硫脲紫外退色分光光度法测水中余氯

氯氧化硫脲使硫脲退色.一定条件下,硫脲紫外吸收的降低与水中余氯浓度成正比.依据这一特性建立了硫脲紫外退色分光光度法测定水中余氯的新方法.在pH值为1～6介质中,选择237 nm作为测定波长,则氯浓度在0～8.0 mg/L范围服从比尔定律.检测限为O.015 mg/L,水中常见的离子不干扰测定.该法用于自来水、游泳池水等样品中余氯浓度的测定,快速简便,加标回收率在98%～103%之间.     

离子交换膜化学反应器去除饮用水中Cr(Ⅵ)的研究

构建离子交换膜化学反应器,研究其在无外加电压作用下去除饮用水中Cr(Ⅵ)的效果.结果表明,当原水Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度为0.019 2 mmol/L,补偿溶液NaCl浓度为100 mmol/L,流量为2.5 mL/min时,给体池Cr(Ⅵ)分离去除率为86.2％.随着给体池共存离子浓度的增加,其对Cr(Ⅵ)交换竞争作用加强,给体池Cr(Ⅵ)分离去除率逐渐降低;在相同共存离子浓度条件下,3种共存离子对Cr(Ⅵ)分离效果的影响程度依次为SO42-、NO3-、Cl-.补偿溶液NaCl浓度由1mmol/L增加至100 mmoL/L时,Cr(Ⅵ)分离去除率基本不变,但是Donnan分离12 h后化学反应池Cr(Ⅵ)浓度由0.001 5 mmol/L增加至0.016 0 mmol/L.Cr2O72-离子交换过程可用一级反应动力学方程描述,离子交换反应速率常数为0.014 2 min-1.加入10 mmol/L共存离子Cl-、NO3-和SO42-后,离子交换反应速率常数分别降低至0.013 5min-1、0.010 5 min-1和0.008 9 min-1.Cr(Ⅵ)在化学反应池中浓缩富集,离子交换26 h后化学反应池Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为0.069 8 mmol/L,可通过投加硫酸亚铁还原剂和碱液将其去除.     

壬基酚对小球藻生理及光合特性的影响

为了评价壬基酚(NP)的水环境生态风险,研究了不同浓度壬基酚对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生理及光合特性的影响。设置了0. 635 mmol/L、1. 905 mmol/L、3. 175 mmol/L和4. 445 mmol/L 4个NP浓度梯度和1个对照组,测定了藻液细胞密度、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm、φPSⅡ、I_(k)、α和ETR_(max))、可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性及丙二醛含量,探讨了NP影响小球藻生长的机制。结果表明:低浓度NP(0～1. 905 mmol/L)对小球藻的生长及光系统Ⅱ具有促进作用; NP浓度超过1. 905 mmol/L时,随NP浓度升高,小球藻生长和光合活性受到明显的抑制,藻细胞叶绿素a、可溶性蛋白质含量逐渐下降,而丙二醛含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性持续增高。研究表明,不同浓度的NP对小球藻的生理和光合活性产生了一定程度的毒性效应,进一步证实了NP对小球藻生长的影响呈现"Hormesis效应"。     

紫外光催化H2O2降解SCN-的研究

研究不同条件下紫外光催化H_2O_2降解SCN-的效果。结果表明,在光照强度9. 94 m W/cm~2,pH值为7,H_2O_2浓度2. 25 mmol/L,温度30℃,反应时间120 min的条件下,100 mg/L SCN~-基本得到降解,SCN~-去除率为96. 88%,出水中残余的SCN~-,TOC和CN~-质量浓度分别为3. 12 mg/L,3. 856 mg/L和0. 936mg/L。H_2O_25 mmol/L,出水中CN~-质量浓度为0. 134 mg/L,能满足新的炼焦化学工业污染物排放标准(GB16171—2012)。紫外光催化H_2O_2降解SCN~-过程中氮元素很少转化为NO_3~-和NO_2,主要转化为CN~-和NH_4~+-N;硫经降解生成SO_4~(2-)。     

诺氟沙星对黑麦草的生物毒性效应研究

以诺氟沙星为研究对象,黑麦草为受试生物,采用培养皿纸上发芽法测定黑麦草种子发芽率,并采用水培试验研究不同浓度诺氟沙星(0. 016 mmol/L、0. 032 mmol/L、0. 064mmol/L、0. 128 mmol/L、0. 256 mmol/L)对黑麦草叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)及脯氨酸(Pro)含量的影响,试验周期为18 d。结果表明,0. 016mmol/L诺氟沙星未对黑麦草种子发芽率产生显著影响,但诺氟沙星浓度大于0. 032 mmol/L时,黑麦草种子发芽率被抑制。黑麦草叶绿素含量与诺氟沙星浓度呈负相关,诺氟沙星浓度越高,叶绿素含量抑制作用越明显,0. 256 mmol/L处理组黑麦草叶绿素含量仅为空白组的26. 7%。黑麦草MDA、Pro含量随诺氟沙星浓度增加均呈诱导作用;黑麦草SOD活性随诺氟沙星处理浓度增加呈"诱导-抑制"作用,诺氟沙星低浓度处理组(0. 016 mmol/L、0. 032 mmol/L)未对黑麦草SOD产生明显的胁迫效应,但高浓度处理组(0. 064mmol/L、0. 128 mmol/L和0. 256 mmol/L)对黑麦草SOD抑制作用显著,黑麦草代谢紊乱。     

