Phosphorus speciation and effects of environmental factors on release of phosphorus from sediments obtained from Taihu Lake,Tien Lake,and East Lake

Phosphorus is considered the primary nutrient limiting eutrophication. The release of phosphorus from sediments not only provides hydrophytes with essential nutrients, but can also produce entrophication in lakes. In this study, the sediment characteristics, phosphorus speciation, and environmental factors affecting phosphorus release from sediments from Taihu Lake, Tien Lake, and East Lake were investigated. The results indicated that phosphorus levels of sediments ranged from 647 ± 67 to 2343 ± 122 mg/kg. Inorganic phosphorus comprised the majority of total phosphorus. The main phosphorus speciation of sediments obtained from Taihu Lake and Tien Lake was Residual-P, and the main phosphorus speciation of sediment obtained from East Lake was NaOH-P. Phosphorus release occurred in acidic and alkaline conditions but more frequently under alkaline conditions. The amount of phosphorus released from the sediments increased as the disturbing intensity rose. In addition, less phosphorus was released in natural than anaerobic conditions. The amount of phosphorus released was elevated as temperature increased.     

竹银水库库底氮磷营养盐释放潜力研究

竹银水库是珠海新建的目前最大的对澳门供水水库,总库容达4500×104 m3。氮和磷是浮游植物生长繁殖的主要限制性营养元素,氮、磷的供应很大程度决定着水生生态系统的初级生产力和有机质的微生物循环,而水体氮、磷营养盐的一个重要来源就是沉积物,即底泥。以竹银水库蓄水前库内不同区域的底泥为对象,对水库内代表不同区域的10个位点底泥进行采样,通过水库蓄水模型装置,模拟无氧条件下各区域底泥在蓄水后短期内向上覆水体释放氮、磷营养盐的情况,并对释放到水体中的总氮、总磷进行2天一次的定期监测,评估该水库底泥氮、磷营养盐的释放潜力。结果表明：竹银水库库底氮、磷营养盐的释放存在空间差异,农业种植区和畜牧养殖区附近的采样点具有较大的总氮和总磷释放潜力;各采样点的总氮平均释放潜力达15 g·m-3,总磷平均释放潜力达30 mg·m-3,磷释放的风险远低于氮,磷仍将是竹银水库最主要的限制性营养元素;预计该水库在蓄水后10 d内最多可释放近1.7×105 kg的氮和1.5×103 kg左右的磷,按满库容计算,则底泥营养盐的释放使水库水体氮、磷营养盐质量浓度分别提高4.25 mg·L^-1和0.038 mg·L^-1。建议对不同区域性质的底泥采取具有针对性的处理措施：对农业种植区与牲畜养殖场区域的底泥应以清淤为主,对于其他区域可采取底泥覆盖等技术降低其营养盐释放风险。     

水动力过程后湖泊水体磷素变化及其对富营养化的贡献

对水动力过程后水体磷素的变化作了研究，并就其对富营养化的贡献作了分析探讨。研究表明，水动力过程后，TP的质量浓度因重力对含磷颗粒的作用而随沉降时间的延长而渐渐变小，且初期幅度大，后期则趋于平稳；而TDP的质量浓度则在初期因悬浮物的脱附作用而增大，继而随着悬浮物的粘带作用沉降而减少，但经足够长的静置沉降，其又由于水底沉积物的释放作用而增加，有初期“汇”，后期“源”的特点。而分析则表明：水动力过程后。水体磷素会因沉降而变小，但在相当长(50min)的时间里，其质量浓度仍处于高值，从而为湖泊的富营养化提供了最为必要的营养成分，加上不停地受到包括风动力在内的影响，这应是浅水湖泊富营养化，并难以治理的根源。     

