NF和RO对致突变物和无机离子去除效果比较

以自来水为原水,采用反渗透和纳渗进行深度处理试验研究,比较了２种膜对致突变物和无机离子的去除率。结果表明,ＲＯ和ＮＦ均能使Ａｍｅｓ试验呈阳性的水转变为阴性;ＮＦ对一价阳离子（Ｋ＾＋、Ｎａ＾＋）的去除率比ＲＯ低１０％左右,对二价阳离子（Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋）的去除率略低于ＲＯ,ＮＦ比ＲＯ能多保留一些离子。     

Fenton试剂与染料溶液的反应

Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂与酸性、活性、直接、阳离子、分散和还原６类１８种染料反应进,前４类染料在１８０ｍｉｎ内完全脱色,ＴＯＣ浓度均显著下降。后２类染料的脱色率很低,ＴＯＣ浓度降低不多,研究了不同金属离子与此外光的催化下,Ｔ２Ｏ２对染料罗丹明Ｂ溶液的氧化反应。催化的结果为：Ｆｅ＾２／ＵＶ〉Ｃｕ＾２＋／ＵＶ〉Ｆｅ＾２＋〉Ｃｕ＾２＋〉Ｍｕ＾２＋／ＵＶ〉Ａｇ＾＋／ＵＶ〉Ｍｎ＾２＋〉Ａｇ＾＋,通过与还原蓝ＲＳＮ溶     

黄海西部大气湿沉降(降水)的离子平衡及离子组成研究

对黄海西部的千里岩、青岛的麦岛两个降水采样点１９９７、１９９８两年收集的１１３个降水样品进行了分析,测定了Ｈ＾＋、ＮＨ４＾＋、Ｋ＾＋、Ｎａ＾＋、Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｆ＾－、Ｃ１＾－、ＮＯ３＾－、ＳＯ４＾２－共１０种离子成分的含量。计算了阴离子和阳离子的浓度总量,考察了∑－／∑＋值,对所８测１０种离子的含量顺序进行了探讨。结果表明：１１０个样品离子平衡（∑－／∑＋在０．７５～１．２５之间）,３个     

胶东半岛可吸入尘酸碱特性的季节变化研究

胶东半岛大气可吸入尘酸碱特性呈现出明显的季节变化，青岛市区ＩＰ中离子浓度冬夏两季均高于平度和薜家岛特别是夏季。冬季ＳＯ４＾２－，ＮＨ４＾＋要明显高于夏季，大致是夏季的２－３倍，其它离子变化不大。ＳＯ４＾２－为ＩＰ中的主要阴离子，占总阴离子的７０％以上，ＮＨ４＾＋为ＩＰ中的主要阳离子，约占总量的４０－５０％。     

地下水中硒存在形态的分析方法

本文采用含高浓度Ｍｇ＾２＋和ＳＯ４＾２－的三种地下水样，在ＰＨ〈５条件下，地下水样中的ＳｅＯ３＾２－和ＳｅＯ４＾２－选择性地吸附于ＣｕＯ颗粒物上，然后在ＰＨ＝１２．５时解吸。接着用ＨＧＡＡＳ和ＩＣ法分别测出ＳｅＯ３＾２－，ＳｅＯ４＾２－浓度。并对二阶阳离子影响水中ＳｅＯ４＾２－的测定作了估算。     

铜、锌、镉、汞、锰和铬对斑节对虾仔虾急性致毒的研究

本文在恒温（２２±０．５℃）和充气条件下研究了Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｈｇ＾２＋、Ｍｎ＾＋７、Ｃｒ＾＋６对斑节对虾仔虾的急性致毒效应。结果表明，Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｈｇ＾２＋、Ｍｎ＾＋７、Ｃｒ＾＋６对斑节对虾仔虾２４ｈＬＣ５０值分别为７．９７８、８．９０４、４．３６５、０．３２９６、４．２１６和３２．６３ｍｇ／ｄｍ＾３，４８ｈＬＣ５０值分别为３．８６９、４．４１１、１．     

黄海西部大气湿沉降(降水)的pH与主要酸碱离子的关系

对黄海西部的千里岩、青岛的麦岛两个降消要样点１９９７、１９９８丙年所收集的１１３个降 Ｈ＾＋、ＮＨ４＾＋、Ｋ＾＋、Ｎａ＾＋、Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｆ＾－、Ｃｌ＾－、ＮＯ３＾－、ＳＯ４＾２－共１０种离子成分的含量，分别用ＮＡ＾＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｃａ＾２＋＋ＮＨ４＾＋）／（ＮＯ３＋ｎｓａＳＯ４＾２－、ｃｍｓｓＳＯ４＾２－（ｎｓｓＳＯ４＾２－）的相关分析。结果表明：（１）以Ｍｇ＾２＋作为参考元素计算得到     

南沙群岛海域沉积物环境与间隙水中的铁锰

研究了南沙群岛海域泻湖及礁外沉积物间隙水中的Ｆｅ＾２＋、Ｍｎ＾２＋、浓度及其比值、沉积物－海水界面扩散通量、沉积物类型及其氧化还原环境。结果表明，间隙水中的Ｆｅ＾２＋、Ｍｎ＾２＋浓度泻湖高于礁外，Ｆｅ＾２＋（礁）／Ｆｅ＾２＋（泻）浓度比为０．２８，Ｍｎ＾２＋（礁）／Ｍｎ＾２＋（泻）浓度比为０．６６，Ｍｎ＾２＋／Ｆｅ＾２＋比值泻湖内为１．４７，礁外为３．５２，Ｆｅ＾２＋、Ｍｎ＾２＋均是从沉积物向上覆     

氨基酸型螯合树脂的合成及其吸附性能

以三乙烯四胺，环氧氯丙烷和氯乙酸为原料，合成了氨基酸结构的螯合树脂，并研究了Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｐｂ＾２＋，Ｎｉ＾２＋，Ｚｎ＾２＋的吸附性能。结果表明，该树脂对Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｐｂ＾２＋，Ｐｂ＾２＋，Ｎｉ＾２＋比对Ｚｎ＾２＋具有良好的吸附性能，其吸附量可达１．４０，，１．３９，１．２０及０．４ｍｏｌ／ｇ。     

pH值对P—204萃取分离Zn^2＋,Cu^2＋的影响试验

考察了ｐＨ值对萃取剂Ｐ－２０２４在Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋Ｎｉ＾２＋等金属离子共存的Ｈ２ＳＯ４溶液中萃取分离Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋的影响，从而得出了在有共苯金属离子干扰的情况下，萃取分离Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋的最佳ｐＨ范围。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.