二溴海因作用罗非鱼产生的溴离子残留及消解研究

建立了以离子色谱法测定水产品中溴离子质量比的方法,并用该方法检测了二溴海因作用于吉富罗非鱼后所产生的溴离子在肌肉中残留及消解的质量比.检测时采用CsI2A阴离子柱分离,电导检测,溴离子质量比为10～200 mg/kg,决定系数R2=0.9963.结果表明:1)样品添加30 mg/kg和50 mg/kg时,Br-的平均回收率分别为82.58％和86.14％,相对标准偏差为4.61％和6.54％.因此,该方法可以应用于水产品中溴离子的定量分析;2)二溴海因质量浓度为0～0.3 mg/L时,肌肉中未检出溴离子;二溴海因质量浓度为1.5 mg/L时,肌肉中溴离子质量比呈时间-效应关系,即溴离子质量比随时间的延长而增加,第16 d时溴离子在肌肉中质量比达最大21.6 mg/kg,符合国际食品法典的规定.在清水中恢复10 d后,肌肉中溴离子的质量比降低.可见,实际生产中若二溴海因的施药剂量为0.3～0.4mg/L,则肌肉中溴离子对人类几乎没有威胁.     

亚硝酸盐对强化生物除磷系统的影响

为了全面了解亚硝酸盐在生物除磷系统中的作用,采用SBR反应器,研究了亚硝酸盐对聚磷菌厌氧释磷、好氧吸磷的影响及短程反硝化除磷过程中各物质质量浓度之间的关系。结果表明,厌氧段释磷量随厌氧段投加NO-2-N质量浓度提高而增加,在厌氧段的后期出现了以NO-2为电子受体的吸磷现象。在好氧段投加亚硝酸盐,当NO-2-N质量浓度从5 mg/L升高到10 mg/L时,好氧吸磷速率随NO-2-N质量浓度提高而迅速降低,但当NO-2-N质量浓度超过10 mg/L后,好氧吸磷速率随NO-2-N质量浓度提高降低速度减缓。系统缺氧除磷量与NO-2-N消耗量、缺氧除磷量与PHB(聚-β-羟基丁酸)消耗量均呈线性关系。     

基于烟气脱硫的碱式硫酸铝吸收剂Al3+含量测量试验

为了准确测量碱式硫酸铝溶液中Al3+质量浓度,以PAN为指示剂,用CuSO4标准溶液反滴定EDTA,分析得到4个干扰因素的优化测量条件.结果表明,碱式硫酸铝溶液中Ca2+对Al3+质量浓度测量无干扰,最佳稀释倍数应以待测液稀释后Al3+质量浓度在0.141 ～0.423 g/L为目标确定,EDTA最佳过量程度为50％ ～ 150％,Al3+与EDTA最佳配位应控制pH=3.42～3.91、煮沸3～5 min.误差分析表明,试验平均方法回收率为98.86％,Al3+质量浓度实测值较理论值相对误差范围为-0.47％ ～-0.33％,标准偏差为0.002 g/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于1％,试验结果准确可靠、数据稳定.以XO作指示剂、锌盐溶液为标准溶液返滴定对比试验表明,由于受到Al3对指示剂的封闭作用,滴定终点难以判断,实测值较理论值相对误差范围为-2.62％ ～ 3.42％,测量结果平均准确度降低2.156％.     

3种常用浆料对臭氧降解部分染料的脱色率影响研究

采用间歇法测定溶液吸光度,研究了3种常用浆料聚乙烯醇(PVA17-99)、改性淀粉和丙烯聚酯复合浆料(KS-22)的存在对臭氧降解染科速率的影响.结果表明,3种浆科在一定质量浓度范围内,对臭氧氧化酸性灰BG 200％的脱色率均表现为先促进后抑制的趋势.染料初始质量浓度为0.090 g/L,PVA 17-99、改性淀粉和KS-22的质量浓度分别在0-13 g/L、0～0.2 g/L和0～0.1g/L时脱色率提高,当3种浆料的质量浓度大于上述质量浓度时,脱色率降低.同时,研究了这3种浆料对弱酸性灰ABL、直接混纺红D-BLL、活性红紫X-2R和活性黄HF-3RA等4种染料臭氧氧化脱色的影响.结果与酸性灰BG 200％类似:PVA17-99能够在较宽的质量浓度范围对臭氧氧化起促进作用,改性淀粉的范围次之,KS-22的范围最小.     

零价铁活化过硫酸盐降解分散剂木质素磺酸钠研究

为研究零价铁(Fe0)通过电子转移对过硫酸盐(PS)降解分散剂木质素磺酸钠(SL)能力的影响,以SL作为目标污染物,对影响SL降解的因素(初始pH值、SL初始质量浓度、PS浓度、Fe0投加量)及降解机理进行探讨.结果表明,1)当pH值小于2时,SL降解率随pH值升高而升高;当pH值在2～5时,SL降解率随pH值升高而降低.当PS浓度在2～4 mmol/L时,SL的降解率随PS浓度的增大而增大;当PS浓度超过4 mmol/L后降解率呈现下降趋势.当固定其他反应条件时,SL的降解率随SL初始质量浓度的升高而降低.2)相比于单一 Fe0体系和单一 PS体系,Fe0-PS体系对SL的降解率有显著提高,对含SL废水可生化性有所改善.在最佳反应条件下(pH值为2,Fe0投加后质量浓度为0.3 g/L,SL初始质量浓度0.5 g/L,PS浓度为4 mmol/L),180 min内SL的降解率能达到75.9％.3)Fe0活化PS产生SO4-·,通过自由基淬灭剂进行淬灭试验,确定降解过程中的SO4-·与·OH为体系活性物质.4)通过红外吸收光谱扫描,比较SL与反应产物的FTIR图谱,推测在氧化作用下,SL的苯环结构断裂,部分磺酸基团被氧化为SO4-.研究表明,Fe0-PS体系与单一 Fe0体系和单一 PS体系相比,Fe0能有效活化PS产生SO4-·,进而对SL有更好的降解效果.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。