Large scale systems approach to estuarine water quality modelling with multiple constituents

A matrix model for simulating concentration distributions of water quality constituents with coupled reactions in an estuary is developed from a large scale systems approach. The model is an approximation to the set of coupled partial differential equations describing the process. This steady state approximation is formulated as a large algebraic system consisting of coupled subsystems. The large algebraic system is solved by an efficient iterative method. Results utilizing actual field data are presented for the nitrogen cyle with five constituent forms of nitrogen for Corpus Christi Bay, Texas. Simulated and observed concentrations are compared.     

Rookery Bay and Naples Bay circulation simulations: Applications to tides and fresh water inflow regulation

A three-dimensional, baroclinic numerical circulation model is applied to the combined Rookery Bay and Naples Bay estuary complex. We focus on two aspects of the model simulations: the tidal circulation, for which we have observations of sea level and currents at several stations spanning Rookery Bay, and the salinity variations, for which we have observations at one station. After establishing model veracity through quantitative comparisons with observations, we use the model to address salinity changes that could arise due to regulatory fresh water flow rate modifications. Two different sets of experiments are performed. The first considers the salinity changes in Rookery Bay by increasing the fresh water flow rates into Henderson Creek through the addition of either 1.4 m³/s or 2.8 m³/s to the ambient flow rates. The second considers the salinity changes in Naples Bay by decreasing the fresh water flow rates through the subtraction of 9.9 m³/s from the Golden Gate Canals’ ambient flow rates. All of these scenarios result in significant, quantifiable salinity changes within the Rookery Bay and Naples Bay estuary complexes, demonstrating the environmental management utility of using high resolution, three-dimensional, numerical circulation models, as applied herein, for assessing the water properties of complex, multi-connected estuarine systems.     

Effect of temperature on seawater desalination-water quality analyses for desalinated seawater for its use as drinking and irrigation water

The effect of feed seawater temperature on the quality of product water in a reverse osmosis process was investigated using typical seawater at Urla Bay, Izmir region, Turkey. The tests were carried out at different feed seawater temperatures (11–23°C) using two RO modules with one membrane element each. A number of variables, including pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity, rejection percentage of a number of ions (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, HCO₃ ⁻, and SO₄ ²⁻), and the levels of boron and turbidities in collected permeates, were measured. The suitability of these permeates as irrigation and drinking water was checked by comparison with water quality standards.     

River inflow, estuarine salinity, and Carolina wolfberry fruit abundance: linking abiotic drivers to Whooping Crane food

The supply of freshwater to estuarine ecosystems is a critical factor in maintaining the overall health and organization of coastal marshes. Specifically along the Texas Gulf coast, the coupled effects of decreased freshwater inflows to the estuary and natural processes (e.g., precipitation, wind, and tides) can exert significant salt-stress on coastal marsh vegetation. In this project we sought to quantitatively link the inflow of freshwater to the estuary (San Antonio Bay) with Aransas National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) coastal marsh salinity and assess the influence of salinity and inundation on Carolina wolfberry (Lycium carolinianum Walt.) phenology (leaf and fruit abundance). The Carolina wolfberry is one of the more common high marsh plant species found at ANWR and has been shown to be a key food source for endangered Whooping Cranes which inhabit the coastal marshes of the ANWR each fall/winter. Results from our study show that periods of decreased freshwater inflows to the estuary correlated with increased marsh salinity at the ANWR. Wolfberry plants at ANWR marsh sites displayed increased fruit abundance during years which had lower mean summer time salinity (June, July, and August) in San Antonio Bay; conversely, during years of increased bay salinity during the same summertime months, wolfberry plants showed decreased fruit abundance. Through the continued validation of the relationship between inflows and coastal marsh salinity, we hope to provide additional insight into how wolfberry phenology varies inter-annually across both salinity and inundation regimes and how freshwater inflows may affect food availability for the endangered Whooping Crane.     

