窟野河流域地表水-地下水的水化学特征

通过对窟野河流域地表水和地下水样品进行水化学分析,探讨了该流域不同水体水化学特征和主要离子来源.结果表明,地表水与地下水均偏弱碱性.河水的水质类型由上游的Na~+-Ca~(2+)-HCO_3~--SO_4~(2-)型演变为下游的Na~+-Ca~(2+)-SO_4~(2-)-HCO_3~-型.上游矿井水距离河道5 km以内的水化学类型与河水较为相近为Ca~(2+)-Na~+-HCO_3~-型;大于5 km的水化学类型为Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-HCO_3~-型.随着距离的增大,矿井水与河水的联系减弱.上游生活用水井深小于180 m且距离河道小于1 km的地下水水化学特征与河水较为相似,为Na~+-Ca~(2+)-HCO_3~--SO_4~(2-)型;井深大于180 m且距离河道大于1 km的水化学类型为Ca~(2+)-Na~+-SO_4~(2-)-HCO_3~-型和Ca~(2+)-Na~+-HCO_3~--Cl-型,与河水有一定的差距.下游灌溉用水水化学类型为Na~+-Ca~(2+)-SO_4~(2-)-HCO_3~-型,与下游河水水质一致.上游河水与地下水,SO_4~(2-)与Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+)与Mg~(2+)相关性较强,说明这些离子同源,可能来源于含有碳酸盐、石膏的岩石中,印证了矿物溶解和阳离子交换对水化学演化的影响;下游河水与地下水,K+与SO_4~(2-)、Cl-相关性较强,且K+、Ca~(2+)、Na~+相互间均呈现正相关,这些阳离子可能来源于含长石的砂岩.     

典型烧结厂周边土壤多氯联苯的环境污染特征

本文以唐山某典型烧结厂为研究对象,对铁矿石烧结厂排放的烟气及周边土壤样品进行采集,应用同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱联用法(HRGC/HRMS)测定了多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量,并研究了PCBs的同类物分布特征.其中烟气样品中类二英PCBs(dl-PCBs)总浓度为1.04—1.77ng·m~(-3),毒性当量值为8.99—19.32pg·WHO-TEQ·m~(-3).烧结厂周边土壤样品中dl-PCBs的总浓度为8.81—403.59pg·g~(-1),毒性当量值为0.05—0.65pg·WHO-TEQ·g~(-1),是背景土壤样品的(0.035pg·WHO-TEQ·g~(-1))的1—19倍.可以看出,该烧结厂周边环境土壤受到了企业所排放PCBs等有毒污染物的影响.大部分土壤样品的同类物分布特征相似;CB-118对土壤dl-PCBs浓度贡献率最大,贡献率为31.74%.CB-101对土壤指示性PCBs浓度贡献率最大,贡献率为52.82%.将土壤样品和烟气样品的同类物分布进行比较发现二者略有不同.尽管都是以低氯代同类物为主,但是烟气样品中最高的同类物是TrCBs,且随着氯代数的增加,浓度呈现明显下降的趋势;而土壤样品PeCBs浓度最高,PeCBs前后都呈现逐级下降的趋势.唐山市此烧结厂周边土壤无论是TEQ值,指示性PCBs总浓度,PCBs总浓度与其它研究相比都处于较高水平.     

贵阳市城市河流典型抗生素的分布特征

采用固相萃取和高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测分析贵阳城市河流南明河地表水中7类40种典型抗生素的污染特征,并利用主成分分析(PCA)对其来源进行初步的分类与探讨.结果表明,南明河地表水中普遍检出抗生素,40种抗生素中共有34种检出,磺胺类平均浓度最高257 ng·L~(-1),其次为大环内酯类、喹诺酮类、林可霉素和氯唑西林、四环素类、氯霉素类、离子载体类,平均浓度分别为256、127、65.4、53.3、40. 8、0.480 ng·L~(-1);南明河检出抗生素空间分布趋势呈现ρ下游(1496 ng·L~(-1))ρ中游(694 ng·L~(-1))ρ上游(123 ng·L~(-1));来源解析表明南明河地表水主要受到人用抗生素的污染.生活污水、医药废水是南明河抗生素污染的主要来源,其次是畜牧养殖业.     

