三峡库区地质高背景区土壤-油菜重金属迁移特征

三峡库区广泛分布的黑色岩系富含镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）、锌（Zn）等重金属元素,导致土壤重金属元素含量显著高于我国土壤背景值,成为典型的地质高背景区。本文选择三峡库区地质高背景区油菜种植地为研究对象,分析了土壤-油菜系统中砷（As）、Cd、Zn、铜（Cu)、铅（Pb）、Cr、Ni、汞（Hg）等重金属元素含量分布特征、富集迁移规律以及影响因素。研究结果表明,研究区油菜种植地土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni等重金属含量显著高于我国土壤背景值,单因子污染指数评价显示土壤As、Zn、Hg、Pb等重金属均属于无污染等级,Cu、Ni污染程度受到pH影响,Cd为重度污染和极高生态风险。不同重金属元素在油菜各部位含量差异明显,Pb、Cd、As等生物非必需元素更倾向进入茎、果荚,营养元素Cu和Zn则在油菜籽中含量较高,而Cr易在果荚中富集。研究区土壤中重金属元素含量、土壤p H、重金属元素间的拮抗作用以及油菜解毒机制可能是影响重金属元素在土壤-油菜各部位富集迁移的重要因素。     

海南岛西部农用地表层土壤重金属富集研究

对海南岛西部农业用地表层土壤进行了7种重金属元素含量测定,重金属元素的富集指数计算和相关性分析。结果表明：海南岛西部农业用地表层土壤中重金属元素富集程度大小依次为As〉Pb〉Zn〉Cu〉Ni〉Cd〉Cr。各采样点Cr、Cd和Cu元素处于贫乏状态,As和Pb元素达到严重富集,可能与当地农业活动密切相关。相关性分析表明,研究区土壤表层中重金属As与Pb元素可能存在复合富集与复合污染,应引起高度重视。     

徐州农田土壤重金属空间分布及来源分析

采集徐州89个农田表层(0～20 cm)土壤样品并测试土壤中Hg、As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Cr、Zn和Ni 8种重金属含量,运用多元统计分析和地统计分析方法研究土壤重金属主要来源,并探讨土壤重金属空间分布规律。结果表明,研究区农田土壤重金属含量均未超过GB 15618—2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》中水旱轮作农田土壤风险筛选值,满足耕作要求。Hg、Pb、Cu和Cr平均含量高于徐州/江苏土壤背景值,存在一定富集趋势。从土壤种植类型角度分析,发现水稻种植土壤中Cd、As、Cr、Zn和Ni含量相对较高。不同类型土壤中暗棕壤Hg含量相对较低,黄壤Pb含量较高。土壤中Cd、As、Cu、Zn和Ni含量受母质影响较大,Pb和Hg含量主要受人为活动影响较大。As、Zn、Cr和Ni含量峰值在铜山区和沛县北部及贾汪区西部地区分布较多,Pb、Cd和Cu含量峰值出现在邳州地区,Hg含量峰值分布与城区人类活动有关。     

浙北地区农用地和建设用地土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

为了研究浙北地区农用地和建设用地2种不同土地利用方式下土壤重金属污染情况,采集并分析了159个表层(0～20 cm)土壤样品中的Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni 8种重金属含量,采用主成分分析法(PCA)进行来源解析,并运用单因子污染指数法、污染负荷指数法、潜在生态风险及预警指数法进行综合评价。结果显示,农用地和建设用地8种重金属元素的平均质量分数均未超过相关评价标准筛选值,但均超过浙江省土壤环境背景值,其中农用地中Cd和Hg污染,建设用地Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn污染明显。研究区农用地和建设用地土壤重金属综合污染负荷指数(PLI)均为轻度污染状态,且对土壤污染贡献率最大的重金属元素均为Cd,可为研究区土壤重金属的污染防治、风险管控提供依据。研究区农用地除Cd为中度污染外,其他7种重金属均为轻微污染;建设用地Cd为重度污染,Cu、Zn、Pb为轻度污染,Cr、Hg、As、Ni为轻微污染。研究区农用地土壤Ni、Zn、Cu、Cr主要受土母质影响,Cd和Pb主要来源可能为交通运输,Hg和As主要受人类活动影响;建设用地Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni可能具有不同程度的相同来源...     

