SBR双颗粒污泥系统脱氮除磷性能研究

以模拟废水为研究对象,对SBR双颗粒污泥系统的脱氮除磷性能进行了考察.试验结果表明,A₂N双颗粒污泥系统能使硝化菌和聚磷菌分别在各自最佳的环境中生长,有利于系统脱氮除磷的稳定和高效运行,可控制性也得到了提高.在COD为300 mg·L^-1条件下,系统对COD的平均去除率达到78.8%,大部分COD被聚磷菌用来合成PHA;当溶解氧控制在3.55~4.90 mg·L^-1和5.60~6.60 mg·L^-1之间时,硝化SBR对氨氮的去除率分别为87.0%和94.5%.除磷SBR仅设置缺氧段时,磷去除率为72%;增设后曝气段后,磷去除率增至85%.NO_x^--N(NO₂^--N+ NO₃^--N)的去除主要发生在缺氧段,在反硝化除磷时作为电子受体被去除,平均去除率为90.6%.     

活性炭-Fenton组合法去除水中PAEs的研究

采用活性炭-Fenton组合方法催化氧化去除水中的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs),研究了H₂O₂、Fe^2+-、H₂O₂/Fe^2+-及活性炭的用量、pH值、反应时间以及PAEs的初始浓度等对水中PAEs去除率的影响.结果表明,在Fenton试剂与活性炭的协同作用下,对PAEs具有较好的去除效果.PAEs水溶液(DMP、DEP、DBP、DOP各为12　mg·L^-1),经活性炭-Fenton法处理15　h后,PAEs的平均去除率可达到99.1%.     

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器的运行特性

以人工合成模拟废水对好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器(MBR)的运行特性和膜污染进行了研究.结果表明:在HRT为6h,溶氧浓度为4～6mg.L^-1,COD的容积负荷为7.24kg·(m³·d)^-1的条件下,COD的去除率可达96%以上.当NH₃-N的容积负荷为0.17kg·(m³·d)^-1时,NH₃-N的去除率可达60%.COD/N比的变化,对好氧颗粒污泥MBR的COD及NH₃-N去除率基本没有影响.稳定运行过程时,MBR中好氧颗粒污泥浓度(MLSS)基本维持在14～16mg·L^-1.较高的污泥浓度和颗粒污泥内部缺氧和厌氧环境的存在,使MBR中硝化和反硝化过程能同时存在.同时,比较了2种不同形态的活性污泥(颗粒污泥和絮状污泥)在MBR运行过程中膜通量的变化趋势,结果表明,颗粒污泥MBR膜通量的下降速度明显比絮状污泥MBR的下降速度慢很多,且通过空气反冲或用水清洗即可使通量基本恢复.     

电解Fenton法处理生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的动力学研究

采用三元电极,对垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的生化-混凝出水进行了电解Fenton法处理COD反应动力学研究.结果表明:电解Fenton反应的COD降解曲线符合拟三级反应动力学,t时间的COD出水浓度可表示为:c_t=(2kt+c₀^-2)^-0.5.通过对不同工艺条件下电解Fenton法对渗滤液的COD降解曲线的统计分析,得出以电流密度、pH值、进水COD浓度为影响因子的k值经验模型.并将动力学模拟的COD出水值与实际运行的测量值进行比较,认为该模型可以较好地模拟电解Fenton法进行垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液后续处理的效果.     

