表水相比,2种膜组件采用混凝+超滤工艺的运行处理效果更好,且膜组件B比膜组件A处理效果佳。     

聚砜超滤膜制备、改性及抗油污染性能评价

采用聚砜、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和甲基吡咯烷酮为原料,通过相转化法制得聚砜超滤膜,并用二氧化钛、盐酸多巴胺、硅烷偶联剂KH550和三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷盐酸盐进行表面改性。实验考察了不同质量分数的聚砜对膜水通量的影响及改性前后膜水通量、透过系数及接触角的变化,同时配制500mg·L~(-1)的含油污水进行抗油污染测试。实验发现:聚砜超滤膜的水通量与压力成正比,且随着聚砜浓度的增加,聚砜超滤膜的纯水透过系数逐渐降低。最终选取质量分数为15%的聚砜超滤膜进行改性,改性后的膜纯水通量较改性前下降了40.66%,接触角从66.5°下降至35.3°,亲水性提高了46.91%,且抗污染性明显提高,在含油污水测试中,水通量增大了2.2倍,表现出较普通聚砜超滤膜更高的水通量和稳定性。     

微量1,6-己二胺改性纳米Fe3O4对PVDF共混膜性能的影响

以微量的改性纳米四氧化三铁与聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)共混,制备具有良好亲水性、纯水通量和防污性能的PVDF复合膜。通过溶剂热法合成了经1,6-己二胺改性的纳米四氧化三铁(H-Fe_3O_4),同时比较了未经改性的四氧化三铁(Fe_3O_4)和改性后的四氧化三铁(H-Fe_3O_4)的结构性能差异。通过相转化法制备了H-Fe_3O_4(质量分数小于1.0%)与PVDF的共混复合膜(H-Fe_3O_4@PVDF复合膜)。通过测试膜的晶相组成、表面和断面形貌、静态纯水接触角、平均孔隙率、平均孔径、纯水通量、牛白蛋白截留率以及通量恢复率,研究微量H-Fe_3O_4的投加对复合膜性能的影响。结果表明,经1,6-己二胺调控合成的H-Fe_3O_4,比Fe_3O_4拥有更小的粒径、更好的单分散性以及更多的亲水官能团。向膜中添加0.3%的H-Fe_3O_4,可使复合膜的静态纯水接触角由80.9°降到66.6°,亲水性得到良好的改善。复合膜的平均孔隙率、平均孔径、纯水通量以及通量恢复率随H-Fe_3O_4投加量的增加均明显提高。当H-Fe_3O_4质量分数为0.4%时,复合膜的纯水通量从原膜的10.4 L·(m~2·h)~(-1)增加到了144.0 L·(m~2·h)~(-1),通量恢复率也从原膜的51.4%增加到了87.5%。微量H-Fe_3O_4的添加较好地改善了PVDF膜的性能,具有较好的实用价值。     

天然有机物对PVDF超滤膜的污染行为及AFM表征

为了进一步研究各类型污染物对自制PVDF超滤膜的污染机制,分别采用DAX-8,XAD-4型吸附树脂将西安市灞河水分为亲水性、强疏水性及弱疏水性组分,考察了天然有机物(NOM)对膜通量衰减的影响、污染层的表面粗糙度和结构、各类型污染物与膜之间黏附力。实验结果表明:(1)3种组分对PVDF膜的污染程度为亲水性组分强疏水性组分弱疏水性组分;(2)污染后膜表面粗糙度大于新膜表面粗糙度,膜表面污染层粗糙度越大,膜通量越容易恢复;(3)过滤初期,膜与污染物之间的力占主导作用,且亲水性污染物-PVDF膜之间的力强疏水性污染物-膜弱疏水性污染物-膜;(4)过滤后期,污染物与污染物之间的力占主导作用,且亲水性污染物之间力强疏水性污染物弱疏水性污染物。     

纳米二氧化锆改性膜生物反应器处理生活污水的试验研究

对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)中空纤维膜进行共混改性,制备出纳米二氧化锆(ZrO_2)改性的中空纤维膜。通过对改性膜和未改性膜的纯水通量、机械性能、微观结构、接触角、含水率、孔隙率等参数进行表征,并使改性膜和未改性膜组件应用于膜生物反应器处理生活污水,对比了两者的出水水质,并对其膜过滤过程中的阻力进行分析。结果表明:两个膜组件应用于膜生物反应器污水处理效果良好,对COD和BOD5的去除达到90%以上,对氨氮的去除达到80%以上,对TN和TP的去除达到70%以上。与未改性膜相比,改性膜的膜通量更大,阻力更小,表明纳米ZrO_2可明显改善PVDF中空纤维膜的亲水性,提高其抗污染能力。     

生物制剂对MBR中无纺布膜组件过滤性能的影响

研究了生物制剂对浸渍式膜生物反应器(submerged membrane bioreactor,SMBR)中聚丙烯无纺布(non-wov-en fabric,NWF)膜组件过滤性能的影响。结果表明,能减少膜组件表面附着污泥胞外聚合物(extra-cellular polymeric sub-stances,EPS)的含量及污泥的沉积,减缓膜通量的衰减速率和膜污染,无纺布膜组件的过滤性能得到明显改善,表现出一定的耐污染性。生物制剂能改善污泥的沉降性能,有效防止污泥膨胀;对MBR的COD去除率基本没有影响,但略微增大了处理水的浊度。     

