Cleaner production practices in a medium size gold-plated jewelry company in Brazil: when little changes make the difference

The paper reports the experiences of a medium size gold-plated jewelry company, located in São Paulo – Brazil, in order to reduce waste and pollution. Actions taken for this purpose are described, as well as the key factors affecting progress, the changes that have been introduced, their cost-effectiveness and the additional benefits accomplished. A waste minimization project was carried out to obtain environmental and economic benefits. The first cleaner production (CP) interventions targeting the improvement of the company's environmental performance are also described and related to economic benefits. Local scale performance indicators were employed to evidence the economic and the material savings by kilogram of piece produced. Additionally, savings achieved included 86% reduction in volume of degreasing solution and 36% reduction in electricity consumption. The results are complemented with the use of global scale performance indicators (Material intensity, MIs, and Emergy accounting), which look at upstream impacts and evaluate the environmental performance of the system on the biosphere scale, respectively. Material savings (MIs) account for each matter flow to and from a chain of processes from raw material to the final products, and were calculated in order to estimate the changes avoided in material flows and cycles due to the reduced use of inputs by the company. The total emergy of the savings is used as a quantitative measure of the total environmental support to the flows of energy and matter involved in the process, and is calculated to assess the work of nature spared by the reduced use of materials and energy by the company. Emergy values were converted to currency. Global scale performance indicators have shown that little changes within the company reduce upstream impacts and that benefits to the environment are greater than that observed in the companies neighborhood.     

Making resources work more efficiently – the importance of supply chain partnerships

State and federal governments in Australia have implemented a range of assistance programs for manufacturing industries to become more resource efficient and reduce waste. While many of these programs focus on Cleaner Production at single sites, an increasing number of assistance programs are offered across supply chains. Sustainability Victoria, a Victorian government authority, supports projects that focus on resource efficiencies across supply chains in key industry sectors.In this study, tools were adapted and utilised to identify efficiency potentials and losses across supply chains in the timber furniture manufacturing and the food industry sector. In this respect, waste generation and value loss due to inefficient use of critical materials within the processes were estimated from purchase and waste handling data. Primary companies were chosen to undertake efficiency trials that could demonstrate value gain across the supply chain.This study describes the realisation of greater efficiencies in material usage when engaging proactively with supply chain partners immediately adjacent to the primary company. Demonstration trials confirmed that through a more integrated approach among supply chain partners the potential in using materials more efficiently and design processes can lead to enhanced productivity without compromising environmental burden. Hence, the study describes targeted resource efficiency, recycling and process optimisation opportunities as identified in the supply chain trials on timber furniture manufacturing and food industries.     

中国电子垃圾回收企业的环保意识及行为的影响因素分析研究——以浙江为例

为了探索电子废弃物回收处理企业的环保意识及行为的影响因素,首先基于国内外研究学者的研究结果并结合中国电子废弃物回收处理企业的实践情况,提出一个假设结构框架。其次以浙江省为例,通过问卷调查法,将企业环保行为作为被解释变量,企业能力、管理者环境态度、消费者环境意识和企业经济效益作为解释变量,构建logistic回归模型,从而系统的揭示了企业进行环保处理的影响因素,研究结果表明:企业管理者环境态度对企业行为是否环保具有最重要的影响;企业经济效益对企业环保行为具有显著的正向作用;企业自身能力对企业环保行为具有一定程度的影响。最后,根据研究所得结果,提出了相应的促进企业进行环保处理的措施。     

钢铁企业固体废弃物资源化利用浅析

固体废物做到资源化即通过综合利用,使有利用价值的固体废物变废为宝,实现资源的再循环利用,是固体废物污染控制一直努力方向。钢铁联合企业生产过程中产生的固体废弃物量大、面广,如对其进行资源化利用不仅可获得好的效益,同时也解决了环保难题。通过借鉴国内外钢铁企业固体废弃物资源化利用成功技术,使我们在开展环境影响评价工作中对钢铁企业固废的资源化利用提出一些切实可行的控制措施。     

