金沙江下游乌东德和白鹤滩电站库区外来入侵植物组成和分布

外来入侵植物对金沙江流域生物多样性和生态系统稳定性构成了较大威胁,但对其本底状况知之甚少.为掌握金沙江下游乌东德和白鹤滩电站库区外来入侵植物的组成特征和分布格局,进而为外来入侵植物的防治提供科学依据,基于83个调查点位上的757个群落样方调查数据进行研究.结果表明,库区共有外来入侵植物103种,隶属28科70属,并以菊科（24种）、豆科（15种）和茄科（10种）为主.区系组成上,科、属表现出较强烈的热带分布性质,并有63种外来入侵植物原产地为北美洲.引入途径分析结果显示,62种被有意引入,占比60.19%.从入侵等级来看,65种具有明显入侵性,包括19种恶性入侵种和26种严重入侵种.三叶鬼针草（Bidens pilosa Linnaeus）、白苞猩猩草（Euphorbia heterophylla Linnaeus）、赛葵[Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Gurcke]等10种入侵植物重要值较高,是优势入侵物种.在空间分布方面,乌东德电站库区外来入侵植物种类数（87种）多于白鹤滩电站（59种）.库区海拔800-1 200 m范围内入侵植物种类数最多,并随...     

平原河网地区滨岸带外来植物入侵现状及影响研究——以上海青浦区为例

河流滨岸带作为一种典型的开放系统,在受到外界干扰的条件下极易被外来植物所入侵并受到严重影响。以上海青浦区为例,通过对河流滨岸带生态系统入侵植物分布及现状调查,以及对两种入侵植物：白花三叶草（Trifolium repens）和加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensis）群落的物种多样性及其土壤特性的实证研究,探讨外来植物入侵对河流滨岸带生态系统造成的影响。结果表明：目前该地区河流滨岸带外来入侵植物共有14科24种,其科、种数分别占到该生态系统所有植物的48．3％与26．1％。入侵植物白花三叶草与加拿大一枝黄花在春、秋两季均显著降低了河流滨岸带植物群落的物种多样性。此外,两种人侵植物也对当地河流滨岸及土壤特性造成了不同程度的影响,其中对土壤含水量、pH值的影响最为显著。该研究填补了平原河网地区河流滨岸带生态系统外来植物入侵研究的空白,有助于今后开展对该生态系统的评价、恢复及管理工作。     

厦门市城市外来植物的种类构成

开展城市外来植物种类构成的研究,可以为城市植物多样性的保护和城市绿地的科学设计提供重要依据。为剖析厦门城市外来植物种类构成的主要特点,规避外来植物对城市环境带来的潜在威胁,采用大样本分层随机抽样调查法结合K-means聚类分析、方差分析、重要值、频数分布等方法进行系统分析。结果显示,(1)记录到厦门市城区外来植物67科174属223种,占各绿地类型植物种数的49.1%~55.2%;其中最常见的优势种类有乔木植物凤凰木(Delonix regia)、垂叶榕(Ficus benjamina),灌木植物黄金榕(Ficus microcarpa‘Golden Leaves’)、矮黄假连翘(Duranta repens),草本植物沟叶结缕草(Zoysia matrella)、喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)和小蓬草(Conyza canadensis)。(2)国外外来植物主要来自美洲,占各绿地类型国外外来植物种数的58.4%~70.8%、频数的71.9%~89.0%;其次是来自非洲或亚洲的植物。(3)频数分布图显示,优势种的优势性明显,高频植物种仅占少数。(4)调查到入侵植物7科13属13种,其中小蓬草是出现频数最高的入侵种类,已成为草本植物中的优势种类。文章揭示了外来种在厦门市城市植物中的重要地位和特点,分析了外来植物种类结构的特征,并指出要加强对外来优势植物的进一步研究,相关结果可为厦门市城市绿地的可持续发展和管理监控提供建议和理论参考。     

喜旱莲子草在中国的入侵机理及其生物防治

喜旱莲子草为全球性恶性杂草,也是中国生物多样性国家报告中首批9种重要外来入侵植物之一.本文综述了喜旱莲子草的起源、分布以及在我国的传播扩散和危害,并分析了入侵机制.鉴于这是我国生物防治外来杂草最成功的项目,还介绍了利用昆虫天敌生物防治的过程、实践和经验,讨论了存在的问题及应对策略. 参60     

