湿疹喷雾剂提取方法的研究

目的对湿疹喷雾剂提取方法进行优选,以保证制剂质量达到标准.方法选择渗漉法、回流法、浸渍法、超声法研究方中徐长卿、黄芩、紫草等六味药材的最优提取方法,并运用正交设计试验法优选工艺条件,采用高效液相色谱法测定方中丹皮酚、黄芩苷的含量,以此作为评价工艺的指标.结果回流法提取徐长卿、黄芩等五味药材最优工艺条件为:不浸泡,加醇量6倍、4倍,回流时间60、40 min,黄芩苷、丹皮酚浸出量分别可达401.86、97.93 mg,而渗漉法的最优工艺条件为:粉碎度20目,渗漉速度3 mL/min,浸渍时间24 h,加醇量为10倍,黄芩苷、丹皮酚浸出量分别可达332.04、92.27 mg.紫草单独用超声法提取,40 min时吸光值最大,为0.676;而用浸渍法则需36 h吸光值才达到最大,为0.492.结论徐长卿、黄芩等五味药材采用回流法较渗漉法提取效率高,紫草采用超声法较浸渍法提取效率高.表9,参5     

苔藓Lophozia ventricosa挥发油化学成分研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取苔藓Lophozia ventricosa挥发油，用毛细管色谱法对挥发油进行了分析，采用归-化法确定各组分的相对含量，并用GC—MS联用技术对分离的化学成分进行鉴定．经计算机检索并结合文献调研，共鉴定出28个化合物，占挥发油总量的93．3％，其中含1个单萜、23个倍半萜（15个为含氧倍半萜）和1个二萜，主要成分为Maalioxide（45．6％）和Eudesma-4．（15），7（11）-dien-8-one（28．9％）．图2表1参12     

妇健安合剂水提取工艺的研究

目的:确定妇健安合剂的最佳提取工艺条件.方法:建立了芍药苷的HPLC定量方法并用于评价工艺,通过正交实验设计,系统地研究了该制剂提取的最优工艺条件.结果:药材饮片浸泡0.5 h,分别加入10倍量,8倍量的水煎煮回流提取两次,时间分别为1.0 h,0.5 h.结论:在此提取条件下,效率高,工艺合理.     

超临界水降解聚乙烯及聚乙烯/聚苯乙烯混合塑料的研究

对聚乙烯(PE)和聚乙烯与聚苯乙烯(PS)混合塑料进行了超临界水降解实验．考察了原料配比和反应时间对降解反应的影响,确定了适宜的超临界水降解PE及PE／PS混合塑料的反应条件．实验结果显示,超临界水可将PE及PE／PS混合塑料降解为液态油状物．PE和PE／PS混合物可在440℃下0．5h内完全降解．     

电导率法快速鉴别潲水油

许多地方出现了潲水油(或地沟油)回流到食用油市场的现象,为寻找鉴别潲水油的方法,研究了用电导率法鉴别潲水油。将油样和水混合,经过超声波振荡,用电导率仪对其水相进行测定。实验结果表明经过处理的潲水油和合格食用植物油,其水相的电导率值有明显差别,处理后的合格食用植物油水相电导率都在10μs/cm以下,最小的只有3.75μs/cm,而潲水油和水的混合物经过超声振荡后,其水相电导率几乎在100μs/cm以上,最高可达173.4μs/cm。初步认为可将电导率测定作为鉴别潲水油和合格食用植物油的一种方法。     

煤和煤烟、柴油及其发动机尾气中多环芳烃分布的研究

本项工作研究了煤和煤烟、柴油及其发动机尾气中多环芳烃的测定方法。样品的第二级收集用吸附法取代了常用的冷凝法,因而适用于野外或现场的采样。样品的提取引用了超声技术,加快了提取的速度。并对煤烟和柴油发动机尾气中多环芳烃的分布规律进行了初步的探讨,为分析监测烟道气中的多环芳烃提供了一种简便的方法。     

泸州和安岳枳壳中的低极性化学成分

为分析比较泸州和安岳两地产枳壳中的低极性成分特别是脂肪酸和挥发油的组成,分别采用有机溶剂提取法和水蒸气蒸馏法提取泸州和安岳枳壳中的低极性成分,运用气质联用技术进行成分分析,所得成分的质谱数据经数据库检索鉴定,并应用面积归一化法计算各成分的相对含量.结果显示:(1)以石油醚为溶剂提取枳壳浸膏,泸州枳壳鉴定出61种化学成分,安岳枳壳鉴定出18种化学成分,成分以脂肪酸、烷烃为主,两种枳壳中含量最高的成分均为十八碳二烯酸;(2)以水蒸气蒸馏法提取枳壳挥发油,泸州枳壳鉴定出65种化学成分,安岳枳壳鉴定出81种化学成分,以小分子烯、醇、萜类物质为主,两种枳壳中含量最高的成分均为d-柠檬烯.本研究表明不同方法提取出的化学成分种类差异明显;泸州和安岳两地产两种枳壳的脂肪酸组成具有较大的差异;挥发性成分种类相似,其含量组成有一定差异;结果可为四川地区枳壳的开发利用提供数据基础.(表3参20)     

