近断层地震动考虑能量损伤效应的非弹性强度需求

由于靠近断层处地震地面运动中速度脉冲作用的存在,导致传统的基于瞬时加速度反应谱的抗震设计,不能有效考虑由此带来的巨大能量耗散和位移需求。笔者采用代表性的脉冲型实际近场地震记录和人工模拟三角函数地震动时程,在分析累积输入地震动耗能和结构位移间关系基础上,提出了等效速度比的表达式;给出了近场地震动的等效变形需求表达式;提出了等价延性系数的概念,来考虑由于地震动能量耗散对结构的强度需求;经非线性时程分析方法对其稳定性进行了验证比较,有利于增强结构的安全性。     

基于神经网络的矮塔斜拉桥近断层地震响应参数敏感性分析*

为研究近断层地震动对矮塔斜拉桥地震响应参数敏感性的影响,提出基于BP神经网络配合有限元分析的参数敏感性分析方法（FBSA法）,以某铁路矮塔斜拉桥为研究对象,进行参数化有限元建模,运用BP神经网络计算近断层地震动作用下矮塔斜拉桥响应以及自振频率对各参数的敏感性系数,分析近断层脉冲地震动对地震响应敏感性的影响规律。研究结果表明:FBSA法可快速、精确地完成敏感性分析,为抗震设计与优化提供更全面的参考;矮塔斜拉桥几何布置和截面尺寸对振型刚度影响较大;近断层脉冲地震动作用下,桥梁位移和内力响应明显增大,各设计参数对桥塔位移、桥墩位移和内力以及主梁横向位移和弯矩的参数敏感性具有显著影响,对主塔内力和主梁竖向位移参数敏感性的影响不明显。     

桥梁实用延性抗震设计方法研究

针对铁路桥梁中应用广泛的单柱式桥墩 ,考虑多种跨度 ,多种墩高和多种场地及多种地震烈度的情况 ,在进行大量的桥墩结构线性和非线性弹塑性动力计算分析的基础上 ,通过对大量数据的统计分析 ,得到桥墩线弹性最大弯矩比和非线性位移延性比参数的变化规律 ,基于概率性的结构随机地震反应理论 ,建立了由线弹性动力分析结果来估算桥墩结构的位移延性响应的方法。     

某超高层框架-钢筋混凝土核心筒结构减震案例分析

超高层框架-钢筋混凝土核心简结构采用粘滞阻尼器进行消能减震,在地震大震、中震、小震作用下,使用弹性(弹塑性)动力时程分析法,对比减震结构与非减震结构的位移、剪力以及附加阻尼比,来观察超高层建筑的减震效果并判断是否达到相关规范的要求。     

近断层地震作用下考虑温度和碰撞效应的曲线梁桥地震响应分析

为探究大温差地区曲线梁桥在近断层脉冲型地震动作用下的地震响应和碰撞效应,以西北大温差地区某曲线连续梁桥为工程实例,建立全桥非线性有限元模型并考虑变温作用对支座刚度的影响;分别以桥墩内力、支座位移和邻梁碰撞效应为指标研究曲线梁桥在近断层脉冲型地震动作用下的地震反应特性。结果表明:温度越低,地震波作用于结构的内力响应越大;曲线梁桥在地震动作用下邻梁间碰撞为面-面碰撞,且温度越高,碰撞效应越强;高阻尼橡胶支座在低温下体现出较强的耗能能力,在大温差地区的桥梁抗震设计中可作为参考;近断层脉冲地震动相较于远场地震动,结构地震响应更大,对结构的破环性更强,故在近断层地区的桥梁抗震设计中应予以重视。     

近断层强震速度脉冲效应及连续梁桥减隔震特性分析

应用非线性时程分析的方法 ,对于减、隔震连续桥梁在近场地震作用下的有效性和响应特性 ,作了深入的研究。通过有代表性的脉冲型近场强震记录时程分析 ,提出了用速度脉冲峰值及其周期之积来表示速度脉冲能量的方法 ,计算表明近场地震速度脉冲波能近似表征地震动破坏能力的大小 ,它和桥梁结构承受的地震响应大体成正比例关系。铅芯橡胶隔震支座在近场地震作用下仍然适用 ,但对于个别脉冲型强震记录效果不够明显 ,支座参数有必要进行优化。     

新建草莓沟2号隧道近接下穿既有隧道施工安全影响分析

为探明新建草莓沟2号隧道近接下穿施工对既有盘道岭隧道整体结构的安全影响,基于Peck公式和温克尔弹性地基梁理论建立数值模型,对既有隧道受下穿施工影响的变形沉降和应力增量变化进行研究.结果表明:既有隧道结构在下穿隧道施工的影响下产生竖向和横向位移,且横向位移变形较竖向更为明显,结构的最大沉降量为1.33 mm,远小于沉降...     