城市化影响下北京市外来入侵植物特征及其分布

通过文献资料分析和实地调查相结合的方法,对北京市外来入侵植物的种类、生活型、起源地、引入途径和分布等特征进行了分析,结果表明:该地区共有48种外来入侵植物,隶属39属19科,其中菊科、禾本科、苋科和大戟科植物为优势科,占到了所有入侵植物总数的60.4%.除火炬树外,其余47种植物均为草本植物,以起源于美洲的居多(70.8%),多为伴随种子苗木运输无意引进.入侵植物分布受城市化水平和人口密度影响显著,城市功能扩展区分布有最多的入侵植物,就入侵种分布密度而言,城市功能拓展区和城市核心区均明显高于近郊区和远郊区.目前北京入侵植物主要分布于农田、绿地、花圃等半人工生态系统,尚处于可控范围之内,但北京的自然地理条件及城市化进程使其仍存在较高的入侵风险,在将来的防治工作中应采取更加严格的检疫措施.     

九寨沟核心景区外来植物的分布格局与影响

自然保护区是就地保护生物多样性最为经济有效的措施,而生物入侵已对全球生物多样性造成严重威胁.采用野外踏查和样方调查的方法,对著名的国家级自然保护区和风景名胜区九寨沟核心景区的外来植物的种类和分布格局进行研究.结果如下:(1)共发现13种外来植物,来自6科11属,以豆科、菊科植物最多.(2)引入方式主要是有意引入(绿化)和无意的旅游活动引入,人为因素起着主导作用,外来植物出现的概率与受人为干扰程度成正相关.(3)根据重要值(Important value)和外来入侵植物危害等级计算得出危害系数,小蓬草(50.2439)、红车轴草(41.1528)、野胡萝卜值(40.6883)较高,但目前外来植物在研究区域还未形成大规模的入侵现象.(4)影响外来植物分布和扩散的因素有生境适合性、路距、群落盖度,路距具有重要影响(P0.05).(5)随着栈道距离的增加,外来植物(以草木犀为例)的重要值呈显著下降趋势.综上所述,九寨沟核心景区的外来植物分布主要受人为影响,豆科、菊科植物种类多且危害系数较高.     

秦岭中段外来植物入侵现状及风险评价研究

作为中国重要生态安全屏障的秦岭,随着经济社会的不断发展,大量人为活动穿梭其中,使得外来植物得以侵入并迅速蔓延和扩张,势必影响当地生物多样性保护,然而这些外来种的入侵现状、危害与风险等信息还缺乏全面详细的研究,为秦岭生物多样性保护埋下巨大“安全隐患”,因此亟待全面系统地研究秦岭林区外来植物的相关现状信息,并对其进行科学有效的入侵风险评估。通过野外调查秦岭中段南北坡外来植物的种类、分布现状、生境类型、扩散趋势等,采用层次分析法构建秦岭外来植物入侵风险评价体系,对该区外来植物进行风险等级划分并提出防范管控措施。结果表明：1）秦岭外来植物有131种,隶属33科87属,主要集中在菊科（Asteraceae）、苋科（Amaranthaceae）、禾本科（Poaceae）、豆科（Fabaceae）,其中菊科植物数量最多（35种）,占总种数的26.7%;2）秦岭外来植物传入年限主要集中在50-150 a之间（54.2%）,大部分通过有意引入和无意引进带入国内（75.6%）;3）秦岭外来植物入侵风险评价体系涵盖外来植物入侵性、已入侵分布现状、扩散性和危害与影响4个方面,共设置了13个指标。131种外来植...     

酸雨对外来植物入侵的影响

酸雨和外来种入侵都是全球关注的问题。结合外来入侵植物的生态适应特性以及酸雨的危害特征,系统分析了酸雨对外来植物入侵产生的影响。酸雨对外来植物入侵的影响是复杂多样的。酸雨导致群落冠层稀疏,群落透光率增加,加之氮沉降后土壤、水体氮素的增加,有利于生长力强的外来喜阳植物入侵;酸雨加速土壤酸化,促使基本离子淋失以及A1毒等危害植物的生长发育,植物的内源激素以及化感作用发生改变,适应力和耐受力强的外来植物在与本地植物竞争中处于相对优势而成为入侵种;酸雨以及外来植物入侵改变了土壤微生物群落结构,影响本地植物的生长而促使外来植物的入侵。     