川芎咖啡酸-O-甲基转移酶基因密码子偏好性与进化分析

咖啡酸-O-甲基转移酶(COMT)是苯丙烷类代谢途径中的一个关键酶,研究其密码子偏好性对开展该基因的异源表达与分子调控研究有重要指导意义.利用Codon W、EMBOSS、SPSS与Origin等在线服务器及软件,首先分析川芎等不同植物来源COMT基因的密码子偏好性,随后以川芎COMT为重点,比较其与大肠杆菌、酵母、拟南芥与烟草等模式生物的密码子使用频率.结果表明,单子叶植物COMT基因的密码子偏好性较强,而低等植物与双子叶植物COMT基因的密码子偏好性较弱.分析COMT基因密码子偏好性与核酸序列,发现亲缘关系较近的物种不仅具有较高的核酸序列相似度,并且具有相似的密码子偏好性,推测这种现象是由于密码子偏好性的形成主要受到自然选择的影响. COMT作为一个起源古老的基因,分析其密码子偏好性对了解植物进化关系有一定作用.川芎COMT体现出与其他双子叶植物相近的密码子偏好性,其GC含量与GC3s均小于50%,偏好以A/T编码,偏好性极强(RSCU 2)的密码子有7个,ENc为51.38,整体密码子偏好性较弱.与大肠杆菌相比较,酵母可能是其更好的外源表达系统.较之拟南芥,烟草更合适作为川芎COMT的遗传转化受体.本研究表明拟南芥、烟草都可作为Lc COMT遗传转化受体系统的候选;并且烟草COMT与Lc COMT在进化树上显示出较近的亲源关系,所以烟草可能是LCCOMT相对更好的遗传转化受体;结果可为COMT基因的遗传进化研究、川芎COMT的功能验证及转基因植物培育等奠定理论基础.(图4表2参33)     

三叶虫茶茶多酚提取工艺研究

研究萃取-沉淀法从虫茶中提取分离茶多酚的影响因素.采用单因素循环法考虑各影响因素,得出三叶虫茶茶多酚的最优提取工艺.用回流法提取茶多酚,并用单因素循环法分别考察提取剂、沉淀剂、转溶酸、萃取次数对茶多酚提取率的影响,用紫外-可见分光光度法对提取液进行检测.用萃取-沉淀法从虫茶中提取分离茶多酚,以80%丙酮作提取剂,Zn Cl2作沉淀剂,盐酸转溶的效果较为理想.结论表明,萃取-沉淀法提取分离虫茶中茶多酚,所需要的有机溶剂少,能耗低,纯度高,具有可行性.图4,表5,参14.     

气浮中试工艺中若干运行参数

为找出气浮(DAF)工艺的最佳运行工艺参数,对影响气浮工艺出水效果较大的预处理条件、混凝剂投量、水力负荷、水力条件、回流比、刮渣周期等运行参数做了大量的中试试验研究,发现适当的预臭氧处理可以提高UV254的去除,预加氯可以提高对浊度和藻类的去除,预加高锰酸盐可以提高对浊度、藻类、嗅味和UV254等的去除,预加粉末活性炭可以提高对有机物、色度、嗅味的去除,混凝剂投量从10 mg/L增加到50 mg/L,气浮工艺对有机物的去除率提高了30%~40%,水力负荷越高气浮出水浊度越高,回流比越大气浮出水浊度越低,气浮池过长的刮渣周期也会降低出水水质。总之,合理调整气浮池的工艺参数,可以提高气浮出水水质,降低运行成本。     

白术及白术多糖在动物生产中的研究应用

白术多糖是白术这一传统中药的活性提取物,具有抗肿瘤、抗衰老、调节免疫功能、增强免疫力、促生长、降血糖等方面的作用,综述白术及白术多糖在动物生产中的应用．参25．     

Stimulation and inhibition of phytoplankton growth by low molecular weight hydrocarbons

