应对危险化学品火灾的紧急措施(一)

危险化学品,具有易燃、易爆、毒害、腐蚀、放射性等危险特性。根据2002年国务院344号令,它主要包括爆炸品、压缩气体和液化气体、易燃液体、易燃固体、自燃物品和遇水燃烧物品、氧化剂和有机过氧化剂、有毒品和腐蚀品等。     

具有WINDOWS界面风格的危险源评价软件

介绍了易燃、易爆、有毒重大危险源评价系统的特点，评价软件的主要功能，用户界面以及软件的运行环境。     

易燃、易爆、有毒重大危险源评价方法与控制措施

论述了重大危险源和重大事故隐患的定义;介绍了易燃、易爆、有毒重大危险源评价方法;在辨识评价的基础上,提出了制定重大危险源事故应急计划,加强监控、管理等措施     

氯化氢合成装置火灾爆炸危险性评价及安全措施

引言 氯化氢是通过氯气与氢气在合成炉内燃烧台成,再经过水吸收制成不同浓度的盐酸产品。氯化氢合成的生产装置具有易燃、易爆、有毒、有害、接触腐蚀性化学物品的特点。氢气是易燃、易爆气体,极易自燃,在800℃以上或点火时则放出青白色火焰,发生猛烈爆炸而生成水,因而安全要求是很高的。氢气和空气混合气的爆炸区间为含氢量在4.1％～     

井喷失控可燃性蒸气云形成数值模拟研究

利用计算流体力学方法(CFD)对井喷失控发生后天然气喷射流进行数值模拟研究,在有限元的基础上建立模型,采用紊流模型求解Navier-Stokes方程,计算井喷失控后任意时刻可燃气体浓度分布,考察不同风速对气体扩散的影响,最后得出井喷后易爆蒸气云稳定时间随风速变化规律.数值模拟计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,验证了紊流模型和数值算法的可靠性.该研究成果可对井喷失控后所形成的可燃性天然气易燃区域进行预测,有助于预防井场重大天然气着火、爆燃事故的发生.     

公民出行携带物品的安全常识

我国公民出行时尤其是乘坐火车、汽车、飞机时,务必随时注意交通运输部门的有关公告,不得携带易燃、易爆、易腐、污染、剧毒和违禁物品。     

安全评价操作实务讲座(五)石油化工行业的安全评价

一、石油化工行业的生产特点 石油化工生产的特点是易燃、易爆、高温、高压.随着工业化生产规模的扩大,工艺技术的不断更新,新设备、新材料、新型催化剂及高效节能设备越来越多地被用于石油化工生产装备中,使得装置的规模越来越大,自动化程度越来越高.石油化工的生产及围绕石油天然气为原料的石油化工生产装置大致如下:炼油生产装置、基本有机合成、合成橡胶、合成树脂及塑料、合成氨及制品、石油化纤等.     

海洋石油作业职业卫生监管不能缺位

海洋石油作业由于作业场所空间的局限性,电气设施、石油设施密集,易燃、易爆等危险物多,受自然环境恶劣、复杂等影响,给海洋石油作业的职业卫生管理提出了新的要求和挑战。     

具有WIDOWS界面风格的危险源评价软件

介绍了易燃，易爆，有毒重大危险源评价系统的特点，评价软件的主要功能，用户界面及软件的运行环境。     

偏二甲肼燃料库危险性评价方法探讨

从物质危险性、工艺危险性入手,评价偏二甲肼燃料库重大事故可能发生的原因、条件及其危险性等级,通过此评价对航天领域易燃、易爆、有毒危险源的危险性评价方法进行了探讨.     