新疆伊犁喀什河流域地表水水化学特征及控制因素

利用2019年1月至7月伊犁喀什河流域的水化学测试数据,采用Piper三线图、相关性分析、Gibbs模型等方法,分析喀什河流域的地表水水化学特征及其控制因素,并对其物质来源进行探讨.结果 表明,喀什河流域地表水呈弱碱性(7.77≤pH≤8.16),TDS介于184.8-588.12 mg.L-1之间,其浓度均值(243...     

环鄱阳湖浅层地下水水化学特征的时空变化

系统采集了鄱阳湖周边地下水,分析测定各单元的水化学参数.结果表明,环鄱阳湖浅层地下水整体偏酸性,呈低矿化度,局部地区出现微咸水.环鄱阳湖浅层地下水丰、枯水期的优势阴离子为HCO3-,阳离子为Ca2+和Mg2+.运用SPSS软件做离子相关性分析,各离子间均呈正相关性,说明可能有相同的来源.地下水的水化学类型整体表现为HCO3-Ca-Mg型,丰水期相对于枯水期出现较多的NO3-型和SO24-型水体,局部区域优势阴离子改变,出现了NO3-型、Cl-型地下水,可能受到农业化肥和工业废水排放的影响.整体上地下水的水化学类型受当地岩石类型的影响比较大,个别地区受人为的活动干扰较为强烈.     

典型铜尾矿库周边土壤重金属复合污染特征

应用了Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法、相关分析法、主成分分析法对德兴铜矿尾砂库周边土壤Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cr和Cd复合污染特征进行研究,定量确定了铜尾矿库潜在生态风险程度、主要污染因子和潜在生态风险因子。结果表明:铜矿尾矿库周边土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,该地区平均潜在生态风险污染指数超过600,具有极高的潜在生态风险;各重金属潜在生态风险参数由高至低顺序为Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr、Zn,其中Cd为主要潜在生态风险因子。进一步通过主成分分析法研究了重金属的污染特性,发现前3个主成分贡献率分别为:65.033%、18.825%、6.243%,第一主成分反映了Zn、Ni、Cr的信息,第二主成分反映了Cu和Cd的信息,第三主成分反映Pb的信息。     

典型铜尾矿库周边土壤重金属复合污染特征

应用了Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法、相关分析法、主成分分析法对德兴铜矿尾砂库周边土壤Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cr和Cd复合污染特征进行研究,定量确定了铜尾矿库潜在生态风险程度、主要污染因子和潜在生态风险因子。结果表明：铜矿尾矿库周边土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,该地区平均潜在生态风险污染指数超过600,具有极高的潜在生态风险;各重金属潜在生态风险参数由高至低顺序为Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr、Zn,其中Cd为主要潜在生态风险因子。进一步通过主成分分析法研究了重金属的污染特性,发现前3个主成分贡献率分别为：65．033％、18．825％、6．243％,第一主成分反映了Zn、Ni、cr的信息,第二主成分反映了Cu和Cd的信息,第三主成分反映Pb的信息。     

某铀尾矿库周边地下水的水化学特征分析

选取某铀尾矿周边地下水作为研究对象,对比分析地下水与排放水在主要水化学成分、水化学参数、水化学类型及放射性元素铀和微量元素氟含量上的差异,探明铀尾矿库对其周边地下水的影响程度.分析结果表明:地下水主要水化学成分为HCO-3和Na+,水化学类型以HCO3·Cl-Ca·Na为主,排放水主要水化学成分为SO2-4和Ca2+,水化学类型以SO4-Ca为主.说明在主要水化学成分、水化学参数、水化学类型上,可能尾矿库对地下水的影响不大;地下水中铀和氟含量分别超过美国EPA标准和我国《地下水质量标准》,超标率分别为100%和85.7%.可能是受矿山开釆产生的废石和铀尾矿库堆积的矿砂及p H的影响,说明尾矿库对地下水铀、氟含量的增加有一定影响.     

北京北部水源地水化学特征及硫同位素变化

分析了北京市北部水源地所在流域丰水期和枯水期的水化学特征和硫同位素变化.结果表明,研究区地表水pH值呈弱碱性,水化学组成以HCO3-和Ca2+为主,Mg2+和SO24-次之.通过对主离子组成的分析,发现研究区水化学特征的主要控制因素是岩石风化,其中绝大部分是受碳酸盐岩的影响.研究区内δ34S值在4.9‰—10.7‰之间,平均值为7.9‰,其中密云水库库区及潮河、白河δ34S平均值分别为8.7‰、6.0‰、8.2‰.研究区内SO24-离子浓度与δ34S值在一定程度上呈负相关,SO24-离子浓度十分集中,降水中的SO24-离子浓度很低,而δ34S值较高.根据质量守恒原理计算出硫元素来源于硫酸盐岩的溶解比例为30.72%—42.47%;来源于硫化物氧化的比例为21.74%—33.49%;来源于大气输入的比例为35.77%.     