The common mussel Mytilus edulis as an indicator of pollution by zinc,cadmium, lead and copper. II. Relationship of metals in the mussel to those discharged by industry

Concentrations of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper were determined in whole soft parts of the common mussel Mytilus edulis (L.) sampled in Port Phillip Bay and Western Port Bay, both in Victoria, Australia. The mussels were sampled according to procedures suggested by previous studies in order to eliminate the effects of natural environmental variables. Results of the analytical studies were compared to data on the quantities of trace metals known to be discharged by industry into the catchments of each Bay. This allowed an evaluation of the indicator ability of the mussel without the need for multiple analyses of water samples. The results suggest that the mussel is capable of acting as an efficient time-integrated indicator of zinc, cadmium and lead over a wide variety of environmental conditions. Although additional variables may remain to be investigated, the mussel is recommended as an alternative to the analysis of water and sediments. With further development this organism may also be useful for monitoring industrial effluent characteristics at the discharge site, allowing rapid, reliable and inexpensive control of water quality. In contrast, the mussel is of doubtful use as an indicator of copper; other indicator types such as macroalgae may be better-suited to the study of this element.     

Relevant variables to predict macrophyte communities in running waters

In both predictive theoretical and empirical models for aquatic plant communities in running waters, the development and competition are many times explained in terms of nutrients. Minerals necessary for growth are generally not assumed to be limiting, although they influence the important pH-value. At the same time it is known that factors such as oxygen-concentration, solar energy, salinity, dimension of the system and soil characteristics (including river sediments) influence the development of the community, and should be considered in modelling. Effects of water quantity and water quality on macrophytes are reviewed. These conditions are caused by processes in the landscape, characterised by a set of nested variables which explain the distribution of macrophyte species and communities. Relevant variables are described and grouped on three scales: regional, local and site conditions. Case studies with direct and indirect gradient analysis are presented. Statistical tests (stepwise regression with forward selection) reveal that each species distribution is explained by a characteristic set of relevant variables, ranging from soil type and dimension of the system, to nutrient and salinity concentration.     

Different salinity tolerance mechanisms in Atlantic and Chesapeake Bay conspecific oysters: glycine betaine and amino acid pool variations

Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) collected in 1989 from several sites within the Chesapeake Bay have narrower salinity tolerances than conspecific oysters collected in 1989 from several Atlantic coast sites (Georgia to Cape Cod). The basis of this physiological difference appears to be the biochemical mechanisms that control cellular osmolality following salinity stress. When adapted to the same salinity, the amino acid pools of both gill and adductor muscles of Atlantic oysters are larger than those of Bay oysters and different in composition. The Atlantic oyster tissues rely primarily on taurine for salinity tolerance, while the Bay oyster tissues have relatively less taurine, depending instead upon alanine, glycine and proline to adapt to high salinity. In addition, Atlantic oyster gill and adductor have 10 to 25 times the glycine betaine concentrations of these tissues from Bay oysters, depending upor the salinity of acclimation. The betaine concentration varies with salinity in Atlantic oysters, but does not change in Bay oysters. The results suggest that these biochemical differences are the basis of the narrower salinity tolerance in Bay oysters. The biochemical differences may reflect genetic differences between Bay and Atlantic oysters.     

浅水流动有限体积法/Osher格式的二维水流-水质模拟

应用无结构网格有限体积法 /Osher格式的二维水流 -水质耦合数值模型 ,采用黎曼近似解计算模拟区域水量、动量及污染物输送通量。通过对长江南京八卦洲江段浓度场的模拟计算 ,其结果与遥感卫星图片确定的污染带分布相吻合 ,证实了模型的合理性和模拟能力     

Use of computed tomography imaging for quantifying coarse roots, rhizomes, peat, and particle densities in marsh soils

