甲苯废气的生物净化性能与动力学模拟研究

以轻质陶块为填料，探讨了生物膜填料塔净化处理高气体流量负荷下低浓度甲苯废气的生物降解性能。实验结果表明：生物膜填料塔对甲苯具有较强的降解能力，净化效率维持在40．6％～61．9％；随着气体流量负荷和入口气体甲苯浓度负荷的增加，甲苯的净化效率也随之下降。结合实验数据对“吸附-生物膜”理论的动力学模式进行模拟研究，对比验证结果表明动力学模拟计算值和实验值之间均有很好的拟合性，从而验证了该模型的正确性。     

甲苯废气的生物净化性能与动力学模拟研究

该研究以轻质陶块为填料，探讨了生物膜填料塔净化处理高气体流量负荷下低浓度甲苯废气的生物降解性能。实验结果表明：生物膜填料塔对甲苯具有较强的降解能力，净化效率维持在40．6％～61．9％；随着气体流量负荷和入口气体甲苯浓度负荷的增加，甲苯的净化效率也随之下降。结合实验数据对“吸附-生物膜”理论的动力学模式进行模拟研究，对比验证结果表明动力学模拟计算值和实验值之间均有很好的拟合性，从而验证了该模型的正确性．     

生化法净化低浓度挥发性有机废气的动力学模式研究

针对目前国际上常用的吸收－生物膜理论，在描述生化法净化低浓度挥发性有机废气机理过程中的存在问题，提出了吸附－生物膜的新理论，并依据这一新理论建立了生物膜填料塔净化低浓度甲苯废气的动力学模式。实验结果表明，其模拟计算值与实验值之间有很好的相关性，相关系数Ｐ〉０．９３，利用这一新理论及模式，可由已知操作参数对生物膜填料塔的净化效果进行预测计算，也能为有关的理论研究和实际操作提供参考。     

挥发性有机废气生物净化过程中生物膜的作用研究

依据对生物膜填料塔净化低浓度甲苯废气过程的动力学机理问题的分析探讨，从“吸附--生化降解”的新角度，对生物膜的作用进行了研究。结果表明：随着生物膜的生长，甲苯的生物净化过程有一个从液膜传质控制向气膜传质控制的转变。因此，可以定义其为一个以生物膜为有效吸附表面，以活菌体为生物反应活化中心的吸队附--生物化学反应过程。     

挥发性有机废气生物净化过程中生物膜的作用研究

依据对生物膜填料塔净化低浓度甲苯废气过程的动力学机理问题的分析探讨,从“吸附—生化降解”的新角度,对生物膜的作用进行了研究。结果表明:随着生物膜的生长,甲苯的生物净化过程有一个从液膜传质控制向气膜传质控制的转变。因此,可以定义其为一个以生物膜为有效吸附表面、以活菌体为生物反应活化中心的吸附—生物化学反应过程。     

甲苯废气生物净化过程的动力学模拟研究

以轻质陶块为填料，探讨了生物膜填料塔净化处理低浓度甲苯废气的生物净化过程，并依据“吸附一生物膜”理论建立相关的动力学模型。经采用实验室数据对影响过程进行模拟，对比验证结果表明该模型的模拟计算值和实验值之间均有很好的拟合性，从而验证了模型的正确性。     

一般性问题

X701 9903051生物法净化低浓度挥发性有机废气的动力学问题探讨/孙佩石(昆明理工大学环境工程及化学工程系》二//环境科学学报/中科院环委会一1999,19(2)一153~158环信X一9 依据对生物膜填料塔净化低浓度甲苯废气过程的生物化学反应类型、过程控制因索和生物膜作用等机理问题的分析研究,定义其为一个以生物膜为有效吸附表面、以活菌体为生物反应活化中心的吸附一生物化学反应过程,并据此建立了“吸附一生物膜”理论及相应的动力学模式。该模式计算值与实验值之间有较好的相关性(相关系数R>0.95)。结果将为相关的理论研究和实际操作研究提…     

甲苯废气的生物净化性能与动力学模拟研究

以轻质陶块为填料,探讨了生物膜填料塔净化处理高气体流量负荷下低浓度甲苯废气的生物降解性能。实验结果表明:生物膜填料塔对甲苯具有较强的降解能力,净化效率维持在40.6%~61.9%;随着气体流量负荷和入口气体甲苯浓度负荷的增加,甲苯的净化效率也随之下降。结合实验数据对“吸附-生物膜”理论的动力学模式进行模拟研究,对比验证结果表明动力学模拟计算值和实验值之间均有很好的拟合性,从而验证了该模型的正确性。     

生物法净化挥发性有机废气的吸附-生物膜理论模型与模拟研究

针对挥发性有机废气的生物法净化过程,进行了吸附-生物膜新型理论的相关动力学模型研究.经采用实验室数据和工业应用试验结果的对比验证表明,该模型对描述实际过程有很好的适用性.应用该模型对人口气体甲苯浓度、气体流量及生物膜填料层高度等主要因素的影响进行模拟研究,模拟计算值与实验值之间有较好的相关性,相关系数r为0.80～0.97.     

自然水体生物膜对铜(Ⅱ)、镉(Ⅱ)的吸附研究

以董铺水库为水源、天然纯棉绳为人工基质培养生物膜,研究了附着在棉绳表面上的自然水体生物膜吸附Cu和Cd的热力学和动力学特征及pH对吸附性能的影响.通过对实验数据进行非线型拟合,发现生物膜对2种重金属的吸附均符合Freundlich(F)和Langmuir(L)吸附等温式,对2种金属的吸附能力顺序是:Cu＞Cd.生物膜对Cu和Cd的吸附在数小时内可达到平衡,吸附过程符合二级动力学特征.通过调节吸附液的pH值,研究了不同pH对吸附效果的影响.结果表明,随着pH的升高,2种金属的吸附量明显增加.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.