共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
2.
本文从灾害学的角度提出了人口过多或增长过快也是一种灾害,这种灾害与所有的自然灾害和人文灾害密切相关,是许多灾害的诱发因素。 相似文献
3.
我国典型区因旱饮水困难人口快速评估模型研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
估算因旱饮水困难人口是我国政府实施旱灾救助物资、资金发放的重要基础性工作。目前我国因旱饮水困难人口的判断主要依据地方民政部门灾情数据的上报,还未有对该数据的质量控制和快速评估系统。因此,准确地预测并评估因旱饮水困难人口的发生发展,并采取适当的风险防范措施就显得十分重要。在收集并处理全国基础地理信息、气象、社会经济、旱灾灾情等数据的基础上,将全国划分为7个典型区,利用2009-2012年典型历史旱灾案例灾情数据为样本,基于BP人工神经网络构建因旱饮水困难人口快速评估模型,以地形高程、月均降水量、水系密度、年末总人口、路网密度和GDP为网络输入,以因旱饮水困难人口数量为网络输出,确定收敛误差0.01,经试算不断优化模型参数,得到东北、华北、华东、华中、华南、西南、西北7个典型区的模拟值与实际值的线性拟合结果:华东、华南、华中地区的模型精度较高,R2分别达到0.94、0.83、0.81;东北、西北、华北地区的模型精度居中,R2分别达到0.79、0.71、0.70;模型精度最低的是西南地区,R2为0.46。结果表明该模型操作简便,精度较高,实现了我国基于区域差异的旱灾主要灾情指标的快速评估,能够为典型区因旱饮水困难人口的快速评估和灾情的核查提供科学依据。 相似文献
4.
5.
近代淮河流域,灾害的多发性,对农村社会造成严重危机,尤其对农村人口的变动带来了深远的影响.该文借助人口学的相关理论与方法,运用历史文献对自然灾害打击下的近代淮河流域的农村人口数量的变动、迁移以及人口素质的变化进行考察和分析.研究认为:在灾害的打击下,农村人口数量发生变动,特别是一些大的灾荒造成的人口死亡率较高,这些严重... 相似文献
6.
上海是一座国际化大都市,市内高楼林立、商铺鳞次栉比,经济基础雄厚,人口非常稠密。据有关部门2006年统计,上海市内环线以内的人口密度已达3.39万人/平方公里,内环和中环之间的人口密度也已达到了1.75万人/平方公里。稠密的城市 相似文献
7.
今年10月9日是国际减灾日(10月份的第二个星期三)。 今年国际减灾日的主题是:山区的减灾与可持续发展。为在全球范围内引起国际社会对山区生命和可持续发展问题的高度重视,联合国特将2002年定为“国 相似文献
8.
9.
地震是一种自然现象,有其明显的自然属性,而地震灾害则具有明显的社会属性。地震灾害是相对于人类活动而言的。本文借用胡焕庸线,将中国大陆分成东区和西区两个区,并初步探讨了人口稠密和经济发达的中国东部地区的防震减灾对策。 相似文献
10.
11.
自1989年开始至今“七年来,按照‘覆盖中部农业生产区,重点安排东部经济区,优选西部农牧区’的部署原则,我国生态地球化学调查已经完成调查面积106万平方公里,分析有益元素与有害元素达54种,首次系统取得了一大批海量的珍贵数据。” 相似文献
12.
13.
Vincent Brown Guy Jacquier Denis Coulombier Serge Balandine François Belanger & Dominique Legros 《Disasters》2001,25(2):164-171
In the initial phase of a complex emergency, an immediate population size assessment method, based on area sampling, is vital to provide relief workers with a rapid population estimate in refugee camps. In the past decade, the method has been progressively improved; six examples are presented in this paper and questions raised about its statistical validity as well as important issues for further research. There are two stages. The first is to map the camp by registering all of its co-ordinates. In the second stage, the total camp population is estimated by counting the population living in a limited number of square blocks of known surface area, and by extrapolating average population calculated per block to the total camp surface. In six camps selected in Asia and Africa, between 1992 and 1994, population figures were estimated within one to two days. After measuring all external limits, surfaces were calculated and ranged between 121,300 and 2,770,000 square metres. In five camps, the mean average population per square was obtained using blocks 25 by 25 meters (625 m2), and for another camp with blocks 100 by 100 m2. In three camps, different population density zones were defined. Total camp populations obtained were 16,800 to 113,600. Although this method is a valuable public health tool in emergency situations, it has several limitations. Issues related to population density and number and size of blocks to be selected require further research for the method to be better validated. 相似文献
14.
15.
阳春三月,桃花盛开。2004年4月.由中国老科技工作者协会地震分会发起,中国地震局离退休办公室、中国地震局宣教中心共同主办的全国地震系统老年书法美术展在桃花争艳的地方——北京香山中国地震科普馆举办,这是我国防震减灾精神文明建设和文化建设及老科协地震分会的一件盛事。 相似文献
16.
SHARON MCDONNELL RICHARD P. TROIANO NANCY BARKER ERIC NOJI W. GARY HLADY RICHARD HOPKINS 《Disasters》1995,19(4):338-347
Two three-stage cluster surveys were conducted in South Dade County, Florida, 14 months apart, to assess recovery following Hurricane Andrew. Response rates were 75 per cent and 84 per cent. Sources of assistance used in recovery from Hurricane Andrew differed according to race, per capita income, ethnicity, and education. Reports of improved living situation post-hurricane were not associated with receiving relief assistance, but reports of a worse situation were associated with loss of income, being exploited, or job loss. The number of households reporting problems with crime and community violence doubled between the two surveys. Disaster relief efforts had less impact on subjective long-term recovery than did job or income loss or housing repair difficulties. Existing sources of assistance were used more often than specific post-hurricane relief resources. The demographic make-up of a community may determine which are the most effective means to inform them after a disaster and what sources of assistance may be useful. 相似文献
17.
18.
高邮人有筑台御水的传统。据明隆庆《高邮州老·建置志》记载:“秦并楚、(高邮)又居秦,始建台,置邮亭,名秦邮。”说明秦朝在建高邮亭时曾先筑高台,又因邮亭是建在高高的土台上,便被形象地称为“高邮亭”,且邮亭系秦所建,故后人又称高邮为“秦邮”。秦代建高邮亭时为什么要先筑高台呢?这是因为高邮地处里下河地区,地势低洼,不筑台就不能抵御洪水。高邮 相似文献
19.
20.
隧道的横通道作为人员疏散的安全地带,其间距的设置在人员安全疏散中是至关重要的。以雪峰山隧道为工程实例,从人员安全疏散的观点出发,阐述了一种计算横通道间距的方法,并简述了方法的应用。首先根据特长隧道火灾特点,模拟分析特长隧道四种不同火灾场景下的典型自然疏散过程,并运用火灾模拟软件FDS4.0计算四种火灾场景在不同横通道间距情况下的危险时间,然后与相应的包含人员疏散行为特征的疏散时间相比较,得出该隧道最适宜的横通道间距为270m,并分析其经济性。其方法和结论可为特长隧道消防系统的设计、紧急疏散方案和引导指挥体系的建立提供理论依据。 相似文献