云南九大高原湖泊湖滨带入侵植物物种组成与分布特征

湖滨带植物多样性是湖滨带生态系统维持稳定的关键,入侵植物的出现破坏湖滨带生态平衡,对湖滨带生态安全造成威胁。为揭示云南九大高原湖泊湖滨带入侵植物组成与分布特征,基于文献报道及野外踏查,整理得到云南九大高原湖泊湖滨带外来入侵植物名录,并对其种类组成、原产地、生活型、分布特征、区系类型、繁殖特征进行了分析。结果显示,云南九大高原湖泊湖滨带有外来入侵植物64种,隶属于23科52属。从种类组成上看,外来入侵植物多为菊科（Asteraceae）和苋科（Amaranthaceae）;从分布特征上看,滇池湖滨带入侵植物分布最多,泸沽湖湖滨带入侵植物分布最少;从原产地上看,超过50%的入侵植物来自美洲;从生活型上看,外来入侵植物几乎均为草本植物,且以一年生草本植物居多;从物种分布上看,白车轴草Trifolium repens、凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes、土荆芥Dysphania ambrosioides、喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides分布最广;从区系类型上看,九大高原湖泊湖滨带外来入侵植物科和属的区系类型均具有明显的广布与泛热带分布特征;从繁殖特征...     

外来植物入侵机制研究进展与展望

从植物入侵的内因、外因、驱动力和入侵过程等方面综述了植物入侵机制的研究进展:(1)外来植物由于预适应性较强或由于杂交和多倍体化而具有较强的侵染力:(2)外来植物由于逃脱原生区域的自然天敌,或由于土著种竞争较弱、生物多样性较低、植食动物或疾病较少等导致的生物抵抗力较低,或因良好的资源可获得性及入侵植物的化感作用等造成新栖息地可侵人性的增加;(3)自然或人为引入外来植物及对新栖息地的扰动是植物入侵的驱动力;(4)外来植物可能通过基于事件的入侵、入侵崩溃和协同入侵等人侵过程机制实现其成功入侵,分析了各入侵机制对入侵植物防控、生态学和进化学研究意义以及待解决问题.结果表明,植物入侵机制高度复杂,不同的外来植物种、新柄息地类型及植物入侵的不同阶段,各入侵机制可能单独或共同作用,为针对性地设计植物入侵防控方案提供了理论支撑.最后对植物入侵机制理论及其在植物入侵预测、危险性分区和防控中的应用研究等进行了展望.     

武汉市城市绿化树种结构与分布特征分析

针对武汉市城市森林的抽样调查分析表明,城市树木树种构成集聚性明显而多样性相对较差、长势一般;城市扰动因素明显影响了树木的自然生长过程。在所调查的93种植物中,其总体多样性指数为0.727 8;行道绿地为0.187;公园绿地为4.296。结果表明武汉市城市森林的基本格局、树种结构,以及树种分布上均有待于改善。     

Bottom-up control of consumers leads to top-down indirect facilitation of invasive annual herbs in semiarid Chile

The abundance of exotic plants is thought to be limited by competition with resident species (including plants and generalist herbivores). In contrast, observations in semiarid Chile suggest that a native generalist rodent, the degu (Octodon degus), may be facilitating the expansion of exotic annual plants. We tested this hypothesis with a 20-year data set from a World Biosphere Reserve in mediterranean Chile. In this semiarid environment, rainfall varies annually and dramatically influences cover by both native and exotic annual plants; degu population density affects the composition and cover of exotic and native annual plants. In low-rainfall years, cover of both native and exotic herbs is extremely low. Higher levels of precipitation result in proportional increases in cover of all annual plants (exotic and native species), leading in turn to increases in degu population densities, at which point they impact native herbs in proportion to their greater cover, indirectly favoring the expansion of exotic plants. We propose that bottom-up control of consumers at our site results in top-down indirect facilitation of invasive annual herbs, and that this pattern may be general to other semiarid ecosystems.     

