组合人工湿地工艺微生物群落结构及脱氮效果研究

将复合垂直流、表面流、潜流3种不同类型的人工湿地串联起来,研究每种人工湿地的脱氮微生物及其脱氮效果.结果表明,各种人工湿地池填料表面微生物数量丰富,组合人工湿地系统形成两个串联的A/O单元,脱氮效果良好,其中总氮去除率达82.61%.     

不同基质复合垂直流人工湿地对富营养化景观水的净化效果

研究了两套不同基质复合垂直流人工湿地小试装置在不同季节对富营养化景观水的净化效果,分析了温度变化对污染物去除效果的影响,考察了微生物的硝化强度和反硝化强度以及基质理化性质对植物生长状况的影响,并探讨了氮、磷的去除途径.结果表明:不同基质复合垂直流人工湿地随季节变化对浊度、COD和磷的去除效果差异不明显;温度降低对脱氮效果影响显著,对磷的去除影响不大.沸石-页岩湿地硝化强度和反硝化强度优于砾石湿地.采用沸石作为基质可以提高系统对氮的去除效率,促进湿地植物的生长.对氮、磷去除途径的分析表明:微生物的硝化反硝化作用以及基质对磷的吸附沉淀作用是复合垂直流人工湿地去除氮、磷的主要途径;植物吸收分别占湿地TN、TP去除量的16%和35%左右,也是个重要途径.     

预曝气+垂直潜流人工湿地处理农村生活污水工程应用

传统无动力垂直潜流人工湿地,由于内部溶解氧的不足,存在除污能力下降、填料堵塞等问题。本研究采用预曝气的人工增氧方式,设计预曝气+垂直潜流人工湿地模式,以厌氧池+微曝气生物接触池+两级复合垂直流人工湿地的组合工艺,建设晋城市巴公镇农村生活污水治理项目中试端和应用示范端,探讨了实际工程应用对农村生活污水的治理效果,以及预曝气对复合垂直流人工湿地的影响。结果表明,经过8个月的运行,应用示范端出水中TN、NH₄⁺-N和COD值均满足设计出水水质要求,平均去除率分别为88.3%、93.7%和77.4%,且抗冲击能力较强、不易受冬季低温影响;对TP的去除效果较不稳定,对比中试端对TP的平均去除率94.3%,应用示范端对TP的平均去除率仅为17%;预曝气的人工增氧方式,使得系统中一级复合垂直流人工湿地对污水中TN、NH₄⁺-N、TP和COD的平均去除率分别提高了14.9%、6.8%、4.6%和10.1%。     

球形填料对复合垂直流土地渗滤系统去污效果的生物强化

通过对复合垂直流渗滤系统中增加球型填料,利用生物强化提高系统对城市生活污水污染物去除能力的研究,优化了复合垂直流渗滤系统.并且通过研究,探索了系统非生物作用与生物作用对氮的降解机制.结果表明,通过生物强化系统生活污水中COD的去除率由原来的74.7%提高到85.3%;对NH3-N的去除率由原来的28.7%提高到52.9%;对TN的去除率从31.0%提高到41.7%;系统对TP的去除率由30.9%提高到49.3%.球形填料通过提高系统的硝化活性,增加对氨氮的降解转化效率,同时生物量的大小,也是影响氨氮的降解转化效率的重要因素.系统对污水中氮的降解是以生物作用为主,氮转化以硝化效果较强,反硝化效果比较弱.     

间歇曝气对垂直流人工湿地长期性能的影响

构建4个垂直流人工湿地(CWs)系统,其中系统Ⅰ、Ⅱ为陶粒CWs,系统Ⅲ、Ⅳ为河砂CWs,调节各CWs系统的间歇曝气速率,评价其对CWs系统长期运行下污染物去除效果的影响。结果表明,4个CWs系统对化学需氧量和氨氮的去除率分别能够稳定在96%、98%左右。陶粒CWs与河砂CWs相比具有更高的污染物去除能力和稳定性;硝态氮、总氮、磷酸盐去除效果受CWs系统曝气速率和基质组成的共同影响。微生物分析表明,norank Saccharimonadales是各CWs系统硝态氮去除的关键功能菌属。合适的曝气速率和基质类型对于垂直流CWs的长期稳定运行至关重要。     