逆电渗析反应器降解模拟甲基橙染料废水实验

利用逆电渗析（RED）技术可实现"废热治理废水"的目的.为探究RED反应器对染料废水的降解效果,构建了由40对膜构成的RED反应器.以NaCl水溶液作为工作溶液,甲基橙模拟废水作为降解对象,考察了废水流率、Cl^-浓度、Fe²⁺浓度、pH值、曝气流率和输出电流对模拟废水脱色率及COD去除率的影响.结果表明,对于RED反应器阳极回路印染废水,废水流率对其脱色率影响不大,但Cl^-浓度对其脱色率和COD去除率影响较大.对于RED反应器阴极回路印染废水,废水流率、Fe²⁺浓度、pH值和曝气流率均对其脱色率和COD去除率产生影响.当阳极回路废水氯盐浓度为0.5 mol·L^-1,阴极回路废水pH=2、Fe²⁺浓度为0.1 mmol·L^-1、曝气流率为600 mL·min^-1,两回路模拟废水流率均为82 mL·min^-1实验条件下,输出电流为0.25 A时,处理20 min后,阳/阴极回路模拟废水脱色率分别为99.9%和91.71%;处理80 min后,阳/阴极回路模拟废水COD去除率分别可达到52%和62%.     

亚热带丘陵区绿狐尾藻人工湿地处理养猪废水氮磷去向

以亚热带丘陵区为研究区,采取野外定位观测的研究方法,选取耐高氮（N）、磷（P）的绿狐尾藻为湿地植物,建立稻草基质池+6级绿狐尾藻表面流湿地系统,湿地总面积1597 m²,水力负荷0.06~0.14 m·d^-1,水力停留时间31 d,研究此湿地系统对养猪废水（NH₄⁺-N：535.4~591.09 mg·L^-1、TN：682.09~766.96 mg·L^-1、TP：57.73~82.29 mg·L^-1和COD：918.4~1940.43 mg·L^-1）的治理效果,旨在为亚热带高负荷猪废水的生态治理提供参数依据.结果表明,湿地系统对NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP和COD的平均去除率为97.4%、97.1%、91.0%和90.2%,其中以CW1累积贡献率最大（37.3%、38.4%、43.3%和27.4%）.植物N、P吸收量在23.87~79.96 g·m^-2和5.34~18.98 g·m^-2之间,占湿地N、P去除量的19.1%和20.2%;底泥N、P吸附量在19.17~56.62 g·m^-2和10.59~26.62 g·m^-2之间,占去除量的19.8%和61.7%.湿地N、P去除率与影响因子间的关系表明,环境因子解释了湿地N、P去除率的79.9%和70.1%.其中,DO是湿地系统N去除的主要因子,底泥P吸附是P去除的关键.     

Fenton氧化破解剩余污泥中的胞外聚合物

利用Fenton试剂的强氧化性破解剩余污泥中的胞外聚合物（EPS）,通过释放出的多聚糖、蛋白质浓度以及SCOD的变化表征EPS的破解程度,旨在找出Fenton氧化破解EPS的适宜反应条件．结果表明,pH = 2.5,反应时间90 min,H₂O₂/Fe²⁺（质量比）= 8∶1,温度65～70℃为适宜反应条件．该条件下经Fenton氧化,污泥上清液中的SCOD、多聚糖和蛋白质浓度分别由45.88、 10.96和11.99 mg·L^-1增加到684.93、 382.17和302.62 mg·L^-1;污泥颗粒平均粒径和中值粒径分别由供试污泥的838.89 μm和859.20 μm减小到137.22 μm和148.69 μm．Fenton氧化可以有效破解污泥中的EPS,提高污泥的无机化程度,有利于污泥的减量化和资源化．     

响应面法分析卫生填埋渗滤液的Fenton处理过程

利用响应面法研究了Fenton试剂处理卫生填埋渗滤液过程中诸因素对COD去除率的影响,如渗滤液中高分子量有机物(HMWOM)与低分子量有机物(LMWOM)的TOC比例、LMWOM浓度以及双氧水和亚铁离子的摩尔比(H₂O₂/Fe²⁺).其中HMWOM/LMWOM值、LMWOM浓度和H₂O₂/Fe²⁺摩尔比值的高、低水平分别为14～38,975～3000 mg/L,1.75～4.00.由实验数据得到了1个2次响应曲面模型,该模型显示COD的去除率随着HMWOM/LMWOM值的增加而增加,但随着LMWOM浓度的增加而降低.Fenton试剂处理卫生填埋渗滤液存在着一个最佳的H₂O₂/Fe²⁺摩尔比值,COD去除率在该点能达到最高.     

