内河非溶解性危险化学品泄漏扩散过程影响因素

针对内河中非挥发性危险化学品（危化品）运输船舶的泄漏扩散问题,建立了一种通用数值模拟方法,研究了内河非溶解性危化品泄漏扩散过程的影响因素。结果表明：危化品的密度和黏度对内河危化品泄漏扩散过程的影响相对较小,而水流速率和危化品泄漏速率对危化品泄漏扩散过程的影响较大;水流速率对危化品泄漏扩散过程的影响主要表现在泄漏扩散范围（尤其是泄漏区域长度）方面,而危化品泄漏速率的影响主要表现在泄漏区域宽度、微团数量以及最大微团面积方面。建议应针对丰水期危化品大泄漏量的情况展开监管,并将其作为内河危化品泄漏应急工作的重点。     

非溶解性危险化学品在内河中的泄漏扩散规律

为研究内陆河流运输中危险化学品(危化品)泄漏后的扩散规律,建立了一种数值模拟方法,利用地图软件获得地理信息,建立对应模型后进行数学计算。以长江南京段八卦洲北汊为例,模拟3 000 t级非溶解性危化品运输船舶的泄漏扩散过程,分析不同时刻危化品泄漏扩散的形态变化。模拟结果表明,泄漏后27.5 min时,泄漏团数量超过40个,最大泄漏团面积接近1 800 m²,次生事故风险显著增加。     

基于“情景-应对”模式的危险化学品泄漏应急决策系统的构建

危险化学品泄漏事故严重威胁到社会和环境安全。危化品泄漏事故发生后,快速找到泄漏源并及时采取应对措施是面临的主要任务。构建了基于一般风场的危化品泄漏事故情景库,利用Coyote实验验证了情景库在危化品泄漏事故中反演溯源的效果,据此建立了基于“情景-应对”模式的危险化学品泄漏应急决策系统,并应用于氯气泄漏事故的应急救援中。该方法具有使用方便、决策速度快、救援效率高等特点,对危化品泄漏事故的应急决策具有重要的现实意义。     

氯气泄漏扩散过程及后果评价的研究现状分析

综述了氯气泄漏扩散过程及后果评价的研究成果。从现场试验、实验室模拟和数学模拟三方面分析了氯气泄漏扩散各研究方法的优势和局限性。强调了氯气泄漏扩散后果评价的必要性。指出:必须针对中国特有的一些重气扩散建立专属知识产权的数学模型;不同层次数学模型的精度皆有待于进一步提高;需加强基于特定数学模型的全过程统一界面模拟程序的开发。     

Issues in monitoring hazardous chemicals in stormwater runoff/discharges from superfund and other hazardous chemical sites

Deficiencies in design and execution render stormwater‐runoff monitoring programs for many hazardous chemical sites inadequate for assessing the potential environmental quality and public health impacts of chemicals in the runoff. Two pervasive problems are the use of analytical methods that are inadequate for measuring certain hazardous chemicals at potentially hazardous concentrations, and the application of “criteria/standards” that are inappropriate for evaluating the environmental/public health impacts of chemicals. These concerns are most notable for carcinogens and chemicals that bioaccumulate in edible aquatic organisms, including arsenic, chromium, beryllium, mercury, dioxins, organochlorine pesticides (such as DDT), and polychlorinated biphenyls; unrecognized pollutants; and nanomaterials. In order to appropriately evaluate whether the runoff/discharge from a hazardous chemical site is a threat to human health, the analytical methods must be sufficiently sensitive in critical concentration ranges; sampling regimens need to be sufficiently rigorous to provide reliable characterization of the content of the runoff, receiving water, and, for bioaccumulatable chemicals, levels in edible organisms in receiving water. Proper sampling and analysis will then provide data to enable the appropriate criteria/standards to be applied. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

煤矸石制备Sialon材料影响因素研究

煤矸石还原氮化法制备Sialon材料的影响因素很多,主要有原料组成、反应温度和保温时间、添加剂的种类和用量、N2的流量和压强以及原料的粒度等.结合实验研究,分析了部分因素对制备Sialon材料的影响.     

Effect of liquid-to-solid ratio on semi-solid Fenton process in hazardous solid waste detoxication

The liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) of semi-solid Fenton process (SSFP) designated for hazardous solid waste detoxication was investigated. The removal and minimization effects of o-nitroaniline (ONA) in simulate solid waste residue (SSWR) from organic arsenic industry was evaluated by total organic carbon (TOC) and ONA removal efficiency, respectively. Initially, Box-Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to optimize the key factors of SSFP. Results showed that the removal rates of TOC and ONA decreased as L/S increased. Subsequently, four target initial ONA concentrations including 100 mg kg⁻¹, 1 g kg⁻¹, 10 g kg⁻¹, and 100 g kg⁻¹ on a dry basis were evaluated for the effect of L/S. A significant cubic empirical model between the initial ONA concentration and L/S was successfully developed to predict the optimal L/S for given initial ONA concentration for SSFP. Moreover, an optimized operation strategy of multi-SSFP for different cases was determined based on the residual target pollutant concentration and the corresponding environmental conditions. It showed that the total L/S of multi-SSFP in all tested scenarios was no greater than 3.8, which is lower than the conventional slurry systems (L/S ? 5). The multi-SSFP is environment-friendly when it used for detoxication of hazardous solid waste contaminated by ONA and provides a potential method for the detoxication of hazardous solid waste contaminated by organics.     

危险废物焚烧厂烟气净化工艺设计与探讨

参考国内外已有的危险废物焚烧工程相关设计和研究资料,针对国内具有代表性的危险废物成分,采用设计计算得到危险废物焚烧烟气的污染物初始浓度,分析成熟的烟气净化工艺,对适合中国危险废物特点的危险废物焚烧厂烟气净化工艺进行了设计和探讨,为危险废物焚烧厂建设单位及设计单位等提供参考。     

Decomposition of hazardous organic materials in the solidification/stabilization process using catalytic-activated carbon

The application of a catalytic-activated carbon to the solidification/stabilization (S/S) process for immobilization of phenol and 2-chlorophenol and catalytic decomposition was investigated. The effect of the catalytic-activated carbon, in amounts of 0.25-1% (by dry sand wt.), on the leaching of phenol and 2-chlorophenol was studied. H2O2 was added as a source of oxygen in the amounts of 1 or 5%, with respect to liquid solution weight. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) leaching tests showed that adding the catalytic-activated carbon to the S/S matrix significantly reduced the leachability of both phenol and 2-chlorophenol. Only trace amounts of phenol were found in the leaching solution, while the concentration of 2-chlorophenol was below the detection limit of the gas chromatography (GC). Without addition of the catalytic-activated carbon, 87% of the phenol and 92% of the 2-chlorophenol leached. Additional tests on TCLP leachate solutions using GC-mass spectrometry indicated the existence of simple, less hazardous, hydrocarbons, including alcohol. Catalytic-activated carbons treated with phenol in the presence of H2O2 were also analyzed using time of flight-secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS). Results indicate that the phenol aromatic ring was broken by the catalytic reaction.