What you don’t manage will leak: A tribute to Trevor Kletz

This paper expands on a simple concept shared with us over three decades ago by Trevor Kletz: what you don’t have can’t leak. Despite many efforts at eliminating hazards through inherently safer process methodologies, as encouraged by Kletz and others, the reality is that the use of hazardous materials and processes is still quite common. Therefore, we consider those processes that still handle hazardous materials – the cases where what you do not manage will leak and may cause a fire, explosion or toxic release. Our intended audience is quite broad. As Kletz has noted over the years, it is not just the people running a process who are responsible for its safety, but also those who make decisions on its design, operation, maintenance, staffing, etc. We hope that this paper contributes to an understanding of why we continue to have hazardous materials leak, potentially leading to accidents that cause fatalities, serious injuries, property damage, and environmental harm.We expand on the fundamental equation for risk, a function of both the frequency and the consequence of a possible event, by considering the effects of poor operational discipline on risk, and ultimately, on the possible leak or release of the hazardous material. Continued safe operation involving hazardous materials depends on and is sustained by the operational discipline of everyone involved in the design of processes and their continuing operation and maintenance. What we do not manage will leak and therein lays the fundamental challenge that Kletz continues to emphasize today.     

采场低压通风控制有害气体涌出量新技术的研究与应用

基于空气动力学观点,将回采工作面与其后相随的采空区分成两大组成部分:一部分称为通风空间,其风流是有组织的,另一部分称为漏风空间,其风流是非组织性的。两空间相互敞开,又紧紧相邻、存在着密切的风流联系。当开采工作面上、下两端存在着风压差,就可以带动相邻的采空区陷落岩石的孔隙与裂隙中的气体流动,构成采空区中、深部区域的漏风源、汇。笔者提出的采场低压通风系统,采用砌隔漏风墙的方法,切断两空间联系。经现场井下多年应用实践研究后表明,其对于开采瓦斯含量大、煤与瓦斯突出严重的复杂煤层的矿井,尤其是对采空区瓦斯及有害气体涌出量大、且无条件进行瓦斯抽放的回采工作面,能有效地抑制和减少采场瓦斯和有害气体涌出量,且措施费用很低,很值得推广应用。     

A survey on gas leak detection and localization techniques

Gas leaks can cause major incidents resulting in both human injuries and financial losses. To avoid such situations, a considerable amount of effort has been devoted to the development of reliable techniques for detecting gas leakage. As knowing about the existence of a leak is not always enough to launch a corrective action, some of the leak detection techniques were designed to allow the possibility of locating the leak. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the state-of-the-art in leak detection and localization methods. Additionally we evaluate the capabilities of these techniques in order to identify the advantages and disadvantages of using each leak detection solution.     

冷冻设备的防火技术

冷冻是工业生产中广泛的应用操作单元过程,具有易泄漏,操作压力高,易发生冻堵,设备材质易发生冷脆,冷冻剂和载冷体具有腐蚀性,工艺过程中存在引火源等火险特点。对其生产工艺进行了火灾危险性分析,并提出了针对性的防火防爆措施和技术。     

Numerical and experimental study on the generation and propagation of negative wave in high-pressure gas pipeline leakage

Negative-wave-based leakage detection and localization technology has been widely used in the pipeline system to diminish leak loss and enhance environmental protection from hazardous leak events. However, the fluid mechanics behind the negative wave method has yet been disclosed. The objective of this paper is to investigate the generation and propagation of negative wave in high-pressure pipeline leakage. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) study on the negative wave was carried out with large eddy simulation (LES) method. Experimentally validated simulation presented the transient wave generation at the leak onset and the comprehensive wave evolution afterwards. Negative wave was proven to be a kind of rarefaction acoustic waves induced by transient mass loss at the onset of leakage. Diffusion due to the density difference at wave fronts drives the negative wave propagation. Propagation of negative wave can be categorized into three states – semi-spherical wave, wave superposition and plane wave, based on different wave forms. The wave characteristics at different states were elucidated and the attenuation effects were discussed respectively. Finally, a non-dimensional correlation was proposed to predict the negative wave amplitude based on pipeline pressure and leak diameter.     