厌氧条件下剩余污泥中磷及相关指标的释放和变化规律

污水处理过程中产生的剩余污泥富含大量的氮磷元素,从剩余污泥中回收磷是解决磷资源日益缺乏的一种有效途径。探寻出剩余污泥中磷的释放规律是实现剩余污泥中磷回收的首要前提。因此,以实际污水处理厂污泥为研究对象,建立污泥停留时间为5d的中试模型系统。通过系统分析5d停留时间的厌氧条件下污泥中污泥浓度、上清液总磷和氨氮浓度的变化情况,为后续的污泥磷回收提供支撑条件。研究结果表明,在中试系统污泥停留时间5d的厌氧条件下,剩余污泥微生物衰亡自溶或被分解,胞内物质释放,从而使固态物质转化为液态,污泥中磷及相关的氮等物质得到了较大的释放,污泥上清液总磷和氨氮质量浓度可分别达到100和40 mg·L^-1以上。所释放出的氮磷浓度足以满足鸟粪石回收氮磷方法所需的最低经济性要求,为污泥进行厌氧消化后采用鸟粪石的方法回收释放的氮磷提供了重要的基础依据。研究中还发现5d停留时间下, SS和VSS都有不同程度的降低,二者分别减少8.34%和10.14%以上,其中VSS的减少量占SS减少量的65%左右。同时,进入厌氧反应系统的初始污泥浓度对于氮磷的释放有着较大的影响,反应系统的SS在6300~7200 mg·L^-1的条件下,磷和氮的单位质量污泥释放量达到最佳,分别达到单位干污泥0.015和0.006 mg·mg^-1。研究结果为剩余污泥中回收氮磷提供了重要的依据。     

Mechanisms of production and fate of organic phosphorus in the northern Adriatic Sea

In the period from 1980 to 1984 organic phosphorus, nutrients, primary production rates (¹⁴C), chlorophyll a (chl a) standing crops, and basic oceanographic parameters were measured during 23 cruises at six stations in the open waters of the northern Adriatic Sea. These waters are significantly influenced by polluted Po River discharge. Organic phosphorus was correlated with several parameters which characterize phytoplankton activity and organic matter decomposition processes. In the late winter-spring period, organic phosphorus is produced during phytoplankton blooms. It is hypothesized that microzooplankton grazing is the main factor increasing the organic phosphorus concentrations in summer (up to 1.1 mol 1^-1). Fall and winter had much lower values (below 0.3 mol 1^-1) due to remineralization processes and an increased water mass exchange between the northern and central Adriatic regions. The direct contribution of organic phosphorus by freshwater discharge was not found to be significant. The higher organic phosphorus concentrations that can occur in low salinity waters are most likely due to their increased capability to support primary production.     

疏浚对大连湾生物可利用磷的水体浓度和沉积物-水界面交换通量的影响

利用FeO/CAM复合膜对大连湾已疏浚区与疏浚影响区海水水体中生物可利用磷(Bio-available phosphorus,BAP)浓度和水质指标进行调查,并通过实验室培养法、间隙水浓度梯度估算法和薄膜扩散梯度技术(Diffusivegradients in thin films technique,DGT)法分别测定沉积物-水界面间BAP交换通量.结果表明,由于受到调查海区附近正在进行的疏浚工程的影响,疏浚影响区水体中浊度和悬浮物含量平均值高于已疏浚区,且疏浚影响区水体中BAP的平均浓度(22.2μg L-1)高于已疏浚水体(19.5μg L-1);而疏浚影响区叶绿素a和溶解氧的浓度明显低于已疏浚区.沉积物-水界面间BAP交换通量研究结果显示,BAP主要由沉积物向上覆水中扩散,沉积物是BAP交换的源;间隙水浓度梯度估算法和DGT法测定的BAP交换通量相似,但远低于实验室培养法测定值;BAP在已疏浚区沉积物-水界面间的交换通量小于疏浚影响区,说明在一定时间内疏浚可以减弱沉积物内源磷的释放.     

蔬菜地土壤磷提取及模拟径流中磷素潜在流失的影响

蔬菜地磷素流失是一种典型农业非点源污染类型。通过观测地表径流中溶解态反应磷(DRP)、生物可利用磷(BAP)可以监测土壤磷素流失程度。受到各种客观条件的限制,这两个指标比较难于获取,而土壤中的总磷(TP)、Olsen(OP)、Mehlich-1(M-1P)和水溶性磷(Pw)可以通过常规分析手段获取。本文选取27个典型蔬菜样地,分析测定各样地土壤中的总磷(TP)、Olsen(OP)、Mehlich-1(M-1P)和水溶性磷(Pw)四个磷提取变量,采用了经典方法计算土壤磷流失潜能指标——磷吸持饱和度(DPS)。同时采用模拟径流实验得出典型蔬菜样地地表径流样中溶解态反应磷(DRP)、生物可利用磷(BAP)。结果表明:M-1P、Pw与DPS呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别达到了0.85和0.74(p<0.01);而M-1P、Pw与DRP浓度相关系数(r2=0.843和0.786,p<0.01)大于TP、OP与DRP浓度的相关系数(r2=0.554和0.722,p<0.01)。结论认为,通过测定M-1P、Pw和计算DPS能比较准确、便捷地预测土壤径流磷素流失风险程度。     