不同类型潜流湿地处理养猪废水的对比

针对养猪废水的水质特点,在同等条件下开展了2种类型潜流湿地处理效果的对比研究。实验结果表明,水平潜流湿地(HSSF)与垂直潜流湿地(VSSF)由于结构设计的不同造成其布水方式和系统内部水力流态的不同,从而导致了两系统对养猪废水处理效果的差异;当水力负荷为0.02 m3/(m2.d)时,两系统对养猪废水中COD的平均去除率分别为93.18%和93.10%,对TN的平均去除率分别为53.44%和81.43%,对NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为52.64%和84.62%,对TP的去除率分别为88.41%和95.71%;垂直潜流湿地可充分利用填料层,可增强系统的复氧能力,还可实现填料层中好氧区、缺氧区和厌氧区的共存,使硝化作用与反硝化作用在同一系统内完成,提高了系统的脱氮能力,而且改善了养猪废水中其他污染物的去除效果。因此,结合处理效果和出水水质的稳定性,对于浓度较高的畜禽养殖废水,选择垂直潜流湿地较为合适。     

处理高污染河水垂直流人工湿地微生物群落特性

为了研究处理高污染河水垂直流人工湿地基质和根际微生物群落特性,采用PCR-DGGE技术对其进行分析,使用通用引物(BAC 338F GC和BAC 805R)对16S rDNA V3~V5区基因片段进行扩增。结果表明,湿地系统中基质微生物群落多样性随基质深度的增加呈现先增大后减小,根际微生物群落多样性逐层递减,同一垂直深度根际微生物群落多样性均高于基质;根际微环境刺激了严格好氧菌Acinetobacter tjernbergiae(不动杆菌属的)出现,证明根系具有泌氧功能;聚类分析表明湿地系统中微生物群落相似度较高,并随深度增加依次递减;测序结果表明湿地系统中拟杆菌门和变形菌门在系统发育树中分别显示出高度序列同源性,湿地系统上、中层广泛分布着好氧菌Flavobacterium sp.(黄杆菌属)和Sporocytophaga sp.(生孢噬纤维菌属),并出现了大量的脱硫功能菌。     

“生态沟渠+人工湿地”系统处理农田退水中噻虫嗪

研究了不同水力停留时间(HRT)和农药污染负荷(PPL)下,"生态沟渠+水平流人工湿地"和"生态沟渠+垂直流人工湿地"系统对农田退水中常规污染物和噻虫嗪的去除效果。结果表明,"生态沟渠+垂直流人工湿地"系统对COD、NH+4-N、NO-3-N、TN、TP及噻虫嗪的去除率均优于"生态沟渠+水平流人工湿地"系统,分别为76%、97%、92%、95%、88%和40%(HRT=2 d),其中噻虫嗪在沟渠段的去除率为17%,在垂直流人工湿地段的去除率为23%。延长HRT、降低PPL均有利于噻虫嗪在组合系统中的去除。对垂直流人工湿地各基质层出水噻虫嗪浓度检测结果表明,运行前期,噻虫嗪在空心砖层去除率最高(8%),主要是由于空心砖对于噻虫嗪的吸附优于沸石和钢渣,随着系统运行,土壤+细沸石层和粗沸石层的去除效率增加,植物吸收与微生物降解作用逐渐占据主导地位。微生物群落结构分析结果显示,生态沟渠段β-变形菌纲和厌氧绳菌纲丰度分别为11%和10%。垂直流人工湿地自上而下芽孢杆菌逐渐增多成为优势菌,β-变形菌和厌氧绳菌逐渐减少。厌氧、好氧交替环境有利于常规污染物和噻虫嗪的去除。     

组合式垂直流人工湿地工艺及其污水处理效果

提出了一种组合式垂直流人工湿地处理工艺,并研究了其对生活污水的处理效果。在水力负荷100 mm/d的工况下,生活污水中有机物的去除主要集中在组合式垂直流人工湿地的第一级,其去除速率常数显著高于后面两级(P0.05)。人工湿地系统对污水中化学耗氧量、总氮、总磷的去除率分别为90.1%、53.7%和43.7%,相应的去除速率常数分别为88.0、29.2和21.2。     