3D Voronoi等效晶质模型在岩石破坏细观研究中的应用

基于3D Voronoi图提出一种能够反映岩石矿物晶粒结构的三维精细化建模方法,分析了晶粒排列均匀化程度及大小等微观结构的变化对模型宏观力学性质的影响程度,并进行了晶粒结构优化设计。通过模拟粉砂质板岩单轴压缩和巴西劈裂的破坏过程,以及与室内试验对比验证了其适用性,并从细观角度揭示了岩石的破坏机理。研究结果表明:通过裂纹生长速率大致可以表征室内试验中弹性变形、非弹性变形和峰值后宏观破坏阶段;岩样在单轴压缩和巴西劈裂破坏过程中以拉伸断裂为主,在宏观上表现为脆性断裂;岩样宏观断裂呈现沿晶和穿晶断裂的组合形态,弹性变形阶段裂纹的萌生和扩展以沿晶断裂为主,而穿晶断裂的扩展和贯通往往导致局部失稳,表现为非弹性变形阶段。     

桁架转换层设置在不同高度处结构的受力性能分析

以一个实际工程案例为背景,采用SAP2000有限元软件,建立原结构的三维有限元分析模型,通过将桁架转换层设置在第3、6、9层不同的高度,对结构施加各种荷载工况,对比建筑结构层刚度比、最大层问位移、最大层间位移角的变化。结果表明,桁架转换结构比其他形式的转换结构更为合理。转换层设置在不同高度时结构层位移曲线、层间位移角曲线变化趋势基本一致;但随着转换层高度的增加,刚度比增大,层间位移角突变增大,结构整体性越差;且转换层位置较高时,转换层附近的层间位移急剧变化,这会引起结构内力的突变,易使转换层附近几层成为薄弱点首先破坏。此外,桁架转换层具有很大的刚度,不仅能很好的满足建筑上对空间及穿越管道设备的要求,还可以有效降低水平荷载作用下结构顶点位移。     

近场地震速度脉冲效应及模拟模型的研究

从近场地震速度脉冲的形成机理分析入手 ,对近场地震动的时程曲线和反应谱进行探讨 ,说明了具有前方向性速度脉冲效应的幅值要大的多 ,对反应谱的长周期段影响显著 ,使反应谱变胖 ,引起谱峰值向长周期处漂移 ,蕴含了巨大的地震能量 ,因此 ,对结构抗震提出了更高的要求。在以上研究的基础上 ,对典型的简化脉冲模拟模型参数进行讨论 ,提出了更为合理的参数取值 ,最后 ,从时程曲线、反应谱和结构地震反应 3个方面 ,对模拟脉冲和实际记录的差异进行对比 ,验证了推荐参数的合理性。     

基础设施地震易损性的评估研究综述

为了加强基础设施系统地震易损性的研究,最大限度减少地震灾害带来的损失,本文通过对基础设施地震易损性研究文献的回顾,分析总结了基础设施地震易损性的相关概念、研究框架与定量评估方法,研究了基础设施地震易损性主要评估方法的适用范围和优缺点。研究结果表明,现有研究集中于对基础设施系统中部分子系统的评估,且地域性强,许多模型和方法无法扩展到其他地区。大部分对基础设施地震易损性的研究还停留在定性层面,易受主观因素影响,需要加强量化和规范化分析。     

Effects of soil-structure interaction on fragility and seismic risk; a case study of power plant containment

Safety-related structures are designed to provide a safe environment for the occupants and equipment during and after earthquakes. This is due to the fact that any damage imposed to the systems might lead to catastrophic consequences. Seismic probabilistic risk assessment (SPRA) is a systematic approach for the quantification of the seismic risk. One of the crucial steps in this assessment is to determine the seismic capacity of the structures by fragility method. After a review of available methodologies, this article analyzes the seismic fragility for a typical power plant containment considering the effects of soil-structure interaction (SSI). The structure and underneath soil profile are analyzed as a unified model by the subtraction method. Two steps are considered for the assessment of seismic response: In the first step, a fixed-base hypothesis framework is implemented to the computational problem. The second step covers computations taking into account the SSI effects. Using the results of seismic response analysis and safety factor method, seismic fragility of the structure is computed and related fragility curves are developed. Finally, by comparing the fragility curves, the effects of SSI are quantified on the overall seismic risk.     