多效膜蒸馏技术浓缩回收废水中的二甲基亚砜

利用具有内部潜热回收功能的气隙式多效膜蒸馏(MEMD)组件对含二甲基亚砜(DMSO)的化纤废水进行了浓缩回收研究,考察了料液中DMSO浓度、进料流量、进料温度和膜侧进口温度对膜通量、造水比、分离因子和回收率的影响。结果表明,多效膜蒸馏可以将DMSO废水浓缩至200~300 g/L;初始浓度为6.2 g/L时,造水比和分离因子最高值分别为12.4和76.0;虽然膜通量、造水比和分离因子均随料液浓度增大而下降,但是当DMSO浓度达到200 g/L时,膜通量、造水比、分离因子仍分别高达3.74 L/(m2·h)、7.1、32.1;在整个浓缩过程中,回收率维持在99.6%以上;当DMSO废水浓缩达到150 g/L以上时,含有少量DMSO的渗透液可作为二次料液继续用MEMD过程浓缩。膜组件在连续运行的1个月内保持了良好的操作性能。该实验研究表明,多效膜蒸馏过程可以高效节能地浓缩回收化纤废水中的DMSO。     

超滤膜深度处理染整废水的膜污染机理

实验采用不同规格和材料的超滤膜进行染整二级尾水分离实验,对超滤膜污染机理及影响因素进行了分析。实验采用红外光谱分析了聚醚(PES)膜、聚砜(PSF)膜和聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)膜3种超滤膜材料,对比了污染前后膜面的接触角以及不同切割分子量对膜通量及出水水质的影响,并利用线性化的Herman堵塞模型拟合了不同分子量超滤膜的堵塞模型,初步探讨了超滤膜的污染机理。实验结果表明,膜材料表面亲水性基团的多少与初始膜通量大小成正比,出水COD值随超滤膜切割分子量减小而减小。切割分子量同为2 000 Da的3种超滤膜中,PES膜的处理效果最佳,出水COD平均值为47.81 mg/L;PEI膜通量最高,平衡通量可达50 L/(m2.h);切割分子量为1 000、10 000的超滤膜堵塞机理符合滤饼过滤模型,100 000的超滤膜堵塞机理更接近于完全堵塞模型;1 000的聚醚砜材质膜(PES)更适合此类废水的深度处理。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

Phytoextraction of lead-contaminated soil using vetivergrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vetiveria zizanioides</Emphasis> L.), cogongrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Imperata cylindrica</Emphasis> L.) and carabaograss (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum conjugatum</Emphasis> L.)

Background, Aims and Scope The global problem concerning contamination of the environment as a consequence of human activities is increasing. Most of the environmental contaminants are chemical by-products and heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Lead released into the environment makes its way into the air, soil and water. Lead contributes to a variety of health effects such as decline in mental, cognitive and physical health of the individual. An alternative way of reducing Pb concentration from the soil is through phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is an alternative method that uses plants to clean up a contaminated area. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the survival rate and vegetative characteristics of three grass species such as vetivergrass, cogongrass and carabaograss grown in soils with different Pb levels; and (2) to determine and compare the ability of the three grass species as potential phytoremediators in terms of Pb accumulation by plants. Methods The three test plants: vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.); cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.); and carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum L.) were grown in individual plastic bags containing soils with 75 mg kg⁻¹ (37.5 kg ha⁻¹) and 150 mg kg⁻¹ (75 kg ha⁻¹) of Pb, respectively. The Pb contents of the test plants and the soil were analyzed before and after experimental treatments using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was laid out following a 3 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results On the vegetative characteristics of the test plants, vetivergrass registered the highest whole plant dry matter weight (33.85–39.39 Mg ha⁻¹). Carabaograss had the lowest herbage mass production of 4.12 Mg ha⁻¹ and 5.72 Mg ha⁻¹ from soils added with 75 and 150 mg Pb kg⁻¹, respectively. Vetivergrass also had the highest percent plant survival which meant it best tolerated the Pb contamination in soils. Vetivergrass registered the highest rate of Pb absorption (10.16 ± 2.81 mg kg⁻¹). This was followed by cogongrass (2.34 ± 0.52 mg kg⁻¹) and carabaograss with a mean Pb level of 0.49 ± 0.56 mg kg⁻¹. Levels of Pb among the three grasses (shoots + roots) did not vary significantly with the amount of Pb added (75 and 150 mg kg⁻¹) to the soil. Discussion Vetivergrass yielded the highest biomass; it also has the greatest amount of Pb absorbed (roots + shoots). This can be attributed to the highly extensive root system of vetivergrass with the presence of an enormous amount of root hairs. Extensive root system denotes more contact to nutrients in soils, therefore more likelihood of nutrient absorption and Pb uptake. The efficiency of plants as phytoremediators could be correlated with the plants’ total biomass. This implies that the higher the biomass, the greater the Pb uptake. Plants characteristically exhibit remarkable capacity to absorb what they need and exclude what they do not need. Some plants utilize exclusion mechanisms, where there is a reduced uptake by the roots or a restricted transport of the metals from root to shoots. Combination of high metal accumulation and high biomass production results in the most metal removal from the soil. Conclusions The present study indicated that vetivergrass possessed many beneficial characteristics to uptake Pb from contaminated soil. It was the most tolerant and could grow in soil contaminated with high Pb concentration. Cogongrass and carabaograss are also potential phytoremediators since they can absorb small amount of Pb in soils, although cogongrass is more tolerant to Pb-contaminated soil compared with carabaograss. The important implication of our findings is that vetivergrass can be used for phytoextraction on sites contaminated with high levels of heavy metals; particularly Pb. Recommendations and Perspectives High levels of Pb in localized areas are still a concern especially in urban areas with high levels of traffic, near Pb smelters, battery plants, or industrial facilities that burn fuel ending up in water and soils. The grasses used in the study, and particularly vetivergrass, can be used to phytoremediate urban soil with various contaminations by planting these grasses in lawns and public parks. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Willie Peijnenburg (wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nl)