泡沫灭火剂环保性能评价及研究进展

泡沫灭火剂主要用于扑灭液体燃料火灾,是一类成分复杂的化学品。针对泡沫灭火剂的环境污染风险、国家标准《泡沫灭火剂》(GB 15308—2006)与《A类泡沫灭火剂》(GB 27897—2011)无环保性能指标等问题,介绍了各类泡沫灭火剂的环境污染风险,综述了国内外泡沫灭火剂环保性能评价方法的研究进展,对比了中国、美国、欧盟现行泡沫灭火剂标准中的环保性能评价指标与方法,指出:我国可采用生物毒性、BOD₅/TOC、总有机氟含量等作为泡沫灭火剂环保性能的评价指标。     

几种清洁环保型灭火剂的性能及灭火原理

介绍了惰性气体灭火剂、卤代烃灭火剂、气溶胶灭火剂中几种新型灭火剂的性能及灭火原理,并对其适用条件进行了说明.     

火电厂环保设施运行状态及性能评价技术研究

介绍了火电厂环保设施运行状态及性能评价技术的创新性研究,包括研究方法、评价方法、评价技术及实际应用情况。该研究是继火电厂工程减排、结构减排后的重要管理技术创新,为进一步促进火电厂环保设施安全、稳定、可靠、经济运行,确保达标排放,推进火电行业管理减排和技术监督提供了技术支持。     

表面活性剂类泡沫分离和破除技术及生产线

该发明公开了一种用于废水处理中表面活性剂泡沫分离和破除的技术及其生产线，它是利用泡沫分离塔进行泡沫分离，利用气液分离器除去泡沫中夹带的水分，用负压破泡器破泡，由引风机排放破泡后的气体，实现表面活性剂泡沫分离和破除。该方法是洗涤、印染、皮革行业进行废水处理、治理环境污染的一种新方法。／CN1544118．2004—11—10     

燃料乙醇行业环境污染控制评价指标体系的构建

在分析我国燃料乙醇行业基本信息的基础上,根据其原料特性、生产规模、生产技术、污染控制措施、环境管理等方面的特点,筛选出合适的指标,构建多层次燃料乙醇行业环境污染控制评价指标体系。运用层次分析法确定指标权重分值,建立燃料乙醇行业环境污染控制评价模型,并选取国内燃料乙醇典型企业进行调研,结合行业现状对该指标体系做出合理性和可行性分析。     

地区环境保护情况综合评价方法及实证研究

采用层次分析法对地区环境保护情况进行了综合评价。以地区环境保护情况的各项指标值为依据，可对各地区的环境保护情况进行比较、分析、评价。最后用线性加权综合法和非线性加权综合法分别对我国31个省、直辖市2003年环境保护情况进行了综合评价与对比分析。     

清洁生产指标评价方法

提出了一种用层次分析法进行清洁生产指标评价的方法。其主要步骤为：指标体系的具体设置、指标权重的确定、指标最大值及最小值的确定、指标数据的标准化处理、指标的综合评价及对生产工艺或企业进行分类。用该法对烧碱生产工艺进行的案例分析表明,该法的评价结果是合理的。     

日本电力工业环保法规及标准介绍

概述了日本环保法规的发生发展史，介绍了与电力工业密切相关的环保法规体系的构成和电力行业几类主要污染物的排放标准，并与我国的电力环保标准进行了比较。     

一种土壤腐蚀性评价方法的研究

提供一种简便、实用的土壤腐蚀性评价方法,以解决因土壤中存在砂石阻隔电子的移动,使电阻率及氧化还原电位测量出现较大偏差,从而影响土壤腐蚀性评价的技术问题。结合甘肃地区4个750 kV变电站的现场检测实例表明,采用本方法所得土壤腐蚀性结果与现场腐蚀速率测试结果相吻合,验证了该评价方法的效果。     

地面水环境质量模糊综合评价法中隶属度及矩阵的图算方法

以模糊集合论为基础的地表水环境质量模糊综合评价方法是目前国内外推荐的环评方法之一,该方法评价结果准确客观,可靠性好,但数据处理工作量较大。隶属度及矩阵的图算方法可以做到一图在手,一查即得,有助于模糊综合评价方法的广泛应用。     

