Measurement of gross alpha and gross beta activity concentrations in human tooth

The gross alpha and gross beta activity concentrations were measured in human tooth taken from 3 to 6 age-groups to 40 and over ones. Accumulated teeth samples are investigated in two groups as under and above 18 years. The gross alpha and beta radioactivity of human tooth samples was measured by using a gas-flow proportional counter (PIC-MPC 9604-α/β counter). In tooth samples, for female age-groups, the obtained results show that the mean gross alpha and gross beta activity concentrations varied between 0.534-0.203 and 0.010-0.453 Bq g⁻¹ and the same concentrations for male age-groups varied between 0.009-1.168 and 0.071-0.204 Bq g⁻¹, respectively.     

Trade and the environment: An application of the WIOD database

The new WIOD database allows for improved empirical analysis on a wide range of important environmental research questions.In this paper we demonstrate the scientific power of the WIOD database and analyze very urgent policy questions on the impacts of international trade and structural change on the environment.We apply recent econometric approaches to show the impact of international trade on the environment via its different channels as for instance to increase welfare and potentially affect environmental regulation as well as countries’sector.This approach has become known as the econometric structural decomposition method.In addition to these guidelines by the literature,an econometric panel data approach is offered to shed some light on the impact of structural change and international trade on environmental pressure,where we especially address and solve several endogeneity issues that add further complexity to the analysis.     

Characterization of phosphogypsum wastes associated with phosphoric acid and fertilizers production

The present work is directed to characterize the phosphogypsum (PG) wastes associated with phosphoric acid produced by the wet process in industrial facility for the production of fertilizers and chemicals in Egypt. The PG waste samples were characterized in terms of spectroscopic analysis (X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, IR spectra) and radiometric analysis (γ- and α-measurements). The γ-ray measurements showed that the average activity concentrations are 140 ± 12.6, 459 ± 36.7, 323 ± 28.4, 8.3 ± 0.76 and 64.3 ± 4.1 Bq/kg for U-238, Ra-226, Pb-210, Th-232 and K-40, respectively. The α-particle measurements of uranium isotopes showed that the average activity concentrations of U-238, U-235 and U-234 were 153 ± 9.8, 7 ± 0.38, 152 ± 10.4 Bq/kg, respectively. The average radiochemical recovery (%) of the destructive α-particle measurements is ∼70% with a resolution (FWHM) of ∼30 keV. Activity ratios of U-238/Ra-226 and U-238/Pb-210 were less than unity (i.e., <1) and equal to 0.31 ± 0.02 and 0.47 ± 0.16, respectively. The isotopic ratios of U-238/U-235 and U-238/U-234 (in PG and PR samples) were close to the normal values of ∼21.7 and ∼1, respectively and are not affected by the wet processing of phosphate rock (PR). The obtained results of PG waste samples were compared with phosphate rock (PR) samples. The radiation hazard indices are namely, radium activity index (Ra-Eq > 370 Bq/kg), total absorbed gamma dose rate (D_γr > 5 nGy/h) and radon emanation fraction (Rn-EF > 20%). Uncertainty of the sample counting was 95% confidence level of σ. The results indicated the necessity to find suitable routes to decrease and/or redistribute the radionuclide of environmental interest (i.e., Ra-226) in PG wastes, consequently to reduce its radiation impacts in the surrounding environment.     

江苏省第三产业发展中的资源环境问题

运用比较分析法指出江苏省在第三产业高度发展的同时主要存在的资源环境问题。在对资源环境问题的特点及原因分析的基础上以餐饮业为例进行进一步说明,最终提高人们对第三产业资源环境问题的重视。     

国家储备物资的属性功能及其作用价值

从全球化、国情和宏观经济运行的现代视角对国家储备物资的实质属性及其功能特征进行深入和系统分析的基础上,揭示了国家储备物资在国家发展、社会稳定和经济建设等方面的必要性及其投入使用的作用原理,对国家储备物资参与国家经济、安全和社会生活的现代价值及其意义进行了研究。研究证明,在应对突发性事件或不确定因素所造成的巨灾和风险时,国家储备物资因其属性功能而不仅具有比较优势,更具有绝对优势;它们的投入和使用对国家政治和经济的稳定,保证民生和国家安全等方面,可以发挥刚性作用与弹性作用。这种功能性的优势及其作用是市场机制不具备的效能,是社会其他资源或力量无法替代的,在经济全球化和现代化发展中,它们是国家实力与核心竞争力的重要成分。     

人类社会发展中两种关系的历史演变与可持续发展

在人与环境所组成的世界系统中，人与环境、人与人是两种最基本的关系，它们之间相互依存并相互影响。在人类社会的生存阶段与发展阶段中，两种关系表现出明显不同的作用性质与作用内容。当今世界，人类社会所面临的发展危机（贫富分化与资源环境问题)均直接表现为两种关系的矛盾冲突。分析表明．只有同时实现人与环境的和谐以及人与人之间的公平，才有可能实现可持续发展。     

Assessment of Soil Cover Degradation and Desertification in Northern Lowland Dagestan

New principles of the assessment of soil cover degradation and desertification, the scale and intensity of destructive processes manifestation are determined.     