喀斯特地区河流水化学季节变化特征及成因分析——以平寨水库上游流域为例

为探究平寨水库上游水化学沿程变化情况,采用因子分析、Piper三线图、Gibbs及离子关系对比等经典地质化学分析方法,分析平寨水库上游水化学变化特征及成因.结果表明,水化学类型主要为HCO₃-Ca型,沿程河段区-河库区-库区水化学呈现由SO₄·Cl^-Na·Ca·Mg型到HCO₃·NO₃-Ca·Mg再到HCO₃-Ca·Mg型的演变特征.离子浓度季节变化明显,冬季高于夏季;空间上,除Na⁺和SO₄^2-外,其余离子浓度整体表现为库区、河-库区大于各河段.Gibbs图表明水体水化学组成受岩石风化影响显著,离子关系对比图表明河段区水体受人为活动影响较强,因子分析结果表明研究区四季水化学组分主要受自然盐岩风化以及较小程度的人类源污染.     

亚热带典型花岗岩小流域径流化学特征与化学风化

为了解小流域尺度下生物地球化学过程对径流水体的影响及花岗岩化学风化对CO2的吸收,对亚热带典型花岗岩区不同利用条件下的2个相邻小流域(F-森林、FA-森林/农田)的地表径流及其常量离子和溶解Si含量进行了连续3年的定期观测和分析.结果表明,溶解Si,Na+和HCO3-构成地表径流的主要化学成分,FA流域离子总量高于F流域,反映了流域内农业活动对其化学径流的贡献.皖南典型花岗岩小流域(F、FA)径流中Sidiss/Na+和NO3-/SO24-比值均远高于同一生物气候带内富含碳酸盐岩的太湖流域径流中的相应值,揭示了区域岩性差异和人类活动导致的大气酸沉降组成差异是决定径流化学组成的主要因素.皖南花岗岩小流域(F、FA)径流化学组分约43%和38%来源于大气降水,57%和50%来源于岩石风化,FA流域内农业活动对其化学径流的贡献约为12%.皖南小流域(F、FA)花岗岩化学风化过程对CO2的消耗通量分别为(0.67—0.96)×105 mol.km-.2a-1和(0.64—1.05)×105 mol.km-.2a-1,远低于同一生物气候带内石灰岩母质流域.     

High salinisation risks in a typical semi-arid river network in northern China

The objective of this study was to investigate the salinisation characteristics of a semi-arid river network in northern China and highlight the influencing factors and risks. The Ziya River Basin, a typical semi-arid river network located in the North China Plain, is studied herein. Overlying water, surface sediment and riparian soil samples were collected in July and December of 2014 in the Ziya River Basin. The results showed that the average concentrations of salt content in the overlying water and surface sediment of 10 rivers in the Ziya River Basin were 1105.64 and 2159.35?mg/L, respectively. High level of salinisation was found in most rivers not only in overlying water, but also in surface sediment. The impact of the salinisation of overlying water on riparian soil diminished with distance away from the shore and had no impact beyond 15 m from the shore. Heavy pollution can contribute greatly to the salinisation of the water column and can cause significant impacts on river sediment and riparian soil. Salinisation in the overlying water affects the sediment and riparian soil, and reveals that the high risk of salinisation in the Ziya River Basin has been underestimated.     