A submodel for anaerobic mud-water exchange of phosphate

A submodel for anaerobic mud-water exchange of phosphate is obtained from experiments in the laboratory. Phosphorus in the sediment can be divided into exchangeable and non-exchangeable phosphorus. The exchangeable phosphorus is decomposed in accordance with a first-order reaction. The phosphorus moves, after the decomposition process, from the interstitial water to the water phase, in accordance with a diffusion expression. The yearly increase of the sediment was determined by means of the lead concentration as a function of the depth.     

微生物作用对太湖沉积物磷释放影响的模拟实验研究

以太湖沉积物为研究对象,通过沉积物-湖水体系的好氧厌氧连续模拟实验,研究添加和不添加抑菌剂条件下该体系对磷的释放和积聚的影响,以及微生物作用下内源磷的释放过程.结果表明:好氧环境下,微生物作用有助于磷的积聚;而在厌氧环境下,微生物作用强化了磷的释放.沉积物磷形态的分析结果表明微生物作用下,铁结合态的磷更容易释放出来.     

Cation exchange resin supported nanoscale zero-valent iron for removal of phosphorus in rainwater runoff

Self-made cation exchange resin supported nanoscale zero-valent iron （R-nZVI） was used to remove phosphorus in rainwater runoff. 80% of phosphorus in rainwater runoff from grassland was removed with an initial concentration of 0.72 mg. L-1 phosphorus when the dosage of R-nZVl is 8 g per liter rainwater, while only 26% of phosphorus was removed when using cation exchange resin without supported nanoscale zero-valent iron under the same condition. The adsorption capacity of R-nZVI increased up to 185 times of that of the cation exchange resin at a saturated equilibrium phosphorous concentration of 0.42 mg. L-1. Various techniques were implemented to characterize the R-nZVI and explore the mechanism of its removal of phosphate. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） indicated that new crystal had been formed on the surface of R-nZVI. The result from inductive coupled plasma （ICP） indicated that 2.1% of nZVI was loaded on the support material. The specific surface area was increased after the load of nanoscale zero-valent iron （nZVI）, according to the measurement of BET-N2 method. The result of specific surface area analysis also proved that phosphorus was removed mainly through chemical adsorption process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） analysis showed that the new product obtained from chemical reaction between phosphate and iron was ferrous phosphate.     

The fly ash influenced the heavy metal status of the soil and the seeds of sunflower. A case study

In this study, four cultivars of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) were grown in the sandy loam soil, supplemented with graded (v/v) quantity (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100%) of the fly ash, released by the combustion of the coal from the thermal power plant. The presence of fly ash in the soil increased its porosity, water holding capacity, pH, E.C., C.E.C., the content of sulphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and various trace elements. However, in the seeds, except Fe, Pb, Mn and Zn, and other heavy metals remained untraced up to 40% of the fly ash, above that their quantity slightly increased but the values are very much under the permissible limits.     

曝气复氧对富营养化水体底泥氮磷释放的影响

采用实验室模拟，研究了曝气复氧对富营养化水体底泥氮磷释放的影响，结果表明，①溶解氧是影响底泥氮磷释放的重要因素，厌氧状态会加速底泥氮磷的释放。②正常条件下曝气复氧可以有效的控制底泥总磷的释放；曝气条件下高pH值无法控制底泥总磷的释放，搅动会对底泥总磷的释放产生轻微的影响，上覆水总磷浓度较高时底泥会发生吸磷现象，而温度则影响较小。③正常条件下曝气复氧可以控制比较封闭水体底泥氨氮的释放；曝气条件下温度对底泥氨氮和总氮的释放影响较大，即温度越高，抑制氨氮和总氮的释放效果越好，且低温会导致底泥氨氮和总氮的大量释放；曝气条件下搅动导致底泥释放更多的氨氮和总氮。     