太原市空气中硫污染物在植物体内积累的研究

太原市是我国污染最严重的城市之一 ,SO2 是污染的主要因子。文章对该市 5 4科 12 1种绿化植物作了调查 ,测定比较了 44种植物叶片的含硫量 ,在一年时间内逐月测定了国槐树枝条和叶片的含硫量 ,分析了硫化物在树体内积累的动态规律 ,为利用绿化植物净化污染提供了科学依据     

Effects of Exotic Lonicera and Rhamnus on Songbird Nest Predation

Abstract: Habitat fragmentation and disturbance exacerbate the invasion of exotic plant species that, in turn, may attract nesting songbirds by providing a branch structure suitable for nest sites. We document that American Robin ( Turdus migratorius ) nests in two exotic plants, Lonicera maackii and Rhamnus cathartica , experienced higher predation than nests built in comparable native shrubs ( Crataegus, Viburnum ) and native tree species. This was due to a combination of lower nest height, the absence of sharp thorns on the exotic species, and perhaps a branch architecture that facilitated predator movement among the exotic species. In a more subtle interaction, nesting Wood Thrushes ( Hylocichla mustelina ) experienced apparent competition with robins for nest sites in Lonicera , and this interaction was further aggravated by an increased selectivity for Lonicera by nesting robins, possibly due to their early leaf flush and expansion. By documenting increased nest predation in songbirds nesting in exotic shrubs, our results suggest that restoring native plant communities may benefit the surrounding avian community.     

Increased plant size in exotic populations: a common-garden test with 14 invasive species

The "evolution of increased competitive ability" (EICA) hypothesis predicts that exotic species will adapt to reduced herbivore pressure by losing costly defenses in favor of competitive ability. Previous studies often support the prediction that plants from exotic populations will be less well defended than plants from native populations. However, results are mixed with respect to the question of whether plants from exotic populations have become more competitive. In a common-garden experiment involving plants from two native and two exotic populations of 14 different invasive species, we tested whether exotic plants generally grow larger than conspecific native plants, and whether patterns of relative growth depend on the intensity of competition. We found a quite consistent pattern of larger exotic than native plants, but only in the absence of competition. These results suggest that invasive species may often evolve increased growth, and that increased growth may facilitate adaptation to noncompetitive environments.     

Introduced Birds and the Fate of Hawaiian Rainforests

Abstract:  The Hawaiian Islands have lost nearly all their native seed dispersers, but have gained many frugivorous birds and fleshy-fruited plants through introductions. Introduced birds may not only aid invasions of exotic plants but also may be the sole dispersers of native plants. We assessed seed dispersal at the ecotone between native- and exotic-dominated forests and quantified bird diets, seed rain from defecated seeds, and plant distributions. Introduced birds were the primary dispersers of native seeds into exotic-dominated forests, which may have enabled six native understory plant species to become reestablished. Some native plant species are now as common in exotic forest understory as they are in native forest. Introduced birds also dispersed seeds of two exotic plants into native forest, but dispersal was localized or establishment minimal. Seed rain of bird-dispersed seeds was extensive in both forests, totaling 724 seeds of 9 native species and 2 exotics with over 85% of the seeds coming from native plants. Without suitable native dispersers, most common understory plants in Hawaiian rainforests now depend on introduced birds for dispersal, and these introduced species may actually facilitate perpetuation, and perhaps in some cases restoration, of native forests. We emphasize, however, that restoration of native forests by seed dispersal from introduced birds, as seen in this study, depends on the existence of native forests to provide a source of seeds and protection from the effects of ungulates. Our results further suggest that aggressive control of patches of non-native plants within otherwise native-dominated forests may be an important and effective conservation strategy.     

Complementary Roles of Home Gardens and Exotic Tree Plantations as Alternative Habitats for Plants of the Ethiopian Montane Rainforest

Abstract:  Many tropical forests have been converted for agri- or silviculture or a combination of both (agroforestry). Conservation at a landscape scale requires an understanding of the distribution and abundance of native biodiversity in these converted natural ecosystems, of which the knowledge is especially poor for African agroecosystems. We compared species density and species composition of four plant groups (trees and shrubs, epiphytic vascular plants, mosses, and liverworts) among three arboreal land-use types in southwestern Ethiopia (montane rainforest fragments, shade-tree coffee home gardens, and exotic tree plantations). Species density was significantly higher in forests than in coffee home gardens for all plant groups and in exotic tree plantations for all groups except mosses. Home gardens had more vascular epiphytic species than plantations, whereas the reverse was true for mosses and liverworts. The species composition of the forest plots was sometimes more similar to home-garden plots than plantation plots and sometimes vice versa. Fifteen forest plots had, however, cumulatively more species than a random selection of 15 nonforest (coffee home garden and plantation) plots, even if the 2 plot types complemented each other in terms of habitats for forest plants. Tree plantations dominated by Eucalyptus had many small trees and shrubs in common with forests, whereas plantations with Cupressus were important substrates for forests mosses and liverworts. Our results illustrate the importance of undisturbed forests habitats for conservation of species at a landscape scale and that different human-made land-use types may complement each other in their capacity as additional habitats for forest species.     