Computed tomography (CT) imaging has been used to describe and quantify subtidal, benthic animals such as polychaetes, amphipods, and shrimp. Here, for the first time, CT imaging is used to quantify wet mass of coarse roots, rhizomes, and peat in cores collected from organic-rich (Jamaica Bay, New York) and mineral (North Inlet, South Carolina) Spartina alterniflora soils. Image analysis software was coupled with the CT images to measure abundance and diameter of the coarse roots and rhizomes in marsh soils. Previously, examination of marsh roots and rhizomes was limited to various hand-sieving methods that were often time-consuming, tedious, and error prone. CT imaging can discern the coarse roots, rhizomes, and peat based on their varying particle densities. Calibration rods composed of materials with standard densities (i.e., air, water, colloidal silica, and glass) were used to operationally define the specific x-ray attenuations of the coarse roots, rhizomes, and peat in the marsh cores. Significant regression relationships were found between the CT-determined wet mass of the coarse roots and rhizomes and the hand-sieved dry mass of the coarse roots and rhizomes in both the organic-rich and mineral marsh soils. There was also a significant relationship between the soil percentage organic matter and the CT-determined peat particle density among organic-rich and mineral soils. In only the mineral soils, there was a significant relationship between the soil percentage organic matter and the CT-determined peat wet mass. Using CT imaging, significant positive nitrogen fertilization effects on the wet masses of the coarse roots, rhizomes, and peat, and the abundance and diameter of rhizomes were measured in the mineral soils. In contrast, a deteriorating salt marsh island in Jamaica Bay had significantly less mass of coarse roots and rhizomes at depth (10-20 cm), and a significantly lower abundance of roots and rhizomes compared with a stable marsh. However, the diameters of the rhizomes in the deteriorating marsh were significantly greater than in the stable marsh. CT imaging is a rapid approach to quantify coarse roots, rhizomes, peat, and soil particle densities in coastal wetlands, but the method is unable at this time to quantify fine roots.     

Post tsunami mangrove evaluation in coastal vicinity of Andaman Islands,India

The present study was carried out to determine the mangrove area water quality, mangrove diversity and density at Minnie Bay, Lalaji Bay and Aerial Bay (Andaman Islands, India). The physicochemical parameters such as salinity, nitrate, inorganic phosphate and total phosphorus varied significantly. Mangrove diversity was high at Minnie Bay while density at Aerial Bay. Rhizophora mucronata dominated at all three sites during the study period. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′?=?2.261) and Pielou’s evenness (J′?=?0.8348) were high at Minnie Bay. The higher species density cover (5.679 Nos./m²) was recorded at Aerial Bay. Bray-Curtis cluster analysis showed 63.35 % similarity and formed two clusters. Though uplift and subsidence of coastal land due to the Mw 9.3 Sumatra earthquake in 2004 has affected the mangrove vegetation, its rejuvenation was observed in the newly formed inter-tidal areas due to changes in coastal geomorphology. The comparative study on physicochemical parameters, mangrove coverage and conservation are discussed in detail.     

胶州湾多毛类环节动物数量分布与环境因子的关系

根据1998~2002年胶州湾10个站各季度大型底栖动物调查结果,讨论了多毛类环节动物在各站出现种数、生物量、栖息密度与环境因子的关系.结果表明,海底底质是影响多毛类数量分布与变化的重要因子,沙质软泥有利于多毛类生长,而粗沙砾石底质多毛类分布较少;春季多毛类种数、生物量和栖息密度均较高;在一定条件下,盐度是多毛类的限制因子,当盐度升高时,其生物量和栖息密度呈增加趋势.图2表6参14     

大亚湾浮游植物群落结构变化及其对水温上升的响应

大亚湾核电站1994年建成运行。文章研究大亚湾长时期的生态和环境变化,分析大亚湾浮游植物群落结构变化与环境变化,特别是水温上升的相关性。研究显示,网采浮游植物种类数目在1994年后减少了16种;1994—2004年间,网采浮游植物细胞相对密度以2.13×107m^-3·a^-1的速率下降,而在1985—2004年间核电站建站的下降速率为2.85×106m^-3·a^-1;与1982年和1994年相比,1998年的浮游植物群落优势种中细胞个体相对较大的种的比重下降,细胞个体相对较小的种的比重上升;从1985年到2003年,叶绿素a（Chl-a）质量浓度的上升速率为0.069mg·m^-3·a^-1,而1994年到2003年的上升速率加快,为0.076mg·m^3·a^-1。与此同时,大亚湾的水温在1994年后明显上升,海水盐度、溶解氧（DO）、化学耗氧量（COD）、和营养盐在1994年后变化幅度也增大。研究结果揭示,核电站热排放导致的水温上升是影响大亚湾浮游植物群落结构的主要因素。     