Experiments on 4 phylogenetically different phytoplankton exposed in culture to a range of concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene showed a variety of growth responses for marine microalgae. The degree of influence of these aromatic hydrocarbons, all components of fuel oils and crude oils, varied with concentration, compound and species. Stimulation of growth in Dunaliella tertiolecta resulted from low μg/l concentrations of all three compounds, Skeletonema costatum showed no growth enhancement, while Cricosphaera carterae and Amphidinium carterae were intermediate in their reactions. Closed culture vessels were found to be necessary to retain these volatile hydrocarbons. Many of the previous laboratory studies on oil using standard methods — cotton plugs, screw caps or beakers — have overlooked the important influence of the volatile fraction. The species-specific stimulation of low concentrations was further shown in experiments with mixtures of No. 2 fuel oil. The volatile fraction was most biologically reactive, being the source of growth enhancement at low levels and a major growth inhibitor at high concentrations. Thus, a significant environmental effect of oil on marine primary production could be the growth stimulation of particular species by low molecular weight aromatic compounds resulting in an alteration of the natural phytoplankton community structure and its trophic relationships.     

金荞麦药理作用研究进展

金荞麦能抗菌消炎、抑制肿瘤,同时还可以增强巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,提高机体的免疫能力;药理实验证明金荞麦还具有降脂降糖、祛痰镇咳和抑制血小板聚集等作用.参36.     

中药免疫增强剂抗肿瘤作用机理及物质基础

近年来,中药免疫增强剂的作用机理及物质基础逐渐被现代医学不断研究揭示.研究表明中药中的多糖类,苷类,黄酮类,挥发油类等成分能提高机体的免疫能力,能够明显增强免疫器官的重量,增强体液免疫和细胞免疫及促进机体产生细胞因子等作用.参31.     

园林植物挥发油成分分析及抗菌活性测定

运用试管稀释法和平板涂布法,测定黄皮,白皮松,香榧,侧柏,龙柏,雪松,圆柏等7种常见园林植物的挥发油对表皮葡萄球菌,金黄色葡萄球菌,大肠杆菌及绿脓杆菌的抗菌活性(包括抑菌和杀菌两个方面)。结果显示,所有供试植物挥发油均具有一定的抗菌活性。对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性为侧柏=龙柏>圆柏>雪松>香榧;对表皮葡萄球菌的抑菌活性为侧柏>圆柏>龙柏=雪松=黄皮>白皮松>香榧;仅圆柏挥发油对大肠杆菌具有抑菌作用,所有供试植物挥发油对绿脓杆菌均无抑菌作用。实验证明,圆柏,侧柏,龙柏,雪松具有较强抗菌活性,是较为理想的城市生态保健型绿化模式的栽培树种。     

Variation of leaf gland volatile oil within a population of sweet gale (Myrica gale) (Myricaceae)

Summary The leaf gland volatile oils of ten sweet gale plants from a Scottish population were extracted in early summer. The results differed notably from reports of other populations in respect of the sesquiterpenes, -elemenone and germacrone, which were major components of the volatile oil. Three dihydrochalcones were also detected in the volatile oil. Variation within the population existed, particularly with respect to the relative importance of germacrone. Five plants were resampled in late summer and exhibited a marked reduction in -elemenone, a lesser reduction in germacrone and changes in the proportions of some monoterpenes.     

Tiefentschwefelte Kraftstoffe

In recent years, much attention has been given to the desulphurization of fuels like diesel oil and gasoline, since exhaust gases containing SOx cause air pollution and acid rain. Moreover, a lower sulphur content of fuels would allow the use of new engines and catalytic systems for the reduction of CO, particle and NOx-emissions, and a more efficient fuel consumption. The S-level in fuels is presently limited in Germany for gasoline and diesel oll to 150 ppm and 350 ppm, respectively. In 2005 the level will be decreased Europe-wide for all vehicle-fuels down to 50 ppm; in some countries, fuels are or will be on the market with even less sulphur. The current technology of hydrodesulphurization (heterogeneous, catalyzed hydrorreating of organic sulphur compounds) can desulphurize quite adequately down to today’s S-level. The process, however, is limited for the production of ultra-low sulphur fuels, and the expenses (pressure, reactor size, investment costs, energy consumption, specific active catalysts) are high to meet future requirements. alternative processes, which are not limited to hydrotreating, are therefore desirable. Beside an overview about hydrotreating, this paper presents two quite different alternatives: Extraction of sulphur compounds by ionic liquids and the synthetic production of S-free fuels from natural gas by Fischer-Tropsch-synthesis. Ionic liquids (ILs) are low melting (<100°C) salts which represent a new class of non-molecular, ionic solvents. In the experiments presented, extraction of model diesel oils (dibenzothiophene and dodecanthiol in n-dodecane) as well as of a real predesulphurized diesel oil (with about 400 ppm S) were investigated. The results show the excellent and selective extraction properties of ILs for organic sulphur compounds, especially with regard to those compounds which are very difficult to remove by common hydrodesulphurization. As expected, the desulphurization by extraction is much more complicated in case of real diesel oil (compared to a model oil) due to its complex chemical composition including many different sulphur compounds and other impurities like organic nitrogen and metal-compounds. Nevertheless, the results with pre-desulphurized diesel oil are also very promising. So, extraction of sulphur components by ILs is a new approach for deep desulphurization of diesel oil. The application of very mild process conditions (low pressure and temperature) in comparison to traditional hydrotreating is an additional advantage of this new concept. An alternative to today’s fuels based on crude oil is the production of gasoline and diesel oil from natural gas (or other fossil fuels like coal) by Fischer-Tropsch-synthesis (FTS). The products like diesel oil are completely free of sulphur and other impurities like nitrogen and metal compounds. Although several FTS-processes have been investigated and developed, and some processes are already running on a technical scale, a real breakthrough was not obtained up to now. The production costs of these capital-intensive processes are probably above the breakeven point, at least at today’s oil price. In this paper, a ‘lowcost’ process is discussed, which is based on nitrogen-rich syngas. In contrast to classical FTS-processes with nitrogen-free syngas, the investment costs are probably lower: The syngas is produced by partial oxidation with ait, which eliminates the need of an air separation plant, while a process with nitrogen-rich syngas does not utilize a recycle loop and a recycle compressor.     