人工湿地对城市生活污水的深度净化效果研究：冬季和夏季对比

采用改进的三级串联垂直流人工湿地对大连2个典型城市污水处理厂的二级出水进行深度净化处理,在大连户外自然条件下常年连续运行,对该人工湿地在夏季、冬季和初春气候条件的运行效果进行对比,重点考察了其对COD、 TN、 NH⁺₄-Ｎ和TP的去除效果.其中夏季（6～8月）COD、 TN、 NH⁺₄-Ｎ和TP平均去除率分别达到了88.5%、 76%、 100%和98%,冬季（11月～次年1月）去除率分别达到了88%、 85.3%、 86.4%和97%;初春(2～4月)去除率分别达到了87.7%、 76.7%、 70.3%和95.5%.夏季、 冬季和初春出水水质为：COD为2.8、 3.8和3.9 mg·L^-1;TP为0.02、 0.05和0.07 mg·L^-1;TN为6.8、 2.9和9.2 mg/L;NH⁺₄-Ｎ为0.01、 0.3和8.1 mg/L.结果表明,该人工湿地对大连城市生活污水深度净化效果显著,其中COD和TP去除效果稳定,出水水质好于《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838-2002）Ⅲ类质量标准;而出水中TN和NH⁺₄-Ｎ分别达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）一级A和一级B标准.各污染物在夏季、 冬季和初春的脱除负荷分别达到了COD为4.9、 5.1和5.0　g·(m²·d)^-1;TN为3.4、 3.0和5.5　g·(m²·d)^-1;NH⁺₄-Ｎ为0.2、 0.6和3.7　g·(m²·d)^-1;TP为0.15、 0.30和0.28　g·(m²·d)^-1.对比不同季节人工湿地对各种污染物的去除率及脱除负荷,各污染物的去除受季节影响并不显著,但是NH⁺₄-Ｎ和TN的去除受进水污染负荷影响较大.     

不同碳源模式下酵母菌PNY2013同步脱氮除磷的应用研究

针对首次分离得到的一株具有同步脱氮除磷新功能的热带假丝酵母（Candida tropicalis） PNY2013,通过生理及动力学特征,连续流运行操作及其在含糖类工业废水中的应用3个环节,探讨了不同碳源模式下PNY2013同步脱氮除磷的特性.结果表明：PNY2013以葡萄糖、乙醇及乙酸为唯一碳源时均生长良好,其最大比增长速率μ_max分别为0.1327、0.1252及0.1115 h^-1,其同步脱氮除磷率分别可达100%、80%、100%（NH₄⁺-N）及93%、95%、98%（PO₄^3--P）.3种碳源下PNY2013同步脱氮除磷的最佳条件基本接近为：温度30℃,pH=8.0,溶解氧0~2 mg·L^-1,C/N=200∶5左右.PNY2013同步脱氮除磷的长期连续运行条件下的实验进一步表明,以葡萄糖为碳源条件下,进水NH₄⁺-N及PO₄^3--P浓度分别达400及80 mg·L^-1时,两者去除率均接近100%.与这种超强能力相比,以乙醇及乙酸为碳源条件下,进水NH₄⁺-N及PO₄^3--P浓度分别达100及20 mg·L^-1时,两者的去除率也可达60%~80%（NH₄⁺-N）及40%（PO₄^3--P）,显示出相当的同步脱氮除磷能力.在以模拟制糖废水、淀粉加工废水、啤酒废水、味精废水这4种典型含糖工业废水为碳源条件下,除淀粉加工废水外PNY2013均能有效去除COD、NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P,其中,制糖、啤酒、制药废水中的COD去除率分别可达40%、89%、96%,NH₄⁺-N去除率分别为85%、94%、76%,PO₄^3--P去除率均为90%.即使在40000 mg·L^-1（制糖）及12500 mg·L^-1（啤酒）的高COD条件下,PNY2013也均具有稳定的NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P去除效果,显示出良好的同步脱氮除磷应用前景.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.