输气管道小孔泄漏压力响应实验与仿真研究

管道压力是进行泄漏速率和泄漏后果模拟的重要参数,搭建泄漏及气体扩散测试实验系统,并建立实验系统的Flowmaster模型,通过实验数据对模型进行验证,验证结果表明,可以基于Flowmaster模型预测小孔泄漏条件下管道内的压力响应情况,并且能够较为精确的计算泄漏稳定后管内的平均压力,为小孔模型准确计算泄漏速率提供理论依据。     

Impact analysis of multi-sensor layout on the source term estimation of hazardous gas leakage

In chemical industry, sensors are used to monitor the leakage and emission of hazardous materials that are used for hazard warning and risk assessment to ensure safety production. The traditional sensor layout designs the scheme at single-layer, and thus causes large deviations in the estimated height and accuracy of source term estimation (STE). In this study, a dual-layer layout scheme for sensors is proposed. The numerical experiments verify that the improved schemes with an equal number of sensors, as well as detection errors, are beneficial to the accuracy of the STE results. The influence of the heights of the sensors and leak source on the results of STE is studied. Results show that the dual-layer sensor scheme with adjacent intervals at high places in the potential search space is highly favorable to locate the leak, and the scheme arranged near the ground is conducive for improving the estimation accuracy of source intensity. This study also compares the STE results of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulated scenarios under different sensor schemes and verifies the effectiveness of the proposed dual-layer sensor deployment scheme with adjacent intervals under turbulence condition.     

广东省重特大火灾事故统计分析及预防控制

通过收集整理1991 - 2010年广东省重特大火灾事故数据,从广东省重特大火灾事故概况人手,归纳重特大火灾事故发生发展趋势、伤亡情况以及与经济增长的关系,并主要从直接原因、空间分布和时间分布等为分类依据对广东省重特大火灾事故进行深入分析.研究表明:广东省重特大火灾事故主要发生在凌晨和午后时段及夏季和季节转换期,主要分布于生产场所和普通仓库；广东省重特大火灾是管理疏忽、意识淡薄、设备陈旧、可燃物管理不善、自救能力弱等多因素综合的结果.本文从安全管理、安全技术以及安全法律法规等方面,提出火灾预防和控制对策,如针对性的安全检查、提高监控能力、合理制定应急预案及定期演练计划、强化初期火灾处理能力等,综合各方之力,保障消防安全.     

PHAST软件在丁腈反应釜定量后果分析中的应用

丁腈反应釜运行过程中若发生泄漏事故,不仅厂区内部,而且附近区域的人员生命与财产都将遭受巨大的损失和危害.过去对一些物质的泄漏后果,人们提出了一些可靠的数学模型,但模型计算量大,容易出错.而采用后果软件PHAST具有很强的操作性.以某化工厂1台丁腈反应釜为例,用DNV公司的PHAST软件预测反应釜中丙烯腈和1,3-丁二烯的混合物发生泄漏后,对周围环境造成的影响.分别讨论了火灾、爆炸和毒性的影响,预测事故危害程度和范围.可为识别主要危险因素,采取相应的安全对策措施,发生事故后的现场控制等提供科学的参考依据.     

A new leak location method based on leakage acoustic waves for oil and gas pipelines

In order to study a new leak detection and location method for oil and natural gas pipelines based on acoustic waves, the propagation model is established and modified. Firstly, the propagation law in theory is obtained by analyzing the damping impact factors which cause the attenuation. Then, the dominant-energy frequency bands of leakage acoustic waves are obtained through experiments by wavelet transform analysis. Thirdly, the actual propagation model is modified by the correction factor based on the dominant-energy frequency bands. Then a new leak detection and location method is proposed based on the propagation law which is validated by the experiments for oil pipelines. Finally, the conclusions and the method are applied to the gas pipelines in experiments. The results indicate: the modified propagation model can be established by the experimental method; the new leak location method is effective and can be applied to both oil and gas pipelines and it has advantages over the traditional location method based on the velocity and the time difference. Conclusions can be drawn that the new leak detection and location method can effectively and accurately detect and locate the leakages in oil and natural gas pipelines.