珠江磨刀门河口表层沉积物中重金属含量及其分布特征

分析了在珠江磨刀门河口采集的37个表层沉积物样品重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg、As、Ni)的含量及分布特征。采用原子吸收法分析了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Ni的含量,采用冷原子吸收法分析了Hg、As含量。结果表明,口门处及其两侧和拦门沙内坡重金属的含量最高;外海区域重金属含量普遍较低;由口内河床至口门处,Cu、Cr、Hg、As的含量减小,Pb、Cd、Zn、Ni的含量逐渐增大;大部分重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Ni)的含量由口门处至拦门沙地区是先减小再增大的;由拦门沙至外海,Cu、Pb、Cd、As的含量减小,Zn和Ni的含量先减小后增大;由口门处至外海,Cr和Hg含量的总体趋势是增大的。磨刀门河口表层沉积物中重金属元素含量与CEC、小于0.001mm粘粒以及沉积物有机质含量的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平;重金属含量与沉积物pH值的相关性不显著;重金属元素的含量变化和分布规律还表明磨刀门表层沉积物的重金属主要受陆源污染物的影响。     

湖南某植烟土壤重金属含量及其生态风险评价

采集了湖南某植烟区表层土壤样品112份,测定了土壤中6种重金属元素的含量,并采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对其污染状况进行评价.结果表明,植烟区土壤重金属平均含量分别为36.25(Cu)、69.78(Zn)、37.66(Pb)、0.36(Cd)、12.71(As)、0.27(Hg)mg·kg-1.6个元素的变异系数在32.57%—59.03%之间,属于中等变异,元素分布不均.污染评价结果表明,植烟区土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、As的单因子污染指数平均值小于1,其污染较轻.而重金属Cd和Hg的超标率为54.46%和58.04%,土壤受到Cd和Hg污染.潜在生态风险指数评价结果显示植烟区土壤重金属属于轻度污染.相关性分析结果表明Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd之间呈显著相关性,As和Hg相关性显著,说明其同源性较高.来源分析表明,研究区Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd污染来源东北部主要为矿区污染,西南部主要是人为源,As主要来源为成土母质和生活源,Hg主要为大气污染源.     

雷州半岛土壤-水果作物系统重金属元素潜在生态风险评价及富集特征研究

通过测定雷州半岛土壤及水果作物As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素的含量,分析雷州半岛水果作物表层土壤重金属元素潜在生态风险,并探讨土壤-水果作物系统中重金属元素的富集特征。结果表明,(1)雷州半岛水果作物表层土壤重金属元素含量的平均值除Pb元素之外,其他均超过广东省土壤环境背景值,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn元素分别为广东省土壤环境背景值的1.72、3.26、1.97、5.30、2.77、7.83、0.94和3.61倍,表明雷州半岛表层土壤重金属元素呈现一定程度的富集现象;从变异系数看,Ni元素的变异系数为115%,属于强变异性;其余7种元素的变异系数在10%—100%之间,具中等变异性,表明雷州半岛水果作物表层土壤重金属元素含量受人为活动影响较大。(2)雷州半岛水果作物表层土壤潜在生态风险平均值为267.16,总体上属于中等—强污染风险;其中,徐闻县、雷州市、麻章区为强污染风险,廉江市、霞山区、坡头区和吴川市为中等污染风险。(3)研究区水果重金属元素含量除了草莓外,其他水果的重金属含量均未超过国家食品污染物限量标准,总体上处于安全状态;但不同水果对同一种重金属元素的吸附能力存在差异,以草莓和番石榴对重金属元素的吸附能力最强,与农药化肥的施用有一定的关系。(4)研究区水果作物与土壤的重金属含量总体上为较弱正相关,富集系数平均值均1,表明重金属元素在土壤-水果作物系统中迁移、转化和富集能力较低。     