混凝技术在印染废水处理中的应用及研究进展

概括了混凝技术在印染废水的预处理和深度处理以及印染废水回用工艺的预处理等领域的应用情况。介绍了目前用于印染废水处理的无机混凝剂、有机絮凝剂及复合混凝剂等的应用发展现状。复合混凝剂因各组分之间的协同作用提高了混凝性能,减少了投药量,进而降低了混凝污泥的产量。应对有机组分进行阳离子化,以减少无机组分的用量,并通过接枝反应等制备出具有多支链、含较多具有吸附功能的官能团结构的有机高分子,以提高混凝效果。应进一步针对实际印染废水,考察其他污染物以及实际操作条件对混凝效果的影响,以优化改良复合混凝剂。     

燃煤电厂烟气汞排放控制研究现状及进展

燃煤电站汞污染已经成为继SO2污染之后的又一重大污染问题。燃煤烟气中汞污染的控制研究是目前重要的环保课题之一,开发高效、低成本、无二次污染的烟气脱汞技术已成为研究重点。综述了国内外相关方面的研究进展,并做了简要的分析与总结,对未来燃煤烟气汞污染控制技术的发展进行了展望。     

Environmental and economic life cycle assessment for sewage sludge treatment processes in Japan

Life cycle assessment for sewage sludge treatment was carried out by estimating the environmental and economic impacts of the six alternative scenarios most often used in Japan: dewatering, composting, drying, incineration, incinerated ash melting and dewatered sludge melting, each with or without digestion. Three end-of-life treatments were also studied: landfilling, agricultural application and building material application. The results demonstrate that sewage sludge digestion can reduce the environmental load and cost through reduced dry matter volume. The global warming potential (GWP) generated from incineration and melting processes can be significantly reduced through the reuse of waste heat for electricity and/or heat generation. Equipment production in scenarios except dewatering has an important effect on GWP, whereas the contribution of construction is negligible. In addition, the results show that the dewatering scenario has the highest impact on land use and cost, the drying scenario has the highest impact on GWP and acidification, and the incinerated ash melting scenario has the highest impact on human toxicity due to re-emissions of heavy metals from incinerated ash in the melting unit process. On the contrary, the dewatering, composting and incineration scenarios generate the lowest impact on human toxicity, land use and acidification, respectively, and the incinerated ash melting scenario has the lowest impact on GWP and cost. Heavy metals released from atmospheric effluents generated the highest human toxicity impact, with the effect of dioxin emissions being significantly lower. This study proved that the dewatered sludge melting scenario is an environmentally optimal and economically affordable method.     

Environmental assessment and accounting for the waste disposal stream in Bangkok,Thailand

It is very important that waste should be controlled and appropriately handled in a waste disposal stream, considering its impact on the environment. In this research, the LCA-EA model was applied to the current waste disposal stream of the BMR as well as other waste disposal stream scenarios, so that treatment cost, environmental load and environmental cost were assessed quantatively. The results of this study showed that in the current waste diposal stream in Bangkok, there were large contributions from carbon dioxide and methane to the greenhouse gas emissions from the stream. The study was able to quantify the reductions in environmental load associated with various waste disposal stream scenarios, using the baseline scenario as a standard.     

A progress indicator-based assessment guide for integrated municipal solid-waste management systems

Managing municipal solid waste is a major concern for cities around the world. Particularly urban communities with developing economies are urged to improve their waste management practices, and set up appropriate waste management systems. Waste management is a city-specific topic; there is no ideal solution that can be operationalized everywhere. In developing cities, municipalities and decision makers need simple and effective indicators to assess the sustainability of their current waste management systems, and set a performance reference point. The current study investigates available literature and suggests a list of measurable sustainability indicators which are specific to solid-waste management. The list encompasses 27 indicators that cover the building blocks of an integrated solid-waste management system, i.e., collection and sorting, recycling, composting, energy recovery, and landfilling. An assessment tool is developed through a five-point Likert scale, evaluating these indicators. Case studies of Cairo and Brussels were analyzed. The outcomes of this analysis can be used as a benchmark on a local level in planning, clarifying policy objectives, and setting priorities.     