Estimating non-native plant richness with a species-accumulation model along roads

Monitoring non-native plant richness is important for biodiversity conservation and scientific research. The species-area model (SA model) has been used frequently to estimate the total species richness within a region. However, the conventional SA model may not provide robust estimations of non-native plant richness because the ecological processes associated with the accumulation of exotic and native plants may differ. Because roads strongly dictate the distributions of exotic plants, we propose a species-accumulation model along roads (SR model), rather than an SA model, to estimate the non-native plant richness within a region. Using 270 simulated data sets, we compared the differences in performance between the SR and SA models. A decision tree based on prediction accuracy was created to guide model application, which was validated using field data from 3 national nature reserves in 3 different provinces in China. The SR model significantly outperformed the SA model when non-native species were restricted to the roadsides and the proportion of uncommon exotic species was small. More importantly, the SR model accurately estimated the non-native plant richness in all field sites with an error of <1 species per site. We believe our new model meets the practical need to efficiently and robustly estimate non-native plant richness, which may facilitate effective biodiversity conservations and promote research on non-native plant invasion and vegetation dynamics.     

Human impacts, plant invasion, and imperiled plant species in California.

Invasive species are one of the fastest growing conservation problems. These species homogenize the world's flora and fauna, threaten rare and endemic species, and impose large economic costs. Here, we examine the distribution of 834 of the more than 1000 exotic plant taxa that have become established in California, USA. Total species richness increases with net primary productivity; however, the exotic flora is richest in low-lying coastal sites that harbor large numbers of imperiled species, while native diversity is highest in areas with high mean elevation. Weedy and invasive exotics are more tightly linked to the distribution of imperiled species than the overall pool of exotic species. Structural equation modeling suggests that while human activities, such as urbanization and agriculture, facilitate the initial invasion by exotic plants, exotics spread ahead of the front of human development into areas with high numbers of threatened native plants. The range sizes of exotic taxa are an order of magnitude smaller than for comparable native taxa. The current small range size of exotic species implies that California has a significant "invasion debt" that will be paid as exotic plants expand their range and spread throughout the state.     

Indirect Effects of Biological Control on Plant Diversity Vary across Sites in Montana Grasslands

Abstract:  Biological control with specialist, nonindigenous, herbivorous insects is an important option for controlling invasive exotic plants in wildlands and nature reserves. It is assumed that biological control agents will reduce the dominance of the target weed, thereby increasing the native diversity of the associated plant community. However, this hypothesis has rarely been tested. We introduced Aphthona nigriscutis into grassland sites infested with the invasive exotic species Euphorbia esula L. on a nature reserve in Montana (U.S.A.). Two sites with better soil had been treated previously with herbicide, whereas two other sites had not. We measured the density and biomass of Euphorbia vegetative and flowering stems and number of native and exotic shrubs, grass-like plants, and forbs in 48 microplots in Aphthona release and control macroplots at each site. After 5 years, Aphthona release was associated with a 33–39% decline in Euphorbia aboveground biomass compared with controls at all sites. Other effects of the biocontrol depended on the site. Biocontrol slowed the recovery of species diversity at the sites previously treated with herbicide but slowed the loss of diversity at sites without a history of herbicide. Biocontrol introduction was not associated with a disproportionate increase in nontarget exotic species. Release of Aphthona caused a decline in the biomass of flowering stems relative to controls at good-soil, previous-herbicide sites but was associated with a relative increase in flower stem mass at poor-soil, no-herbicide sites. Our results suggest that biocontrol reductions in weed dominance will not always be associated with increased species diversity. More emphasis should be placed on conserving desirable communities and less on simple weed control. Monitoring of community-level effects should accompany biocontrol introductions on nature reserves.