喀斯特山区燃煤型电厂周边农业土壤中重金属的污染特征及评价

以喀斯特山区燃煤型电厂周边不同方向的土壤及农作物为研究对象,探讨了火电厂周边随距电厂水平方向、垂直剖面土壤中8种重金属总量及污染分布特征,并分析了土壤中重金属元素之间及其与p H、有机质的相关性。结果表明,与贵州省土壤背景值相比,土壤样品中除了Cd和Cr之外,其它元素均有不同程度的超标现象,以Hg元素的超标最为严重;土壤中大多数重金属元素主要以残渣态为主,而Cd主要以酸可提取态和可还原态存在,容易发生环境迁移;土壤剖面中重金属含量均表现为20~50 cm土层大于0~20 cm,土壤重金属在次表层出现富集现象。相关分析表明,除了Zn以外,其它元素间的相关关系较高,p H与土壤Hg、As、Cu元素之间存在正相关关系,有机质与As、Ni之间也存在着显著正相关,电厂不同方向上的p H变化与8种重金属含量变化的差异相一致。采用内梅罗综合污染指数法进行环境污染评价,发现电厂周围土壤中的重金属含量具有方向性,不同方向上的污染程度表现为正北西南东北东南西北正东。对比农业土壤采样点,森林土壤中的Hg、Pb和Ni含量明显较低,推测森林植被可能对电厂重金属的沉降有一定的减缓作用;电厂周边研究区内卷心菜的Hg、Pb、Ni元素的超标最为严重,而卷心菜对Cd元素的富集能力明显高于其它重金属。     

鄱阳湖湖口段沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

为了解鄱阳湖与长江交汇区沉积物中重金属含量以及各污染物的潜在生态危害程度,通过采样分析As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn等7种重金属含量及污染特征分布的基础上,采用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对鄱阳湖底泥中的重金属污染进行综合性的评价分析.结果表明,鄱阳湖湖口段沉积物已经受到了不同程度的重金属污染;沉积物中Cd、Cu和Hg受人为影响比较严重,Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn均存在一定程度的积累;区域重金属元素潜在生态风险主要受制于Hg和Cu,潜在生态风险贡献率大小排序为:Hg(38.4%)Cu(27.8%)Pb(10.9%)Cd(9.1%)As(8.0%)Cr(4.0%)Zn(1.8%).     

开封市城乡交错区农田土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

用200 m×200 m网格布点法采集开封市城乡交错区表层土壤样品259个.采用ICP-MS测定了土壤重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni、Zn和Cr)含量,原子荧光法测定了土壤中Hg和As含量.分别采用污染负荷指数(PLI)和潜在生态风险指数(RI)评价土壤重金属污染程度和潜在生态风险水平,应用IDW空间插值法分析土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险空间分布,并对重金属的来源进行讨论.结果表明:(1)开封市城乡交错区表层土壤8种重金属元素Cd、Hg、Pb、As、Cu、Ni、Zn和Cr的平均含量分别为1.43、0.37、40.77、7.13、33.92、25.28、180.23、49.00 mg·kg~(-1).(2)各样点8种元素平均PLI为1.93,总体上属于轻度污染.其中Cd和Hg为重度污染,Zn、Pb和Cu为轻度污染,Ni、Cr和As处于无污染状态.各样点8种元素平均RI为765.50,属于很强生态风险.其中Cd和Hg处于极强和很强风险,其余元素为轻微风险.(3)PLI的分布与RI的分布有些相似,高值区位于炼锌厂、化肥厂和化肥河(HF河)临近区域,低值区位于研究区东北部包括开封火电厂周边,总体呈由东北向西南递增的趋势.(4)Cd和Hg既是主要的污染因子又是主要的生态风险因子,其来源主要与炼锌厂和化肥厂的废水排放与污水灌溉、烟尘沉降、交通污染以及农业等人类活动有关.     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

