倡导女性可持续消费,促进环境保护

随着政治、经济地位的增长，女性进一步参与社会生活，作为家庭消费和家庭教育的主要承担者，女性消费日益增长。提高妇女的环保意识，促使她们实行可持续消费，通过“消费选票”促进可持续生产，是切实促进环境保护、推动可持续发展战略实施的重要保障。     

提高家长环保意识,实现家园共育目标

我园地处农村，家长的环保意识缺欠，往往是幼儿在园接受环保教育，在家却又面对家长的不环保行为。因此，提高家长的环保意识，实现家园共育势在必行，为此，我园在不同层面上开展活动，来提高家长的环保意识。     

公民的环境意识普及难在何处

后发国家公民的环境意识全靠宣传灌输？没有相应的社会配套服务体系，忽视公众的切实需要，一味地紧跟环保文件、环保理念与环保口号．超前地搞环保宣教，难免遭遇普及之难题。环境意识重在日常行为下意识的养成．而不在灌输，它需要方便环保的社会环境。环境宣传要更有效，很大工夫需下在尊重民意与公众深层心理上。     

观察原生动物,增强环保意识

一．实验目的：通过环境活动课和环境教育课外活动，弥补学科课中学生的原生动物知识及环保知识的不足．培养学生环保意识及合作意识。     

化学新教材与环境保护的关系

结合基础知识，挖掘环保教育素材。现将高中新版化学书中，与环保有关的内容进行系统的比较，以便依托教材，充分挖掘教材中环保教育的题材，寻找与社会、生活方面的结合点，有目的地对学生进行环境意识的培养，讲解最新处理污染的成果，使学生懂得科技进步是解决环保问题的关键。高中化学新教材与环境保护的结合点详见下表。结合研究性学习，开展环保科研活动。新教材中，合适进行研究性学习，开展环保科研活动的很多，可参考表中的有关内容。结合成地实际，树立环保意识。本地巨化集团公司化工产品丰富，环保工作也做得较好，可作为进行环…     

对贵州师范大学99级学生环境意识的调查

2003年4月，我们对贵州师范大学99级的1259名学生进行了环境意识问卷调查。结果表明，贵州师范大学99级学生具有一定的浅层次环境知识，但环保意识较薄弱，环保行为欠缺。此次调查的具体情况如下。     

用跨世纪的眼光搞好小学环境教育

十几年的实践探索,我们学校的环境教育工作呈现勃勃生机,受到各级领导的鼓励。1987以来学校多次获省、市、区“环保教育先进集体”称号;学校被定为省九·五重点科研课题“中小学社区环保教育研究”实验校;“市首批绿色学校”;1995年我本人被评为“省环保宣教先进个人”。1998年6月我出席了全国妇联、国家环保总局召开的“妇女＼环境、家园”教育活动暨妇女环保百佳表彰和全国“妇女与环境”研讨会,并作了发言;同时我被授予“全国妇女环保百佳”荣誉称号。我体会学校开展环保教育的关键是教师。为使教师形成对搞好环境教育的共识,我…     

如何诊治企业环保意识薄弱症

去年，中央电视台《中华环保世纪行》节目对一些企业造成严重环境污染的事件连续爆光。从大量的事实看，当前我国有相当一部分的企业环保意识十分薄弱，已经到了非解决不可的时候。一、企业环保意识薄弱的主要表现1．思想上缺乏“清晰度”。大凡环保意识薄弱的企业，对环境保护的认识都非常模糊。企业领导对环境保护只知其然，不知所以然，处于一种盲目状态，有的对环境保护还有厌烦情绪。人工作上缺乏“内动力”。一些企业没有把环保工作摆上重要议事日程，工作中缺乏内在动力，处于被动应付状态”。3．治理上缺乏“日程表”。治理环境，重…     

环保意识与培养

公众环保意识是一国环境状况的决定因素之一，公众的环保意识高，国家的可持续发展战略就便于实施。环境保护是我国的一项基本国策，它不是政府单方面的职能，也不仅仅是少数专家及环保志愿者的事，而是全民的行动，需要的是亿万公众共同参与和支持。一其中，生活中的许多小事，可以折射出人们的环保意识，笔者最近经历的几件事，值得深思。一次与朋友聊天，一位家境富裕的女士说，很想辞掉公职回家多生一个孩子。出于对环保的关注，笔者言：中国人口多，多一口人，社会就要为这个人终生的吃、穿、住提供一份资源，自然环境就多一份负荷。话…     

一枝独秀不是春,万紫千红春满园--师范学校环保话剧团及巡回演出

环境问题已成为全世界共同关注的话题，我国已采取了“可持续发展”的战略，解决环境与发展的矜持问题。搞好全民环境教育，基础教育为本；搞好小学环境教育，师范教育为先。选择环保话剧的形式，成立环保话剧团，通过师范生自创、自编、自演环保话剧，可以提高师范生的环保意识，培养环境教育素养；同时，到城乡各小学进行巡回演出，以小学生喜闻乐见的形式传播环境知识，激发环境意识，引导小学生从小养成良好的环境行为习惯。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.