斜撑框架结构弹塑性地震反应计算分析

运用结构弹塑性时程分析的基本原理 ,针对钢筋混凝土斜撑框架结构的特点 ,编制了斜撑框架结构弹塑性时程分析程序。然后以工程中常用的 3种类型的斜撑框架结构为研究对象 ,对该种结构体系在地震波作用下的反应进行了计算 ,并对该种结构体系在地震波作用下的反应性能进行了分析。计算结果表明 :斜撑形式对斜撑框架结构的动力特性有较大影响 ,不同斜撑形式的斜撑框架结构在地震波作用下的反应特性有较大的不同。     

Seismic risk assessment of liquid overtopping in a steel storage tank equipped with a single deck floating roof

Major earthquakes have demonstrated that Natech events can be triggered by liquid overtopping in liquid storage tanks equipped with floating roofs. Thus, research on the dynamic behaviour of steel storage tanks with floating roofs is still required. In this paper, the seismic risk against liquid overtopping in a real steel storage tank with a floating roof was analysed using a simplified model that was validated by a refined finite element model based on the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach. The simplified model utilizes the Lagrangian of a floating roof-fluid system and is capable of providing a response history of the floating roof. It was demonstrated that it could predict the maximum vertical displacement very accurately, while some differences were observed in the response history of vertical displacement. The computational time for a single response history analysis based on the simplified model amounted to a few minutes, which is significantly less demanding compared to hours required for response history analysis in the case of the refined FE model. The simplified model is thus appropriate for the seismic fragility analysis considering the overtopping limit state. It is shown that the fragility curves are significantly affected by the liquid filling level. The risk for liquid overtopping is quite high in the case of a full tank. However, by considering the variation of filling level during the year, the overtopping risk was observed reduced by approximately 30%. Alternatively, the approximate fragility analysis for the liquid overtopping can be performed by utilizing the Eurocode formula for the vertical displacement of liquid. This approach is straightforward, but the formula does not account for the higher mode effects, which may result in overestimated seismic intensity causing overtopping, as discussed in the paper.     

坝体动力抗震及尾矿动力特性分析

为研究尾矿坝的动力抗震特性以及为抗震措施提供理论指导,以四川某尾矿库为例,分析了该尾矿坝在EI Centro地震波、汶川地震波和人工地震波作用下的位移、加速度、液化、安全系数的动力响应特性。采用GDS动三轴仪对该尾矿库的3种典型尾矿进行动力实验,研究结果表明:随着动剪应变幅的增大动剪切模量比逐渐减小,阻尼比逐渐增大;3种尾矿的动压缩弹性模量的倒数与动轴向弹性应变之间的关系为直线关系,在双对数坐标系中,平均有效应力与动剪切弹性模量的关系为直线关系;尾粉质黏土抗液化强度较低,应优化尾矿排放工艺使其尽量沉积到库尾。     

Numerical study of medium to large scale BLEVE for blast wave prediction

So far, the prediction of blast wave generated from the Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) has been already broadly investigated. However, only a few validations of these blast wave prediction models have been made, and some well-established methods are available to predict BLEVE overpressure in the open space only. This paper presents numerical study on the estimation of the near-field and far-field blast waves from BLEVEs. The scale effect is taken into account by conducting two different scale BLEVE simulations. The expansion of pressurized vapour and evaporation of liquid in BLEVE are both modelled by using CFD method. Two approaches are proposed to determine the initial pressure of BLEVE source. The vapour evaporation and liquid flashing are simulated separately in these two approaches. Satisfactory agreement between the CFD simulation results and experimental data is achieved. With the validated CFD model, the results predicted by the proposed approaches can be used to predict explosion loads for better assessment of explosion effects on structures.     

尾矿库溃坝离心机振动模型试验研究

为研究强震作用下尾矿库溃坝动力反应及溃坝演化规律,在清华大学离心机上进行尾矿库溃坝自重加载条件下离心振动模型试验。试验采用离心场图像采集系统、非接触位移测量系统及动态注水系统,采用Kobe波作为地震输入,测量模型加速度、孔隙压力、面板应力变形、坝体位移及其发展变化过程。试验结果表明:地震输入条件下的模型加速度近似均匀分布,尾矿库浸润线的位置随着水位的升高而逐渐上升,孔隙压力增大使得尾矿库坝体强度降低,但在水平地震下,仍能保持稳定。在蓄水过程中,尾矿库坝体产生明显的变形,出现了局部滑坡,但在地震作用下产生的变形较小,并且应变反应波形较为一致,表明尾矿库结构模型地震反应的整体性较好,具有良好的抗震稳定性。     

Gas leakage consequence modeling for buried gas pipelines

One of conservation transfer methods for such widely-used gases as natural gas and hydrogen is buried pipelines. Safety of these pipelines is of great importance due to potential risks posed by inefficiencies of the pipelines. Therefore, an accurate understanding of release and movement characteristics of the leaked gas, i.e. distribution and speed within soil, the release to the ground surface, the movement of hydrogen gas through the ground, gas underground diffusion, gas dispersion in atmosphere, and following consequences, are very important in order to determine underground dispersion risks. In the present study, consequences of gas leakage within soil were evaluated in two sub-models, i.e. near-field and far-field, and a comprehensive model was proposed in order to ensure safety of buried gas supply pipelines. Near-field model which is related to soil and ground and its output is the gas released at different points and times from ground surface and it was adopted as input of far-field sub-model which is dispersion model in atmosphere or an open space under the surface. Validation of near-field sub-model was performed by the experimental data obtained by Okamoto et al. (2014) on full-scale hydrogen leakage and then, possible scenarios for far-field sub-model were determined.