表面改性非烧结生态砖材料对模拟城市暴雨径流中低浓度磷的吸附特性

为了寻求城市暴雨后地表径流中低浓度磷的去除方法,考察了粉煤灰、活性炭、沸石等材料对低浓度磷的吸附特性,进而利用筛选出的吸附材料对河岸护坡砖表面进行改性,制成非烧结生态砖材料,系统地研究了吸附材料添加量、磷酸盐浓度、反应时间等对生态砖材料吸附磷酸盐效率的影响,并探究了紫花苜蓿对生态砖表面磷酸盐的吸收能力.结果表明:①在3种吸附材料中,粉煤灰对磷酸盐的吸附效果最佳,3 h内其对磷酸盐的去除率分别比沸石、活性炭提高了54%、67%.②当生态砖表面搭载36 mg/cm2粉煤灰时,生态砖材料表现出最佳的磷酸盐吸附性能,比未搭载粉煤灰的生态砖材料对磷酸盐的去除率提高了14%.③生态砖材料对磷酸盐的吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温方程和颗粒内扩散方程,其对磷酸盐的吸附机理是由颗粒内扩散起主导作用的物理吸附.④在缺磷胁迫环境下,紫花苜蓿根系分泌出的柠檬酸将生态砖表面的磷酸钙晶体溶解,进而将其吸收进植物体内,15 d对生态砖表面磷的脱附比例为38.40%±0.37%.研究显示,粉煤灰改性的非烧结生态砖材料对磷酸盐具有较好的吸附效果,并且吸附的磷酸盐能够被植物所吸收可实现生态砖材料的天然再生.      

常见基质对暴雨径流中磷素去除效果的比较研究

选取沙子、土壤、沸石、白矾石、陶粒、钢渣、石灰石、蛭石和碎石9种常见的基质,通过吸附和解吸实验、静态吸附实验和动态模拟实验,较为系统地研究了这些基质的吸附特性以及去除暴雨径流中低浓度磷素污染物的特性,并分析了影响基质去除磷素的影响因子.结果表明,9种供试基质对磷酸盐的动态去除效率要比其他形态磷高,对磷素的平衡吸附量大小顺序为：沸石、土壤、蛭石 ＞陶粒、钢渣、石灰石 ＞碎石、沙子、白矾石,对磷素的动态吸附能力为：沸石、石灰石、白矾石、土壤＞钢渣、碎石、沙子＞陶粒、蛭石.另外,蛭石、陶粒和钢渣在对暴雨径流中磷素的静态和动态吸附过程中出现了磷释放现象,其它基质对磷酸盐的动态吸附能力较强,去除率介于30%～87%.综合分析以上多种因素,为了去除暴雨径流中的低浓度磷素,沸石、石灰石和土壤是比较理想的工程基质材料.     

粉煤灰多孔陶粒在水处理中的应用研究

研究采用电厂的粉煤灰为主要原料制备多孔陶粒,分别将其用作水处理中的微生物载体和吸附剂。挂膜结果表明:COD、氨氮这两项指标的出水基本稳定,去除率高。用多孔陶粒作吸附剂处理含铬废水时,等温吸附实验表明,多孔陶粒吸附水中的铬的等温方程基本符合Langmiur等温方程式,在pH值为酸性时对铬的去除率较高。用HCl和NaOH溶液再生多孔陶粒,酸的效果更好。     

粉煤灰负载壳聚糖去除水中低浓度磷的研究

磷是富营养化限制因子,同时,中国主要能源是煤,每年会产生大量的粉煤灰废弃物;壳聚糖广泛存在于自然界,在水处理中的应用前景广阔。利用粉煤灰负载壳聚糖处理水中的磷既可以减少水中的污染物质,成本低,耗能少,又可以使固体废物得到有效的利用。实验中,以粉煤灰负载壳聚糖作为吸附剂,对磷酸盐的吸附进行了实验研究。讨论了废水的pH值、吸附平衡时间、吸附剂的投加量和吸附温度等各个因素对磷酸盐去除率的影响。研究表明:在粉煤灰负载壳聚糖的投加量为6 g/L、废水浓度为3 mg/L、吸附温度为30℃、吸附时间为30 min的条件下,P的去除率可达90%左右。     

陶粒在废水除磷中的试验研究

采用粉煤灰、膨润土、粘土、发泡剂为主要原料,与外加添加剂混合,烧结制备应用于环境工程的陶粒。通过静态试验和动态试验考察了陶粒对磷的去除效果,在静态试验中,考察了添加剂的成份、含量以及振荡时间对其除磷效果的影响和对出水pH值的影响,试验结果表明,含钙量越多的陶粒,其对磷的去除率越高,其中只加钙的陶粒对磷的去除率在振荡5h时就达到最高94.86%;而不加添加剂的陶粒对磷的去除效果最差,在振荡5h时仅为15.6%。将不同种陶粒放入pH为6.12的模拟废水中,振荡为0.5 h时,其出水pH值便发生明显的变化,其中含钙陶粒的出水pH变化最大,达到10.77,随着振荡时间的增加,其出水的pH值便不再发生明显的变化。在动态试验中,对含钙陶粒进行动态吸附试验,其泄漏值是60 BV,饱和吸附量为150 BV。     