人口、资源与环境经济学教材比较研究

人口、资源与环境经济学是理论经济学下设立的一个二级学科。自1997年设立以来，很多学者对其学科体系进行了探索。出版了一些著作和教材。本文以现代课程与教学论的观点为指导．采用文献研究、比较分析、统计分析的方法．从教材现状、体系结构、内容、表现形式和手段等方面对国内外人口、资源与环境经济学教材进行了详细的比较研究，并在此基础上为新教材建设提出了建议。以期为国内相关教材的改进和完善提供参考依据。这些建议是：统一并完善教材体系；理论要联系实际．培养学生学习兴趣和解决实际问题能力；注重学科领域最新成果的运用。增强教材的时代性和科学性；注重表现形式和手段多样性，帮助读者理解抽象的经济理论。     

长江流域治理开发对生态与环境的改善和保护作用

长江流域治理开发是长江治理、开发、保护和管理的总称，包括流域治理、水资源开发利用、水资源保护、水土保持生态建设以及流域管理等内容，经过建国以来半个多世纪的发展和努力，长江流域治理开发取得了巨大的成就。在可持续发展战略和和谐社会思想的指导下，流域治理开发与生态环境建设息息相关，正确评价长江流域治理开发对生态与环境的改善和保护作用，对于促进治江事业的健康发展，充分发挥其生态环境效益具有十分重要的意义。通过对长江流域近五十多年来治理开发的总结归纳，分别从治理、开发、保护和管理等角度分析和总结了其对生态环境的保护和改善作用，认为长江流域治理开发总体上对生态、环境保护发挥了充分和积极的作用。     

Pros and cons of climate change in China

Climate change strongly affected the structure and functions of natural ecosystems, e.g. the vegetation productivity decreased in the Northeast permafrost region due to the higher temperature and less precipitation, whereas in the Tibetan Plateau, the vegetation productivity increased, owing to the improved thermal resource. Climate change led to reduced precipitation in North and Northeast China and thus the reduced surface runoff. The public needs for energy were changed because of climate change, e.g. the shorter heating period in winter. Climate change profoundly influenced human health, pathophoresis and major projects by increasing extreme events, including frequency and magnitude, and causing more serious water shortage. Under the background of climate change, although the improved thermal resources can be helpful for extending the crop growth period, more extreme events may resulted in more instability in agricultural productivity. Not only did climate change indirectly affect the secondary and tertiary industries through the impacts on agriculture and natural resources, but also climate change mitigation measures, such as carbon tax, tariff and trading, had extensive and profound influences on the socioeconomic system. Further analysis indicated that the impact of climate change presented significant regional differences. The impact had its pros and cons, while the advantages outweighed the disadvantages. Based on the above analysis on the impacts of climate change, we put forward suggestions on coping with climate change. First, scientifically dealing with climate change will need to seek advantages while avoiding the disadvantages of climate change in order to achieve the orderly adaptation to climate change, which is characterized with “Overall best, long-term benefit.” Second, quantitative adaptation should be given more attention, e.g. proposing operational schemes and predictable goals and using uncertainty analysis on adaptation measures. Third, more active coping strategy should be adopted to enhance China’s future comprehensive competitiveness. The strategies include but are not limited to gradually adjusting the industrial structure, intensifying the research and development (R&D) of emission reduction technology and actively responding to the influence of carbon tax, tariff and trading on socioeconomic development in China.     

Pros and cons of climate change in China

Climate change strongly affected the structure and functions of natural ecosystems,e.g.the vegetation productivity decreased in the Northeast permafrost region due to the higher temperature and less precipitation,whereas in the Tibetan Plateau,the vegetation productivity increased,owing to the improved thermal resource.Climate change led to reduced precipitation in North and Northeast China and thus the reduced surface runoff.The public needs for energy were changed because of climate change,e.g.the shorter heating period in winter.Climate change profoundly influenced human health,pathophoresis and major projects by increasing extreme events,including frequency and magnitude,and causing more serious water shortage.Under the background of climate change,although the improved thermal resources can be helpful for extending the crop growth period,more extreme events may resulted in more instability in agricultural productivity.Not only did climate change indirectly affect the secondary and tertiary industries through the impacts on agriculture and natural resources,but also climate change mitigation measures,such as carbon tax,tariff and trading,had extensive and profound influences on the socioeconomic system.Further analysis indicated that the impact of climate change presented significant regional differences.The impact had its pros and cons,while the advantages outweighed the disadvantages.Based on the above analysis on the impacts of climate change,we put forward suggestions on coping with climate change.First,scientifically dealing with climate change will need to seek advantages while avoiding the disadvantages of climate change in order to achieve the orderly adaptation to climate change,which is characterized with"Overall best,long-term benefit."Second,quantitative adaptation should be given more attention,e.g.proposing operational schemes and predictable goals and using uncertainty analysis on adaptation measures.Third,more active coping strategy should be adopted to enhance China's future comprehensive competitiveness.The strategies include but are not limited to gradually adjusting the industrial structure,intensifying the research and development(RD)of emission reduction technology and actively responding to the influence of carbon tax,tariff and trading on socioeconomic development in China.     