A vertical-compressed three-dimensional ecological model in Lake Taihu, China

A three-dimensional ecological model on the basis of the analyses of environmental characteristics is set up for Lake Taihu, one of the largest shallow lakes in China. The hydrodynamic processes, nutrient cycling, chemical processes and biological processes are integrated in the model. Model state variables include: water current, surface displacement, nutrients of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as their different forms such as ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, phosphate phosphorus, etc., biomasses of macroplankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish, and also the nutrient levels of macroplankton and phytoplankton. A nutrient budget and sediment transformation are also coupled in the model. The data from January 17, 1997 to January 18, 1998 are use to calibrate the model. The model results have shown good agreement with the observations. It implies that the model could be used for the lake environmental management and research for examining the processes and determining the water quality. The reasons of deviations between the modelled results and the observed values are also discussed. There are six factors that explain the deviations of the modelled results from the observed values and they can be grouped into two sets. One set of problems is associated with the standard deviation introduced by sampling and analyses. The second set of problems can be solved by introduction of processes lacking in the present model (resuspension, phytoplankton transportation mode under the wind with low speed, shifts in species composition and varied size of phytoplankton and zooplankton). The latter two processes should be included in the model at a later stage by integration of a structurally dynamic approach into the three-dimensional model.     

Elemental composition of Jamaican foods 1: A survey of five food crop categories

The concentrations of 27 elements in Jamaican food categories consisting of fruit, legumes, leafy and root vegetables and other root crops are reported. The main analytical techniques used were neutron activation analysis and flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results are compared, where possible, with values from Denmark, the United Kingdom, the United States and Nigeria, and with some regulatory limits. Over 75% of the results for antimony, arsenic, barium, cerium, thorium and uranium were below the respective sample detection limits but even among these, some of the maximum values observed indicate that further examination may be useful for those foods grown in the regions of highest uptake and consumed in large amounts. The other elements reported are bromine, cadmium, calcium, caesium, cerium, chromium, copper, europium, hafnium, iron, lanthanum, lead, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, rubidium, scandium, samarium, sodium, strontium, thorium, uranium, and zinc. Many of these elements occur at concentration levels above those reported from the other countries but it seems unlikely that most of these will contribute significantly to public health risk. However, at this stage cadmium clearly appears to be the element of greatest concern in the Jamaican food chain. The observed range of cadmium concentrations suggests that factors such as land selection, coupled perhaps where necessary, with suitably modified agricultural practices, is a feasible way to reduce the cadmium content of certain local foods.     

Machine learning and computational chemistry to improve biochar fertilizers: a review

Traditional fertilizers are highly inefficient, with a major loss of nutrients and associated pollution. Alternatively, biochar loaded with phosphorous is a sustainable fertilizer that improves soil structure, stores carbon in soils, and provides plant nutrients in the long run, yet most biochars are not optimal because mechanisms ruling biochar properties are poorly known. This issue can be solved by recent developments in machine learning and computational chemistry. Here we review phosphorus-loaded biochar with emphasis on computational chemistry, machine learning, organic acids, drawbacks of classical fertilizers, biochar production, phosphorus loading, and mechanisms of phosphorous release. Modeling techniques allow for deciphering the influence of individual variables on biochar, employing various supervised learning models tailored to different biochar types. Computational chemistry provides knowledge on factors that control phosphorus binding, e.g., the type of phosphorus compound, soil constituents, mineral surfaces, binding motifs, water, solution pH, and redox potential. Phosphorus release from biochar is controlled by coexisting anions, pH, adsorbent dosage, initial phosphorus concentration, and temperature. Pyrolysis temperatures below 600 °C enhance functional group retention, while temperatures below 450 °C increase plant-available phosphorus. Lower pH values promote phosphorus release, while higher pH values hinder it. Physical modifications, such as increasing surface area and pore volume, can maximize the adsorption capacity of phosphorus-loaded biochar. Furthermore, the type of organic acid affects phosphorus release, with low molecular weight organic acids being advantageous for soil utilization. Lastly, biochar-based fertilizers release nutrients 2–4 times slower than conventional fertilizers.