Light-mediated thresholds in stream-water nutrient composition in a river network

The elemental composition of solutes transported by rivers reflects combined influences of surrounding watersheds and transformations within stream networks, yet comparatively little is known about downstream changes in effects of watershed loading vs. in-channel processes. In the forested watershed of a river under a mediterranean hydrologic regime, we examined the influence of longitudinal changes in environmental conditions on water-column nutrient composition during summer base flow across a network of sites ranging from strongly heterotrophic headwater streams to larger, more autotrophic sites downstream. Small streams (0.1-10 km2 watershed area) had longitudinally similar nutrient concentration and composition with low (approximately 2) dissolved nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (P) ratios. Abrupt deviations from this pattern were observed in larger streams with watershed areas > 100 km2 where insolation and algal abundance and production rapidly increased. Downstream, phosphorus and silica concentrations decreased by > 50% compared to headwater streams, and dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen increased by approximately 3-6 times. Decreasing dissolved P and increasing dissolved N raised stream-water N:P to 46 at the most downstream sites, suggesting a transition from N limitation in headwaters to potential P limitation in larger channels. We hypothesize that these changes were mediated by increasing algal photosynthesis and N fixation by benthic algal assemblages, which, in response to increasing light availability, strongly altered stream-water nutrient concentration and stoichiometry in larger streams and rivers.     

珠江三角洲小流域地下水化学特征及演化规律

珠江三角洲地下水环境日益恶化,已成为制约经济社会发展的重要因素。以珠海市具有典型特征的闭合小流域作为研究对象,分旱、雨两季采集地下水分析主要离子及D、18O同位素,全面系统地研究了地下水水化学的时空变异特征与演变规律。结果表明:研究区内地下水主要受大气降水及附近地表水体渗透补给,以蒸发及地下水径流排泄,季节变化对区域内水化学空间变异性影响较小。沿地下水流方向(补给区-径流区-排泄区),地下水化学类型主要从Ca-Na(Mg)-HCO3型向Na-Cl和Na-K-HCO3-CO3型演化,风化-溶滤、离子交换、海陆交互作用是控制当地地下水质演变的主要水文化学过程。     

Effects of garbage salvaging and suspended crossbar on microplastic pollution along a typical urban river

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Microplastic pollution has been considered as a global environmental issue that potentially threatens human health. However, research about microplastic...     

Space view of the decadal variation for typical air pollutants in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in China

The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is one of the most industrialized, urbanized and populated regions in China, and thus has been long suffering from severe air pollutions. Space data provide a unique perspective for investigating the atmospheric environment at a regional scale. By utilizing multiple satellite retrievals from 2005 to 2013, this study presented, for the first time, the spatial patterns and temporal trends of typical air pollutants over PRD and its vicinity. As viewed from space, aerosol optical depth (AOD), NO₂ and SO₂ all had their higher values at the central part of PRD, and showed clear descending gradients as moving to the outskirt of this region. As to the inter-annual variation, all these pollutants had decreasing trends in PRD during the study period, which generally agreed with the relevant in situ measurements. However, the satellite retrievals differed from ground measurements when addressing NO₂ and SO₂ in the vicinity of PRD. This work also provides the inter-comparison among PRD and three other metropolitan clusters in China: PRD had relatively high AOD, moderate NO₂ and low SO₂ levels, and it was the only region achieving the effective reduction of NO₂ and SO₂ during last decade. Unlike the previous three pollutants, HCHO observed by satellite showed very special patterns: it had a relatively homogeneous spatial distribution over both of PRD and its vicinity, and presented an opposite increasing trend from 2005 to 2010. Moreover, PRD had the highest HCHO level among all the metropolitan clusters, hinting a considerable contribution of biogenic origins of HCHO in PRD.

Open image in new window

     

Analysis of rainfall runoff characteristics from a subtropical urban lawn catchment in South-east China

Characteristics of rainfall runoff from a 3.26 hm² urban catchment with predominant land-use as lawn in Xiamen City, South-east China were investigated and analyzed. Water quality and quantity measurements of rainfall runoff were conducted for ten rainfall events over the period March, 2008 to April, 2009. The results indicated that chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phosphorus (TP) were the major pollutants with event mean concentrations of 56.09 and 0.44 mg·L^?1. From hydrograph and pollutograph analysis of two typical rainfall events, it was clear that the peak rainfall preceded the peak flowrate by about 15?C20 min. Meanwhile, concentrations of major pollutants showed multiple peaks and these peaks usually preceded peak flowrate. There were no distinctive first-flush effects except for the rainfall events with the longest rainfall duration and largest runoff volume, which was verified by the fact that the first 30% runoff volume (FF30) carried 39.36% of the total suspended solids (TSS) load, 35.17% of the COD load, 28.13% of the TP load and 39.03% of the nitrate nitrogen load. Multivariate regression analysis further demonstrated that the total runoff volume had a positive correlation with the FF30 of TSS and COD.     