当代中国的环境资源法学研究

分析了当代中国环境资源法学研究的发展概况。介绍了当代中国环境资源法学研究的主要领域，总结了当代中国环境资源法学研究的经验和特点，提出了今后中国环境资源法学研究的主要问题。     

论人类文明的演变与演替

本文从整体论视角出发,从讨论文明的概念和表现入手,对"文明"和"社会"的定义进行了新界定。文明是指人群在特定历史时期的生存方式以及居主导地位的主流价值观。文明的实质是人类(社会)对人与自然关系的看法和对待,或者说是认识和行为。在此基础上分析了人类文明演变的历程和今后的走向,剖析了人类的生存方式(人类的生活方式、人类的生产方式和人群的组织方式)在原始文明阶段、农业文明阶段、工业文明阶段的不同样式,提出了当今人类正处于由工业文明时代向新的环境文明时代转折的过渡阶段的论断。正确认识人类文明演变和演替的规律对任何一个国家和民族来说都是至关重要的。要实现中华民族的伟大复兴,就必须清楚地认识到当今人类所处时代的特点,特别是要对当今人类文明的演变与演替有一个正确的认识和把握。     

上海市奉贤县21个乡镇（工业企业）环境经济评价

利用有关的环境、经济指标体系，对上海市奉贤县２１个乡镇有污染工业企业１９９２年的环境，经济效益进行了综合评价，探明了各乡镇工业企业环境经济效益的总体状况以及在全县乃至全市所处的水平，找出了他们具有的优势，存在的缺点和问题，并提出进一步提高环境经济效益的措施。     

Climate, entropy and environment

The IPCC Working Groups I–III 2007 publications does not consider the question of the influence of the entropy increase in the atmosphere on current climate development. An investigation into this question, both in general terms as well as by two quantitative approaches, reveals we must consider the entropy produced by man in connection with climate development, especially with regard to the temperature increase of the atmosphere. The IPCC report also fails to mention the production of CO₂ by humans and livestock, but calculations show we must also consider such greenhouse gas CO₂ production. For solving the mitigating processes, we therefore have to take into account both the human induced entropy production and the direct human and livestock CO₂ output. In consideration of these findings, it seems necessary to introduce an “entropy identity” to people who wish to be able to continue to live on the planet. The introduction of an entropy tax might also help in solving the most urgent fundamental problem humanity has ever had to face. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

我国强制性清洁生产审核法律政策形成过程的研究与分析

在资源短缺和环境容量不足的双重约束下。清洁生产成为我国工业可持续发展的必然选择，而清洁生产制度的制定和完善一是促进我国清洁生产向纵深发展的关键。本文回顾了我国清洁生产领域相关政策法规的制定和实施情况，对存在的问题进行了总结分析。并对2005年12月13日国家环保总局出台的《重点企业清洁生产审核程序的规定》做了重点说明,提出了目前面临的主要任务。     

The Carbon Cycle in the Ecosystems of Thermal Springs in the Chukchi Peninsula as a Natural Model of Warming

Comparative studies on the ecosystems in the vicinity of thermal springs and in the typical tundra were performed in the southeastern Chukchi Peninsula in July and August 1997. Biogenic carbon fluxes during the greater part of the growing season were determined, the aboveground phytomass structure was studied, and the carbon reserve in the soil was estimated. It was demonstrated that the gross primary production and soil carbon in thermal ecosystems are greater than in similar permafrost ecosystems. The structural and ecophysiological changes leading to an increase in the gross production of plant communities were analyzed.     

System dynamics modelling of hybrid renewable energy systems and combined heating and power generator

The role of energy in the present world is critical in terms of both economical development and environmental impact. Renewable energy sources are considered essential in addressing these challenges. As a result, a growing number of organisations have been adopting hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) to reduce their environmental impact and sometimes take advantage of various incentives. When a HRES is being planned, the ability to model a HRES can provide an organisation with numerous benefits including the capability of optimising sub-systems, predicting performances and carrying out sensitivity analysis. In this paper, we present a comprehensive system dynamics model of HRES and combined heating and power (CHP) generator. Data from a manufacturing company using HRES and CHP generator are used to validate the model and discuss important findings. The results illustrate that the components of a HRES can have conflicting effects on cost and environmental benefits; thus, there is a need for an organisation to make trade-off decisions. The model can be a platform to further simulate and study the composition and operating strategies of organisations that are venturing to adopt new or additional HRESs.     

城乡建设用地增减挂钩中拆旧地块选址适宜性评价研究——以辽宁省桓仁县华莱镇为例

为了更加合理的选择拆旧地块,以辽宁省桓仁县华莱镇为例,通过实际分析与特尔菲法选取14个评价指标,通过层次分析法确定指标的权重,采用加权指数和法计算评价得分,并运用累积曲线分级法将评价对象分为四类区域。结果表明最适宜拆旧区占居民点总面积的4.14%,适宜拆旧区占居民点总面积的6.16%,不适宜拆旧区占居民点总面积的31.91%,最不适宜拆旧区占居民点总面积的57.79%。