Vertical distribution of early and competent larvae of Concholepas concholepas in two systems of Chilean inland seas

The transport of marine invertebrate larvae is strongly influenced by their distribution in the water column, which could be affected by the biological features of the larvae and environmental variables. Larvae can modify their swimming behavior throughout their planktonic cycle, thereby changing the observed distributional patterns. This ability, coupled with oceanographic features, could induce landward or seaward transport. We studied the vertical distribution of C. concholepas larval stages in two differently stratified systems in Chilean inland seas; Refugio Channel (a strongly stratified channel, where previously has been described as a frontal system) and Guaitecas (a gently stratified system). Combinations of 12–24 h larval collection experiments were done simultaneously with fixed temperature and salinity profiles; meteorological data were also obtained. The results suggest that both salinity and day period influence the C. concholepas distributional patterns in the water column. Early veliger and competent larvae are concentrated in different parts of the water column, probably related to their transport capacities. The upper layer of the water column at the Refugio site, unlike the Guaitecas site, showed a stratified regime, which could affect larval density and larval length between the two sites. Finally, our results suggest that Refugio may be a sink habitat for C. concholepas.     

Elevated salinity and isotopic composition of fish otolith carbonate: stock delineation of pink snapper, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pagrus auratus</Emphasis>, in Shark Bay,Western Australia

Analysis of stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon in the otolith carbonate of pink snapper, Pagrus auratus, from several locations in Shark Bay, Western Australia, indicated that snapper are highly location specific. The hypersaline (36 to >60‰) Shark Bay, on the coast of Western Australia, generated strongly characteristic isotopic signatures in the otolith carbonate of snapper collected from the various locations indicating low levels of individual movement of the species. Oxygen isotopes showed enrichment in ¹⁸O in otolith carbonate with salinity (0.10: Δ δ¹⁸O/Δ salinity ‰) typical for the evaporation of seawater. The enrichment in ¹³C (up to 1.75‰) was attributed to the incorporation of metabolically derived CO₂ from an enrichment of ¹³C in the food web within Shark Bay. This was possibly a result of lower concentrations of dissolved CO₂ with increasing salinity causing a reduction in isotope fractionation during photosynthesis. Results complement recent genetic and tagging studies and provide further evidence of the complex nature of snapper stock structure in the Shark Bay region. Published online: 17 July 2002     

Monitoring campaign as ICM tools for Tokyo Bay

On 26 March 2003, the Tokyo Bay Renaissance Promotion Council, composed of six central government agencies and eight regional government bodies endorsed an “Action Plan for Tokyo Bay Renaissance”. Under the action plan, the monitoring campaign of bay environment has been started in 2008. Dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, and temperature were monitored in sea area, chemical oxygen demand, temperature, and discharge were monitored in river area. These data sets show a detailed snap shot of hypoxic water occurrence in the inner part of the bay. A series of environment maps for Tokyo Bay have been published for sharing the data. For example, in 2012, goby census has been implemented to show importance of biological – environmental relations. Participants of the census are 240, and the more than 8,000 data of fished gobies has been corrected. It clearly shows relation between growth and special environment variation. From just few trial of the campaigns are not enough to answer all questions, nevertheless, these trials shows its importance and efficiency on bay environment monitoring and management as one of the ICM tools.     

Larvae of deep-sea fishes (Stomiatoidea) from Biscayne Bay,Florida, USA,and their ecological significance

Twenty stomiatoid fish larvae (3.1 to 21,9 mm) belonging to the genera Bathophilus, Cyclothone, and Stomias were collected in plankton nets from surface waters over depths of 3 to 4 m from Biscayne Bay, Florida, USA. The adults are mesopelagic in the open water of the Florida Current and, therefore, these larvae were presumably advected in parcels of high salinity water into the shallows of Biscayne Bay by winds, tides, or currents. The presence of these larvae suggest that sewage discharged into the Florida Current may be recycling into coastal waters as well as into Biscayne Bay.Scientific Contribution No. 1403, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. The support of Environmental Protection Agency Contract FW QA 18050 DIU, Water Quality Office, Division of Water Quality Research is gratefully acknowledged.     