废矿物油再生利用项目环评工作的探讨

废矿物油再生利用过程易产生环境污染,环评工作有一定难度。本文从项目选址、回收工艺、产品要求、废气与固废的环境影响及防治措施等方面分析了废矿物油再生利用项目环评报告编制的重点。着重分析了回收工艺应符合《废矿物油回收利用污染控制技术规范》(HJ 607-2011)的要求,从源头控制污染;回收产品应符合《燃料油主要技术要求》SH/T0356-1996中4号柴油的标准;应特别关注恶臭的影响分析及其污染控制措施。同时对该类工程环评证书资质类别的管理提出了建议。     

云南省亚麻产业发展及其环境保护问题调查

云南省亚麻产业快速发展的同时,也带来了一系列环境问题,亚麻加工产生的废水、粉尘、烟气、废屑等污染问题,特别是废水污染问题逐渐成为人民群众关心的热点、难点问题。通过对云南全省亚麻种植加工产业发展及环保问题进行系统调查,揭示了目前云南各地亚麻产业及发展现状及存在的环保问题,提出发展建议。     

环境因子对微生物及废水处理效果的影响

水解酸化-接触氧化法处理印染废水时，在调试和运行过程中，各种环境因子对微生物及处理效果起决定性的作用。结果表明，通过初步探讨各种环境因素改变时各微生物及处理效果所起的变化，可进一步掌握和了解微生物在印染废水处理中的生长爷件。     

20 MW水泥窑纯低温余热发电工程设计介绍

利用生产过程中产生的废气余热发电,是水泥生产企业发展循环经济的一种选择模式.介绍了江苏恒来建材股份有限公司水泥窑配套20 MW纯低温余热发电工程的设计方案、工艺流程和设备选型.该工程正常运行后的效益分析表明纯低温余热发电装置目前在我国水泥企业具有广阔的推广应用前景.     

基于层次分析法的医疗废物处置技术评价

针对我国目前应用的回转窑焚烧法、热解法、高温蒸汽灭菌法、化学消毒法、微波消毒法这5种医疗废物处置技术进行了分析和比较,并通过层次分析法对这5种方法进行了定量评估和筛选,在此基础上,对最优和次优备选方案排序权重进行了灵敏度分析.结果表明,回转窑焚烧法和热解法是目前我国医疗废物处置应用最广泛的技术;但层次分析法评估结果表明,高温蒸汽灭菌法用于医疗废物处置时在社会、环境、技术和经济4个因素方面综合效益与其他4种方法相比最优,化学消毒法次之;灵敏度分析表明,导致备选方案排序变化的准则层各因素变化点分别为社会因素(0. 2100)、环境因素(0. 3500)、技术因素(0. 1200)、经济因素(0. 2400),子准则层各因素对备选方案权重排序影响较小.     

The challenge of waste minimisation in the food and drink industry: a demonstration project in East Anglia,UK

Waste minimisation in the food and drink industry leads to many of the improvements demonstrated in other sectors—energy efficiency, reduction of raw material use, reduction in water consumption and increasing reuse and recycling on site. Such improvements in environmental performance produce a directly beneficial effect on the profitability of business.The East Anglian Waste Minimisation in the Food and Drink Industry Project has demonstrated that significant amounts of food-grade material are rejected from the production line for their unsatisfactory quality, whether visual, physical, microbiological or compositional (chemical or biochemical). The Project has demonstrated that waste reduction of 12% of raw materials can be achieved and that this makes significant contributions to company profitability by improving yields per unit output and by reducing costs associated with waste disposal. Evidence also shows that there is potential for further improvements through improving dialogue between producers, retailers and consumers.The East Anglian Waste Minimisation Project has demonstrated that the packaging of food products presents considerable challenges to the food and drink industry. Significant opportunities exist for modifying both primary and secondary food packaging. However, whilst packaging requirements principally consider health and safety, the demands of the major supermarket chains and consumers have taken little or no account of criteria designed to meet the wide-ranging demands of waste minimisation.Optimising the opportunities for waste minimisation in the key areas of putrescible wastage and packaging, and improving consensus and dialogue are essential catalysts between purchasers, including both consumers and the major supermarkets, and between food producers and manufacturers. These food and drink sectors must identify the process options that result in a lower waste burden, pursuing contractual agreements that reinforce and support the selection of such options.     