Mining of the forest and the time path of the price of timber

The paper analyzes the effect of transportation (site specific) costs and the effect of mining (depletion) of the forest on the time path of the price and of the net price of timber in two forestry models. The models differ in that one has zero costs and the other has positive costs. The analyses yield the standard mining theory results for certain cases. They also yield extentions of these results for cases with growth of the harvested trees and/or regeneration on the harvested land. The paper concludes, as one would expect, that the theory of the mine is useful in analyzing the time path of the price of timber.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

Stimulation of fat-body production in the polyps of the coralPocillopora damicornis by the presence of mutualistic crabs of the genusTrapezia

A mutualism exists between the xanthid crabs of the genusTrapezia and their host corals,Pocillopora damicornis. It has previously been established that these obligate coral residents benefit the coral hosts by defending them against echinoderm predators and by increasing the survival of polyps located deep between the coral branches. In turn, the corals apparently benefit the crabs by producing lipid-filled structures on which the trapezid crabs feed; these fat bodies may contain some of the lipid which in previous studies of coral metabolism has been termed excess. It was determined by experiments conducted at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology that the presence of crabs in colonies ofP. damicornis stimulates the polyps to produce the lipid-filled fat bodies; removal of crabs causes corals to cease producing fat bodies. A structure very similar to the fat bodies ofP. damicornis has been reported inAcropora durvillei. Both of these coral genera ordinarily possess xanthid-crab mutualists. This association between branching corals and crustaceans may have evolved because corals of these genera provide shelter among their branches and because these shallow-water corals are evidently capable of releasing lipid which is excess to the corals' metabolic needs, but which can be utilized by the crabs.     

Splitting the tail of the displacement kernel shows the unimportance of kurtosis

Animals disperse in space through different movement behaviors, resulting in different displacement distances. This is often described with a displacement kernel where the long-distance dispersers are within the tail of the kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long-distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence, and distribution. It is, however, unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amounts and configurations of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel, on the other hand, was of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating variance and kurtosis can cast new light on the way in which long-distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. Consequences for empirical studies are discussed.     

Considerations of temperature in the context of the persistence classification in the EU

Simulation degradation studies for industrial chemicals, biocidal products and plant protection products are required in the EU to estimate half-lives in soil, water and sediment for the comparison to persistence criteria for hazard (P/vP) assessment, and for use in exposure assessments. There is a discrepancy between European regulatory approaches regarding the temperature at which degradation half-lives should be (1) measured in simulation degradation testing of environmental compartments, and (2) compared to the P/vP criteria. In this paper, an opinion is provided on the options for the experimental temperature and extrapolation to other conditions. A review of the historical development of persistence criteria did not give conclusive evidence of the temperature at which the half-lives that underpin the P-criteria were measured, but room temperature is likely. Half-lives measured at 20 °C are in line with the intentions of some international agreements, but in the EU there is a continued political debate regarding the relevant temperature for comparison with persistence criteria. Measuring degradation at 20 °C has the advantage that metabolites/transformation products can be identified with greater accuracy, and that kinetic fits to determine half-lives for parent compounds and metabolites carry less uncertainty. Extrapolation of half-lives to lower temperatures is possible for assessing environmental exposure, but the uncertainty of the persistence classification is smaller when measured half-lives are used for direct comparison with P/vP criteria, without extrapolation. Model simulations demonstrate the pattern of concentrations that can be expected for realistic worst case climate scenarios in the EU based on the half-life of 120 days in soil at 20 °C and of 40 days in water at 20 °C, and their temporal and spatial variability.