Scaled-up and economic assessment approach of the split-phase glycolysis process for the recycling of flexible polyurethane foam wastes

The economic viability of the split-phase glycolysis process for the recycling of any kind of flexible polyurethane foam waste employing crude glycerol as cleavage agent has been demonstrated. First, experiments at pilot plant scale were carried out to check that the process can be extrapolated to larger scales. With the goal of scaling-up the process from laboratory scale to pilot plant, geometric similarity criteria were applied together with dynamic similarity for laminar flow in agitated tank reactors. Hence, a pilot plant installation was designed with geometrically similar equipment to those used for lab scale, obtaining analogous results in terms of recovered polyol properties. Then, the basic design of a split-phase glycolysis industrial plant with a capacity for treating 270 Tm per year of flexible PU foams scraps was proposed. Finally, the economic feasibility of such recycling process was confirmed because of the obtention of a Net Present Value (NPV) of 1,464,555€, with an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 27.99%, and a payback time between 4 and 5 years.

     

Environmental and economic assessment methods for waste management decision-support: possibilities and limitations.

A large number of methods and approaches that can be used for supporting waste management decisions at different levels in society have been developed. In this paper an overview of methods is provided and preliminary guidelines for the choice of methods are presented. The methods introduced include: Environmental Impact Assessment, Strategic Environmental Assessment, Life Cycle Assessment, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Cost-effectiveness Analysis, Life-cycle Costing, Risk Assessment, Material Flow Accounting, Substance Flow Analysis, Energy Analysis, Exergy Analysis, Entropy Analysis, Environmental Management Systems, and Environmental Auditing. The characteristics used are the types of impacts included, the objects under study and whether the method is procedural or analytical. The different methods can be described as systems analysis methods. Waste management systems thinking is receiving increasing attention. This is, for example, evidenced by the suggested thematic strategy on waste by the European Commission where life-cycle analysis and life-cycle thinking get prominent positions. Indeed, life-cycle analyses have been shown to provide policy-relevant and consistent results. However, it is also clear that the studies will always be open to criticism since they are simplifications of reality and include uncertainties. This is something all systems analysis methods have in common. Assumptions can be challenged and it may be difficult to generalize from case studies to policies. This suggests that if decisions are going to be made, they are likely to be made on a less than perfect basis.     

Hardening performance of reclaimed gypsums for stabilizing agent to improve soft clayey ground

For a prospective solution of effective recycling of gypsum board wastes, the present study was conducted to evaluate applicability of reclaimed gypsum as stabilizing agent for improvement of soft clayey ground. A series of unconfined compression tests and needle penetration tests were conducted to understand the fundamental properties of reclaimed gypsum and gypsum treated soils and the durability in water. An important finding was strength decrease in relation to mixing time of gypsum and soil. This may attribute to excessive mixing that caused breakage of the promptly hardened gypsum treated clay. In addition, from sounding and laboratory tests on the stabilized ground by shallow mixing method with different execution conditions, it was found that the strength of stabilized ground appeared in an early stage and that the hardening effect of cement that was used in combination with gypsum continued in a longer period. Regarding an environmental aspect, a specific amount of cement could have restrained leaching fluorine satisfactorily under the standard level in the field by adopting suitable mixing proportions based on the laboratory mixing test results. For practical application, the mixing procedure was a major factor of strength growth when hemihydrate gypsum was used to stabilize soft clayey ground.     

Environmental assessment and remediation: Estimating the costs of uncertainty

Current cost estimates for the assessment and remediation of environmental contamination at facilities operated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) are based largely on assumptions, with a resulting high level of uncertainty. Therefore, consistent and reliable methods for estimating the uncertainty inherent in the estimates are of vital importance. This article presents an approach and format for estimating contingency in DOE's Environmental Restoration Program. The method involves an analysis of risk factors having a potential to affect the cost of the major elements in the estimate. Application of the contingency analysis to a project site is included in the discussion.