A neural network experiment on the simulation of daily nitrate-nitrogen and suspended sediment fluxes from a small agricultural catchment

In this paper, we report an application of neural networks to simulate daily nitrate-nitrogen and suspended sediment fluxes from a small 7.1 km² agricultural catchment (Melarchez), 70 km east of Paris, France. Nitrate-nitrogen and sediment losses are only a few possible consequences of soil erosion and biochemical applications associated to human activities such as intensive agriculture. Stacked multilayer perceptrons models (MLPs) like the ones explored here are based on commonly available inputs and yet are reasonably accurate considering their simplicity and ease of implementation. Note that the simulation does not resort on water quality flux observations at previous time steps as model inputs, which would be appropriate, for example, to predict the water chemistry of a drinking water plant a few time steps ahead. The water quality fluxes are strictly mapped to historical mean flux values and to hydro-climatic variables such as stream flow, rainfall, and soil moisture index (12 model input candidates in total), allowing its usage even when no flux observations are available. Self-organizing feature maps based on the network structure established by Kohonen were employed first to produce the training and the testing data sets, with the intent to produce statistically close subsets so that any difference in model performance between validation and testing has to be associated to the model and not to the data subsets. The stacked MLPs reached different levels of performance simulating the nitrate-nitrogen flux and the suspended sediment flux. In the first instance, 2-input stacked MLP nitrate-nitrogen simulations, based on the same-day stream flow and on the 80-cm soil moisture index, have a performance of almost 90% according to the efficiency index. On the other hand, the performance of 3-input stacked MLPs (same-day stream flow, same-day historical flux, and same-day stream flow increment) reached a little more than 75% according to the same criterion. The results presented here are deemed already promising enough, and should encourage water resources managers to implement simple models whenever appropriate.     

Occurrence,distribution and risk assessment of abused drugs and their metabolites in a typical urban river in north China

We developed a method for determining 11 abused drugs in water and sediment. METH and EPH were the dominant drugs in water and sediment in Beiyunhe River. Abuse drugs in Beiyunhe River were mainly from hospitals and sewage effluents. Abused drugs in the water would not impair the aquatic ecosystem biologically. This study investigated the presence of 11 abused drugs and their metabolites, including amphetamine, methamphetamine (METH), ketamine, ephedrine (EPH), cocaine, benzoylecgonine, methadone, morphine, heroin, codeine, and methcathinone in the surface water and sediment samples of Beiyunhe River, a typical urban river flowing through Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei provinces in North China. An analytical method of determining these abused drugs and their metabolites in water and sediment was developed and validated prior to sample collection in the study area. Results showed that METH and EPH were predominant in water and sediment samples. The total drug concentrations ranged from 26.6 to 183.0 ng/L in water and from 2.6 to 32.4 ng/g dry weight in sediment, and the drugs mainly originated from hospitals and sewage treatment plants. The average field-based sediment water distribution coefficients of abused drugs were calculated between 149.3 and 1214.0 L/kg and corrected by organic carbon. Quotient method was used to assess the risks. The findings revealed that these drugs and their metabolites at determined concentrations in water samples will not impair the aquatic ecosystem biologically, but their potential harmful effect on the function of the ecosystem and human health should not be overlooked.     

Chemical characteristics of arsenic in a marine food chain

The various chemical forms of ⁷⁴As accumulated from either water or food by the marine food chain [Fucus spiralis (L.) Littorina littoralis (L.)Nucella lapillus] have been separated and characterized. Arsenic components were separated by differential extraction followed by high-voltage paper electrophoresis/paper chromatography of the water-soluble fraction and thin-layer chromatography of the lipid-soluble fraction. The algae assimilates arsenic mainly (60%) as one lipid-soluble compound with R_f=0.18, and 12 water-soluble organo-arsenic compounds as minor components. On the other hand, the snails, whether labelled from water or food, produce predominantly one major water-soluble organo-arsenic compound with R_f=0.66. This water-soluble arsenic compound was produced by the snails and not by intestinal microbes. Time-course studies on the relative proportions of labelled arsenic compounds in algal tissue indicate a transition from arsenate through water-soluble organo-arsenic components to a lipid-soluble arsenic compound. The water-soluble organo-arsenic compounds in the food chain studied were different from those previously found or proposed in marine organisms.