The Water Quality of Kingston Harbour: Evaluating the Use of the Planktonic Community and Traditional Water Quality Indices

Abstract

Kingston Harbour has been experiencing increased levels of organic pollution since initial ecological assessments in 1971. to develop a new baseline of eutrophication in the Harbour 20 years later, and determine the most appropriate indices to be used in the continued monitoring the area, the water quality of Kingston Harbour was reassessed between December 1992 and 1993, by contemporaneous sampling of traditional water column parameters and planktonic communities at 28 stations within the Harbour. Indices used for water quality assessment were temperature, salinity, light penetration, dissolved oxygen, BOD and nutrients (nitrates-N, phosphate-P and ammonia-N). Results indicated that the planktonic community provided the most reliable index of increased eutrophication and changes in water quality. While physical variables indicated little change in Harbour waters and chemical variables indicated significant but erratic changes, the planktonic community displayed the classic characteristics of eutrophication. Phytoplankton biomass (a maximum of 148 mg m^?3 chlorophyll a) was 5 to 10 times greater than in 1971 while zooplankton abundances (maximum of 80,000 animals m^?3) were 4 times greater. in both cases the community composition had altered and there were fewer taxa than previously found.     

Anchovy (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Engraulis encrasicolus</Emphasis>) egg density measurements in the Bay of Biscay: evidence for the spatial variation in egg density with sea surface salinity

Knowledge of the pelagic vertical distribution of fish eggs is central for several aspects of fisheries science including fisheries recruitment and egg production studies. In modelling egg vertical distributions, variation in fish egg density is an important issue. Though variation in egg density between individual eggs has been reported, evidence for significant spatial variation in egg density is novel. The present study provides evidence that egg density of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) varies spatially across spawning sites in the Bay of Biscay, depending on the regional scale variation in sea water properties due to river discharge. We measured the density of the eggs using a density gradient column at 17 stations in 2005 and 2006 as well as their diameter. At station, the variability in the individual egg density was statistically distributed according to a Gaussian probability function. Significant variation in the mean egg density was observed across stations. Mean egg density displayed a significant correlation with sea surface salinity. Results are discussed in light of the mechanisms determining the egg density.     

Spatial and temporal variation of resource limitation in Chesapeake Bay

We report nutrient addition bioassays at 18 stations in Chesapeake Bay (USA) to assess resources limiting phytoplankton growth. Data were pooled from several sampling programs conducted from 1989 to 1994. Spatially, light and P limitation declined from low salinity regions to high salinity regions, as N limitation increased. This spatial pattern was driven primarily by freshwater inflows with high N/P and seawater inflows with low N/P. Seasonally, there was a marked progression of winter light limitation, spring P limitation, and summer N limitation at mesohaline and polyhaline stations. The seasonal pattern appeared to be caused by temperature, mixing, river discharge, and sediment P fluxes. At high salinity stations, we also observed winter N limitation (caused by DIN depletion prior to spring nitrate delivery), and at lower salinity stations there was fall P limitation (caused by reaeration of bottom sediments). At tidal fresh stations, turbidity and nutrient concentrations resulted in continuous light limitation, except at some stations in summer. Interannual decreases in light limitation and increases in N and P limitation appear to represent improvements in water quality. Received: 31 October 1997 / Accepted: 18 December 1998     

Die vertikale verteilung und tägliche migration der hydromedusen (Hydrozoa: Coelenterata) in der Bucht von Eilat (Rotes Meer)

During the summer of 1970, plankton samples were made in the Bay of Eilat (Red Sea) to study the vertical distribution and diurnal migration of zooplankton. During this project, three programs of 24 h were carried out with a closing net. The hauls were taken every 2 h in different depths, together with measurements of temperature and salinity. The vertical distribution of hydromedusae, especially of Aglaura hemistoma, Péron and Lesueur, 1809 and Liriope tetraphylla (Chamisso and Eysenhardt, 1821), between the surface and 300 m is described. The diurnal migration for these two species was studied. Presumably temperature and salinity had no direct influence on vertical distribution and diurnal migration, as there was a homogeneous water body. The results are discussed.