西北生态脆弱区城市生活垃圾处理厂适用性评价

针对西北生态脆弱区城市生活垃圾处理技术选择、处理厂选址和工程设计中存在的主观性较强、科学性和客观性不足的问题,将生命周期评价法与层次分析法相耦合,综合考虑环境影响、处置技术、地理气候与实际工程4个方面因素建立综合评价体系,并以兰州市城市生活垃圾处理现状为例,分别对9个生活垃圾处理厂进行技术适用性综合评价.结果表明：①兰州市城市生活垃圾处理厂适用性综合得分前3名分别为餐厨垃圾资源化堆肥厂（73.91分）、韩家咀村生活垃圾填埋场（72.93分）、中铺子垃圾焚烧厂（72.44分）;②城市生活垃圾处理技术评价体系中,各影响因素权重排序为环境影响因素（0.347）>实际工程因素（0.309）>处置技术因素（0.228）>地理气候因素（0.116）;③3种处理技术的环境影响潜值比较结果为：垃圾卫生填埋（0.3872）>垃圾焚烧（0.0330）>垃圾堆肥（0.0242）.     

固体废物全过程精细化环境风险评估框架研究

伴随着我国经济发展和城镇化进程,固体废物产生呈强度高、利用不充分的状态,造成了严重的资源浪费和环境污染. 随着风险意识的加强,准确评估固体废物的环境风险,已经成为确定固体废物管控目标、边界、优先序的重要基础. 由于固体废物的特性复杂、处理链条长、流动过程受区域发展特征的影响,其环境风险呈现风险因子多元、空间异质性强、不确定性高、易产生长期累积性风险等规律. 现有的固体废物环境风险评估大多基于源项分析,针对特定环节或设施开展定量或半定量的污染物暴露与健康风险评估,缺乏对全过程的系统性分析,无法从全局及区域上综合评估固体废物的环境风险水平. 因此,本文提出固体废物全过程精细化环境风险评估框架,包括固体废物全生命周期路径梳理及特征识别、风险因子及其释放转运过程辨析、受体的最大可接受环境风险水平评估、基于多评价指标的固体废物环境风险的量化,以期为实现固体废物环境风险精细化管控提供支撑.      

Diagnosis and proposals for waste management in industrial areas in the service sector: case study in the metropolitan area of Granada (Spain)

Industrial parks play a significant role in the production and use of goods and services. However, this also means that the environmental problems of each company are concentrated in a relatively small area. One of these problems is solid waste disposal, which has become a critical issue because of its negative impacts as well as the resources consumed. Integrated solid waste management integrates cleaner and more sustainable production strategies by reducing resource consumption and applying mechanisms found in natural ecosystems to industrial systems. Nevertheless, one of the necessary conditions for the design of such a system is a preliminary study of waste generation management in the area. The study presented in this paper characterizes industrial waste production and management in the metropolitan area of Granada (Spain), and analyzes its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. A similar typology of industrial activities, mainly in the distribution and transportation sector, as well as the proximity of various industrial parks could facilitate their partnership in environmental management. The results obtained in our study point to significant weaknesses in the system, such as the lack of effective waste management tools and training for waste management personnel. Other weaknesses were, the low percentage of selective waste collection and the existence of unauthorized collectors. The paper concludes with specific proposals for waste collection. These recommendations include the creation of the following: (i) a community responsible for waste management; (ii) recycling points in industrial parks; (iii) energy recovery from the waste; (iv) a market to sell, buy, and/or exchange waste; (v) one authorized set of waste management agents that would provide the advantages of an economy of scale.     

基于空间数据挖掘的区域危险废物决策支持设计研究

区域危险废物环境管理与风险控制是涉及到危险废物特性、环境、经济和社会等多因素的复杂过程,对资源环境的可持续发展和人体健康都至关重要。空间数据挖掘技术在传统数据挖掘的基础上增加空间维尺度,能够实现从空间数据库和非空间数据库中提取危险废物产生、转移、处置和管理过程中隐含的空间模式与特征。文章在传统的危险废物环境管理和风险控制方法的基础上,构建了区域危险废物空间数据挖掘的指标体系,并设计了一种基于空间数据挖掘技术的区域危险废物决策支持系统框架。该框架由数据层、数据挖掘层和显示层组成,为区域危险废物管理和决策提供了直观的、科学的和高效的支持,提供了一种新颖可行的思路和方法提高危险废物的环境管理和风险控制水平,具有一定的理论和现实意义。     