农户庭院型人工湿地对农村生活污水的净化效果

为了探讨人工湿地在农村生活污水处理应用中的可行性,通过在广东省珠海市上洲村建立农户型水平潜流和垂直流人工湿地系统各一套,比较2种人工湿地对农村生活污水净化效果的差异。在运行稳定阶段,2套系统处理出水中COD、BOD5、TP、NH4+-N和TN的平均浓度均达到了城镇污水处理厂排放标准(GB18918-2002)一级A标准。2套系统对农村生活污水的各污染物都具有很好的去除效果。其中,垂直流湿地对COD、BOD5、TP、TN和NH4+-N平均去除率分别为96.10%、96.01%、85.32%、91.18%和82.44%;水平潜流湿地则分别为93.29%、94.41%、86.52%、85.95%和77.46%。统计分析结果表明,垂直流湿地对NH4+-N的去除率高于水平潜流湿地,且其差异达到显著水平;水平潜流湿地对TP的去除率高于垂直流湿地,但其差异未达到显著水平。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

Phytoextraction of lead-contaminated soil using vetivergrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vetiveria zizanioides</Emphasis> L.), cogongrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Imperata cylindrica</Emphasis> L.) and carabaograss (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum conjugatum</Emphasis> L.)

Background, Aims and Scope The global problem concerning contamination of the environment as a consequence of human activities is increasing. Most of the environmental contaminants are chemical by-products and heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Lead released into the environment makes its way into the air, soil and water. Lead contributes to a variety of health effects such as decline in mental, cognitive and physical health of the individual. An alternative way of reducing Pb concentration from the soil is through phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is an alternative method that uses plants to clean up a contaminated area. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the survival rate and vegetative characteristics of three grass species such as vetivergrass, cogongrass and carabaograss grown in soils with different Pb levels; and (2) to determine and compare the ability of the three grass species as potential phytoremediators in terms of Pb accumulation by plants. Methods The three test plants: vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.); cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.); and carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum L.) were grown in individual plastic bags containing soils with 75 mg kg⁻¹ (37.5 kg ha⁻¹) and 150 mg kg⁻¹ (75 kg ha⁻¹) of Pb, respectively. The Pb contents of the test plants and the soil were analyzed before and after experimental treatments using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was laid out following a 3 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results On the vegetative characteristics of the test plants, vetivergrass registered the highest whole plant dry matter weight (33.85–39.39 Mg ha⁻¹). Carabaograss had the lowest herbage mass production of 4.12 Mg ha⁻¹ and 5.72 Mg ha⁻¹ from soils added with 75 and 150 mg Pb kg⁻¹, respectively. Vetivergrass also had the highest percent plant survival which meant it best tolerated the Pb contamination in soils. Vetivergrass registered the highest rate of Pb absorption (10.16 ± 2.81 mg kg⁻¹). This was followed by cogongrass (2.34 ± 0.52 mg kg⁻¹) and carabaograss with a mean Pb level of 0.49 ± 0.56 mg kg⁻¹. Levels of Pb among the three grasses (shoots + roots) did not vary significantly with the amount of Pb added (75 and 150 mg kg⁻¹) to the soil. Discussion Vetivergrass yielded the highest biomass; it also has the greatest amount of Pb absorbed (roots + shoots). This can be attributed to the highly extensive root system of vetivergrass with the presence of an enormous amount of root hairs. Extensive root system denotes more contact to nutrients in soils, therefore more likelihood of nutrient absorption and Pb uptake. The efficiency of plants as phytoremediators could be correlated with the plants’ total biomass. This implies that the higher the biomass, the greater the Pb uptake. Plants characteristically exhibit remarkable capacity to absorb what they need and exclude what they do not need. Some plants utilize exclusion mechanisms, where there is a reduced uptake by the roots or a restricted transport of the metals from root to shoots. Combination of high metal accumulation and high biomass production results in the most metal removal from the soil. Conclusions The present study indicated that vetivergrass possessed many beneficial characteristics to uptake Pb from contaminated soil. It was the most tolerant and could grow in soil contaminated with high Pb concentration. Cogongrass and carabaograss are also potential phytoremediators since they can absorb small amount of Pb in soils, although cogongrass is more tolerant to Pb-contaminated soil compared with carabaograss. The important implication of our findings is that vetivergrass can be used for phytoextraction on sites contaminated with high levels of heavy metals; particularly Pb. Recommendations and Perspectives High levels of Pb in localized areas are still a concern especially in urban areas with high levels of traffic, near Pb smelters, battery plants, or industrial facilities that burn fuel ending up in water and soils. The grasses used in the study, and particularly vetivergrass, can be used to phytoremediate urban soil with various contaminations by planting these grasses in lawns and public parks. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Willie Peijnenburg (wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nl)