     

pH和添加有机物料对3种酸性土壤中磷吸附-解吸的影响

研究了pH和添加有机物料对红壤、砖红壤和水稻土中磷吸附-解吸的影响。结果表明,砖红壤和水稻土中磷的吸附量和解吸量均随pH的升高而降低,pH对红壤中磷吸附和解吸的影响很小。土壤阳离子交换量(CEC),铁、铝氧化物含量和有机质含量是影响磷吸附的主要因素。红壤的CEC和有机质含量很低,铁、铝氧化物含量高,因而对磷的吸附量最高。砖红壤和水稻土CEC较高,土壤表面对磷的排斥作用较大,而且较高含量的有机质覆盖了土壤表面的磷吸附位,因此这2种土壤对磷的吸附量低于红壤。添加稻草并进行恒温培养可使红壤和水稻土对磷的吸附量显著减少,但对砖红壤中磷吸附的影响较小。添加稻草使土壤磷的解吸量和解吸率增加,从而增加了土壤中吸附性磷的活性。     

广州市流花湖表层底泥磷的形态与生物可利用性

应用经改进的Psenner连续提取法对广州市流花湖表层底泥中的磷进行了连续提取和测定。结果表明,流花湖底泥中总磷含量在1.28~2.15 mg/g,流花湖总磷含量最高在L2点,最低在L3点。湖泊表层底泥总磷主要由金属氧化物结合态磷、有机磷和钙结合态磷组成,可还原态磷和弱吸附态磷仅占很少部分。不同形态磷的含量顺序是金属氧化物结合态磷NaOH-P>有机磷Org-P>钙结合态磷HCl-P>可还原态磷BD-P>弱吸附态磷NH4Cl-P。底泥中生物可利用性磷的含量达0.76~1.00 mg/g,平均含量为0.91 mg/g,占总磷的45.47%~64.71%。说明流花湖底泥的磷有较好的生物可利用性,将为水体藻类大量繁殖提供潜在的有利条件,因此在湖泊治理恢复过程中,应该采样有效的措施来控制底泥磷的内源释放。     

Effects of fertilization on phosphorus distribution in water-stable aggregates of soils with different properties

Aggregation in agricultural soils is considered as an important physical process affected by fertilizers or manure addition. Therefore, the effects of two fertilizers, mineral and manure were assessed using three soils and correlate the soil properties on phosphorus distribution in water-stable aggregate (WSA). Application of manure increased the proportion of WSA (>5 mm) in all soil types, and mineral fertilizer (MF) slightly increased the proportion of microaggregates in entisols and isohumosols. Both fertilizers increased total phosphorus in all WSA sizes, and the highest values were observed in those of ferrosols and isohumosols. In entisols, the highest total phosphorus value was found in microaggregates in water-soluble form. Manure enhanced the organic phosphorus in all soil types, and MF resulted in enrichment of organic phosphorus in WSA (<2 mm) of entisols.     

Respiration and excretion by the ctenophore Mnepiopsis leidyi

Respiration (dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide) and excretion (dissolved organic carbon, inorganic and organic nitrogen and phosphorus) rates were measured for a variety of sizes of Mnemiopsis leidyi over a temperature range of 10.3° to 24.5°C. Both respiration and excretion rates were a direct linear function of animal weight and very temperature sensitive (Q₁₀4). Oxygen uptake ranged from 155 to 489 g at O/(g dry weight) day^-1 and carbon dioxide release from 43 to 166 M. Organic carbon made up about 38% of the total carbon released. Inorganic nitrogen excretion, exclusively in the form of ammonium, comprised 54% of the total nitrogen release and ranged from 10 to 36 M NH₄/(g dry weight) day^-1. Average release of dissolved primary amines (expressed as glycine equivalents) equaled 43% of the organic nitrogen fraction. Inorganic phosphorus release ranged from 2.0 to 4.9 M/(g dry weight) day^-1 and made up about 72% of the total phosphorus loss. The turnover of elements in the body was calculated as 5 to 19% per day for carbon and nitrogen, depending on the temperature, and an even higher 20 to 48% per day for phosphorus. These values are comparable to rates observed for small, active zooplankton.