危险废物填埋场候选场址比选方法研究

危险废物填埋场选址问题是填埋场建设的一个极其重要的环节,选址的优劣程度直接影响到该危险废物填埋场建设的成败.从运输、环境保护、建设场地和地质条件等因素的整体综合评价出发,建立了以层次分析法为基础的候选场址比选方法,包括评价程序、评价因素的选择和矩阵判断方法等.将该方法应用于危险废物填埋场的选址实践,通过不同专家的评分确定了各因素的权重系数(kijL)和实际贡献权重(bijL),并计算得出了候选场址的先后次序.     

我国环境污染事故源解析研究

收集了2000²010年我国环境污染事故统计数据,并从污染事故的风险致灾因子、引发原因和主要涉及行业3个角度,对11年间的1065起污染事故案例展开深度剖析。结果表明:20002010年我国环境污染事故统计数据,并从污染事故的风险致灾因子、引发原因和主要涉及行业3个角度,对11年间的1065起污染事故案例展开深度剖析。结果表明:2000²010年间我国环境污染事故的主要风险致灾因子是工业废水,其造成的污染事故占事故总数的比例高达43%,应成为环境风险管理关注重点;人为因素引起的环境污染事故占事故总数的87.98%,是引发环境污染事故的主要原因;污染事故主要涉及的行业包括采矿业、制造业、电力燃气水的生产和供应业、交通运输业及废物治理业,其中,化学原料及化学品制造业发生的环境污染事故累计次数较高,达82起。因此企业需积极提高自身,同时相关部门需加强对重点行业、主要风险因子的监督审查力度。     

某公司镀镍线废水回收利用研究

某公司对镀镍线产生的含镍废水,依据废水的性质和来源,进行分类回收利用。对逆流漂洗废水采用槽边回用的方式,经离子交换处理后回用于逆流漂洗槽;对综合废水收集处理,对部分出水经深度处理后,回用于镀镍线前处理、废气净化以及废水处理药剂配制等,实现水资源的节约。通过废水的回收利用,公司实现节水400 m3/d,减少废水处理量220 m3/d,减少废水排放量约300 m3/d,具有较好的环境效益和经济效益。     

病毒在无生命物体表面存活时间及其影响因素分析

2020年3月11日,世界卫生组织宣布新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19,简称“新冠肺炎”）疫情全球大流行.病毒性传染病在人群中的发生需具备3个相互关联的条件,即传染源、传播途径和易感人群,其中传播途径是一个关键环节.从环境传播的角度,综述了包括SARS（重症急性呼吸综合征）病毒、MERS（中东呼吸综合征）病毒等病毒在无生命物体表面的存活时间及影响因素.结果表明:包括冠状病毒在内的一些具有传染性的病毒能在多种无生命物体表面存活一定时间,进而可能通过物体表面进行环境传播,造成潜在的健康风险;物体材质、温度、湿度以及病毒载量等因素是影响病毒在无生命物体表面存活的主要因素.在上述分析的基础上,对医疗废物和生活垃圾的收集、运输、处理等过程提出了针对性的防控措施,以期对新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV）以及未来可能出现的其他病毒的环境传播防控对策提供参考.      

青岛市工业危险废物处理现状分析与评价

自2006年青岛市工业产业结构调整以来,城市经济快速发展与人民生活水平日益提高,商品消费量不断增加,由此导致工业危险废物的产生量与排放量加速增长,且废物种类繁多、性质复杂、产生源数量分布广泛．管理难度大,因而带来了极大的环境安全隐患。在调查和分析2005—2007年青岛市工业危险废物产生现状的基础上,指出：（1）产生量最大危险废物类别为无机氰化物、无机氟化物、含铬废物和染料涂料等4大类;（2）产生量大小排序依次为平度市、莱西市和李沧区。同时,在分析废物产生特性和污染特性的基础上,提出青岛市在工业危险废物管理过程中存在的问题已成为青岛绿色经济发展的严重壁垒。针对工业经济发展规划和废物产生特征,提出了相关的管理对策和建议,对青岛市工业危险废物的有效管理和促进循环经济的发展具有一定的指导意义。