Comparison of chemical composition of the essential oil of Laurus nobilis L. leaves and fruits from different regions of Hatay, Turkey

The essential oils of the leaves and fruits from bay (Laurus nobilis L.) grown in Antakya, Yayladagi and Samandagi were isolated by solvent extraction and analysed by capillary gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In Antakya, Yayladagi and Samandagi the chemical compositions of the fruits and leaves were similar according to qualitative and quantitative analysis. Although in both fruits and leaves the major component was found to be 1.8-Cineole a concentration of about 50% compared with essential oils. The composition of the essential oil from the leaves has high content of 1.8-Cineole, Sabinene and alpha-Terpinyl acetate, but a low content of a-Pinene, alpha-Phellandrene and trans-/beta-osimen. 1.8-Cineole was found major component of the leaves essential oil collected from Samandagi (59.94%) which is sea coast of region. Interestingly alpha-Pinene, beta-Pinene, alpha-Phellandrene, 1.8-Cineole and trans-beta-osimen were found the major components of fruits of Laurus nobilis L. harvested from Antakya, Yayladagi and Samandagi Trans-beta-osimen was detected as the major component of fruits essential oil collected again from Samandagi (28.35%)     

Preparation of amphiphilic composite and removal of oil and hexavalent chromium from wastewater

A new composite for water treatment was prepared by melt blend for oil and hexavalent chromium absorption. Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) was the matrix, calcinatory Fe₂O₃ and anion-exchange resin 201×7 were the fillers. This composite can suspend in water–oil contact (WOC) and absorb oils and hexavalent chromium in wastewater simultaneously. The absorbencies of composites changed greatly with various ratios of calcinatory Fe₂O₃ and anion-exchange resin 201×7. The results showed that the oil absorbencies increased continuously and hexavalent chromium absorbencies were step-down as calcinatory Fe₂O₃ loadings from 13 to 19%. The composite can adsorb oils and hexavalent chromium simultaneously. The optimized proportion of calcinatory Fe₂O₃ and anion-exchange resin 201×7 in composite was found when the absorbencies of oils and hexavalent chromium reaching the maximum simultaneously. This composite is an inexpensive, convenient and high efficiency material for removing oils and hexavalent chromium from wastewater.     

Phytotoxicity of volatile oil from Eucalyptus citriodora against some weedy species

A study was undertaken to explore the phytotoxicity of volatile essential oil from Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. against some weeds viz. Bidens pilosa, Amaranthus viridis, Rumex nepalensis, and Leucaena leucocephala in order to assess its herbicidal activity. Dose-response studies conducted under laboratory conditions revealed that eucalypt oils (in concentration ranging from 0.0012 to 0.06%) greatly suppress the germination and seedling height of test weeds. At 0.06% eucalypt oil concentration, none of the seed of test weeds germinated. Among the weed species tested, A. viridis was found to be the most sensitive and its germination was completed inhibited even at 0.03%. Not only the germination and seedling growth, even the chlorophyll content and respiratory activity in leaves of emerged seedlings were severely affected. In A. viridis chlorophyll content and respiratory activity were reduced by over 51% and 71%, respectively, even at a very low concentration of 0.06%. These results indicated an adverse effect of eucalypt oils on the photosynthetic and energy metabolism of the test weeds. A strong negative correlation was observed between the observed effect and the concentration of eucalypt oil. Based on the study, it can be concluded that oil from E. citriodora possess strong inhibitory potential against weeds that could be exploited for weed management.