电厂粉煤灰、炉渣和污泥复合陶粒对低浓度Pb2+的吸附特性

针对重金属污染具有来源广、危害大等特点,通过以电厂废物(粉煤灰、炉渣)和脱水污泥为原料制备一种高效且价廉的陶粒吸附剂,采用吸附影响因素实验、解吸再生实验、吸附动力学模型和等温吸附模型的拟合以及陶粒表征分析,探究陶粒对Pb²⁺的吸附特性,同时为实现废物资源化利用提供新思路.结果表明：陶粒去除Pb²⁺的较佳吸附条件为粒径4 mm、pH 4.5～5.0、吸附时间360 min、吸附温度25℃.陶粒再生所用较佳解吸剂为0.5 mol/L的HCl溶液,较佳解吸时间和次数分别为120 min和5次,解吸5次后陶粒对Pb²⁺的去除率为92.67%.此吸附过程更好地遵循了准二级动力学模型和Freundlich等温吸附模型.陶粒上的O-H、Si-O和金属氧化键在吸附Pb²⁺的过程中起主要作用.陶粒吸附Pb²⁺后,出现了新的物相Pb2Cl3OH和PbO,陶粒与Pb²⁺之间发生化学吸附,为自发进行的放热反应.陶粒处理实际废水中Pb²⁺的去除率可达93.70...     

粉煤灰/工业污泥烧结陶粒的制备与应用

以粉煤灰和工业污水处理站的剩余污泥为主要原材料，采用烧结法研制复合陶粒。分析了不同配方和不同烧结温度对陶粒性能的影响，以陶粒吸水率．容重为评价指标确定最佳配比和最佳烧结温度。提出用陶粒铺设景观水底，治理城市水体．并对其进行了可行性分析。粉煤灰／污泥陶粒的容重为0．79～0．9g／cm^3，吸水率为68．95％-80．01％。陶粒对水中氨氮和总磷吸附容量分别为0．03～0．05mg／g和0．01-0.02mg／g。     

给水厂残泥免烧陶粒对Pb与Cd的吸附特征

针对高效低廉的吸附材料——WTR（water treatment residuals,给水厂残泥）因颗粒细小在水处理工艺中难以应用的问题,利用免烧法制备出WTR陶粒,研究其对Pb和Cd的吸附特征.批量吸附试验结果表明,准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型能较好地描述WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的吸附动力学（R2>0.995 8）与等温吸附过程（R2>0.994 8）.在溶液pH为5、恒温25℃、振荡24 h下,Langmuir等温吸附模型计算得到的WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的最大吸附容量分别为13.97和18.60 mg/g.单因素条件试验结果表明,WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的吸附量均随溶液初始pH的升高而增加,当pH由3升至9时,WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的吸附量分别增加了1.44和0.95倍;离子强度的增加不利于WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的吸附.批量等温解吸试验结果表明,在pH为4~8的溶液中,Pb和Cd较难从WTR免烧陶粒中解吸出来,解吸率均在3.5%以内;当溶液pH为3时,Pb和Cd的解吸率分别高达65.88%和45.01%.BCR分级提取结果表明,Pb和Cd均主要以酸提取态形式（占比在68.18%以上）存在于WTR免烧陶粒中;同时,随着初始吸附量的增加,酸提取态比例显著减少,而还原态和残渣态比例显著增加.研究显示,WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd具有较强的吸附能力,可作为一种高效的重金属吸附材料应用于水处理工艺中.      

钢渣对水体中磷的去除性能及机制解析

针对不同类型钢渣在除磷过程中存在的显著差异,以电炉渣为研究对象,探讨了环境因素（吸附时间、吸附温度）对钢渣除磷的影响,验证了其对磷酸盐、焦磷酸盐及实际水体的除磷效果,联合采用扫描电镜（SEM）、能量色散X射线能谱（EDS）、X射线荧光光谱（XRF）和X射线衍射光谱（XRD）技术探究其除磷机制,对比分析了钢渣与陶粒和沸石的除磷效率,并对钢渣除磷的安全性能进行了评估.结果表明,吸附时间显著影响钢渣除磷效果,当吸附时间为30 min时钢渣对质量浓度范围为1~20 mg·L^-1的磷酸盐溶液的去除率均可达到97%以上.温度对实验所用钢渣的除磷效果影响并不显著.钢渣对焦磷酸盐吸附能力弱于正磷酸盐,其对初始质量浓度为3 mg·L^-1的焦磷酸盐的去除率为82.45%.光谱分析结果表明,钢渣除磷的主要机制为化学吸附并辅以物理吸附,CaHPO₄·2H₂O为主要沉淀物质.钢渣对生物池出水和湿地系统中的磷素去除效果显著,总磷去除率分别为98.36%和93.33%.对比可知,钢渣对磷酸盐的去除效果优于陶粒和沸石,其对PO₄^3-的去除率分别为96%、40%和10%.钢渣浸出液中各重金属含量均符合地表水Ⅰ类标准要求,钢渣安全可靠.     

粉煤灰陶粒去除水中Cr6+的实验研究

粉煤灰陶粒比表面积大,化学稳定性好,具有良好吸附性能,是一种廉价的吸附剂。进行了用含钡粉煤灰陶粒处理含铬废水试验,探讨废水酸度、接触时间、陶粒用量、含铬浓度、温度等因素对除铬效果的影响。结果表明,在废水pH=5.5,按铬与含钡陶粒重量比为1/100投加含钡陶粒进行处理,可使Cr6 去除率达到99％以上,出水符合国家排放标准。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.